Nebsenre

Nebsenre (meaning "Their Lord is Ra"[1]) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 14th Dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Nebsenre reigned for a least five months over the Eastern and possibly Western Nile Delta, some time during the first half of the 17th century BCE.[3] As such Nebsenre was a contemporary of the Memphis based 13th Dynasty.

Nebsenre
Ranebsen
Small jar and jar lid with cartouche of Nebsenre
Pharaoh
Reign	at least 5 months in the first half of the 17th century BCE (14th Dynasty)
Predecessor	Heribre
Successor	unknown
Royal titulary

Attestations

Historical source

The prenomen "Nebsenre" is preserved on the ninth column, 14th row[note 1] of the Turin canon, a list of kings written during the reign of Ramses II (1279–1213 BCE) which serves as the primary historical source for the Second Intermediate Period.[5] The canon further credits Nebsenre with a lost number of years, five months and 20 days of reign following Heribre on the throne.[6] The prenomen of Nebsenre's successor is written as wsf on the Turin king list,[6][7] indicating that his name was already lost in a lacuna of the document from which the canon was copied in Ramesside times.[8]

Contemporary artefact

Nebsenre is one of only four[9] kings of the 14th Dynasty to be attested by an artefact contemporary with his reign: a jar of unknown provenance bearing his prenomen, which was in the private Michailidis collection.[10][4]

Chronological position

According to the Egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Nebsenre was the 14th king of the 14th Dynasty,[11] a line of rulers of Canaanite descent reigning over the Eastern Nile Delta from c. 1700 BCE until c. 1650 BCE.[note 2] Alternatively the Egyptologist Jürgen von Beckerath sees him as the fifteenth ruler, due to a differing reconstruction of the early 14th Dynasty.[14]

Notes

1. Following Ryholt's reconstruction of the Turin canon. This corresponds to the eighth column, fourteenth row in the reconstruction of the canon of Gardiner and von Beckerath.[4]
2. Ryholt dates the beginning of the 14th Dynasty to c. 1800 BCE,[3] adding five kings to it before Nehesy. This is rejected by most Egyptologists who consider Nehesy to have been either the founder[12] or the second king of the dynasty.[13]

References

1. Leprohon 2013, p. 205.
2. Baker 2008, pp. 247–248.
3. Ryholt 1997, p. 409.
4. Baker 2008, p. 248.
5. Ryholt 1997, pp. 9–18.
6. Ryholt 1997, p. 198.
7. Ryholt 2012, p. 31.
8. Ryholt 1997, p. 10–11.
9. Bourriau 2003, p. 178.
10. Kaplony 1973, p. 15, pl. 10, 23 [Cat. 41].
11. Ryholt 1997, p. 98.
12. Quirke 2001, p. 261.
13. von Beckerath 1999, pp. 108–109, king 2.
14. von Beckerath 1999, pp. 108–109, king 15.

Bibliography

Baker, Darrell D. (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs. Volume I: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty (3300–1069 BC). London: Bannerstone Press. ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Bourriau, Janine (2003). "The Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650–1550 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Kaplony, Peter (1973). Beschriftete Kleinfunde in der Sammlung Georges Michailidis: Ergebnisse einer Bestandsaufnahme im Sommer 1968. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te İstanbul, 32. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten. OCLC 1064212.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). The great name: ancient Egyptian royal titulary. Writings from the ancient world, no. 33. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58-983736-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Quirke, Stephen (2001). "Second Intermediate Period". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 260–265. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Ryholt, Kim (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 B.C. CNI publications, 20. Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies, University of Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Ryholt, Kim (2012). "The Royal Canon of Turin". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 26–32. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. ISSN 0169-9423.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (in German). Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : Philip von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-2591-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Preceded by Heribre

Pharaoh of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty

Succeeded by unknown