Sonbef

Mehibtawy Sekhemkare Amenemhat Sonbef (also Amenemhat Senbef) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. According to egyptologists Kim Ryholt, Jürgen von Beckerath and Darrell Baker, he was the 2nd king of the dynasty, reigning from 1800 BC until 1796 BC.[4][5][7][8]

Sonbef
Senbef, Amenemhat Senbef
Cylinder seal bearing the royal titulary of Sonbef, drawing by Flinders Petrie.[1][3]
Pharaoh
Reign4 years, 1800–1796BC[4] or 1799–1795BC[1] (13th Dynasty)
PredecessorSekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep
SuccessorNerikare (Ryholt) or Pantjeny (von Beckerath)
Prenomen  (Praenomen)
Sekhemkare
Sḫm-k3-Rˁ
Mighty is the Ka of Ra
Nomen
Amenemhat [Sa] Sonbef
Jmn-m-ḥ3.t [s3]snb.f
Amenemhat['s son] Sonbef[5]

Horus name
Mehibtawy
Mḥ-jb-t3.wj
Favorite of the two lands
He whom the two lands trust


Nebty name
Itisekhemef
Jṯj-sḫm=f
He who seizes his power

Turin canon:
Sekhemkare A[menemhat Sonbe]f
Sḫm-k3-Rˁ J[mn-m-ḥ3.t snb].f
Mighty is the Ka of Ra, A[menemhat's son Sonbe]f
[6]

Identity

There is a debate between egyptologists on whether or not Sekhemkare Sonbef is the same king as Sekhemkare Amenemhat V, 4th ruler of the 13th dynasty. Indeed, Sonbef called himself "Amenemhat Sonbef"; this can be a double name, but can also be a filiation Son of Amenemhat Sonbef, which both Ryholt and Baker see as evidence that Sonbef was a son of Amenemhat IV and a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep, the founder of the 13th dynasty.[4][5] Thus, they see Sonbef and Amenemhat V as two different rulers, an opinion also shared by Jürgen von Beckerath.[4][5][7][8] Ryholt and Baker further posit that Sonbef's and Amenemhat's rules were separated by the ephemeral reign of Nerikare, while von Beckerath believes it was Sekhemre Khutawy Pantjeny who reigned between the two.[7][8] At the opposite Detlef Franke and Stephen Quirke believe that Amenemhat V and Sonbef are one and the same person.[9][10] Franke and others regard "Amenemhat Sonbef" as a double name. Indeed, double naming was common in Egypt and especially in the late 12th and 13th Dynasty.[11]

Attestations

Sonbef is attested on column 7, line 6 of the Turin canon, where he appears as "Sekhemkare [Amenemhat Sonbe]f".[4] Although, as a king of the early 13th dynasty, Sonbef certainly reigned from Itjtawy in the Faiyum, the only contemporary attestations of him are from south of Thebes.[5] These include a scarab seal of unknown provenance, a cylinder seal from the Amherst collection and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art,[1] and two inscribed blocks from El-Tod where he appears under the name Sekhemkare. Two Nile records are also attributable to him, one from Askut and dated to his year 3, and the other from Semna in Nubia, dated to his year 4.[4] A further, much damaged record from Semna and dated to a year 5 may also belong to him.[5] The ownership of these Nile records is still in doubt however, as they only bear the prenomen Sekhemkare, which Amenemhat V also bore. The egyptologist and archaeologist Stuart Tyson Smith who studied the records initially attributed them to Sonbef,[12] but later changed his opinion and attributed them to Amenemhat V.[13]

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References
  1. Cylinder seal of Amenemhat Senbef at the MET Museum.
  2. Flinders Petrie: Scarabs and cylinders with names (1917), available copyright-free here, pl. XVIII
  3. Flinders Petrie: Scarabs and cylinders with names (1917), available copyright-free here, pl. XVIII
  4. K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800 – 1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997
  5. Baker, Darrell D. (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC. Stacey International. pp. 457–458. ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9.
  6. Alan H. Gardiner: The royal canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, Oxford 1997, ISBN 0900416483, Vol 3.
  7. Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt, 1964
  8. Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz am Rhein, 1997
  9. Detlef Franke: Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches (12.-18. Dynastie) Teil 1 : Die 12. Dynastie, in Orientalia 57 (1988)
  10. New arrangement of the 13th dynasty, on digital Egypt.
  11. Stephen Quirke: In the Name of the King: on Late Middle Kingdom Cylinders, in: Timelines, Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, Leuven, Paris, Dudley, MA. ISBN 90-429-1730-X, 263-64
  12. S. Smith: Askut and the Role of the Second Cataract Forts, in JARCE, vol XXVII
  13. S. Smith: Askut in Nubia: The Economic and Ideology of Egyptian Imperialism in the Second Millenium B.C., Kegan Paul International, London and New York
Preceded by
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep		 Pharaoh of Egypt
Thirteenth Dynasty		 Succeeded by
Nerikare
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