Sidney Hill

Sidney Hill ((1829-10-01)1 October 1829 – (1908-03-03)3 March 1908), born Simon Sidney Hill, was a Methodist, merchant, philanthropist, gentleman farmer, and justice of the peace. From modest beginnings he made his fortune as a colonial and general merchant who pioneered trade from South Africa. He supported and endowed almshouses in Churchill and Lower Langford, and manses for Methodist clergy at Banwell and Cheddar. He built Methodist churches at Port Elizabeth, Sandford, Shipham and Blagdon besides the Wesley Methodist chapel and school at Churchill. Many of his charitable foundations still survive.

For the British trade unionist and politician, see Sydney Hill.

Sidney Hill
Sidney Hill riding his horse – circa 1890s
Born
Simon Sidney Hill

(1829-10-01)1 October 1829
Berkeley Place, Clifton, Bristol
Died3 March 1908(1908-03-03) (aged 78)
Langford House, Lower Langford, North Somerset
NationalityBritish
Occupation
Spouse(s)
Mary Ann Bobbett
​
(
m. 1864; died 1874)

Early life
St James' Priory, Bristol, where Hill was baptised

Sidney Hill was born on (1829-10-01)1 October 1829, at Berkeley Place in Clifton, Bristol,[1] the fifth and youngest son of Thomas Hill (1778–1846), a former master sweep and soot merchant, and his wife, Elizabeth (1783–1857), née James.[2][n 1] He was baptised at St James' Priory, Bristol on 1 November 1829,[4] and educated at Portway House boarding school, located between Victoria Park and Partis College, in Weston, Bath.[5]

Hill's father, Thomas, was apprenticed as a climbing boy from the age of eight, serving from 1787 to 1798 before joining the Royal Marines at Devonport, Plymouth. He left the navy after four years, returned to sweeping, but left it again to earn a living as a labourer in Devonport Dockyard. He returned to sweeping again in 1811 and followed it until his retirement.[6] He was also a foreman to the Clifton Norwich Union Fire Insurance Office for twelve years, until one of his other sons took over the role.[n 2]

Thomas Hill died on 7 October 1846(1846-10-07) (aged 68) when Sidney Hill was just seventeen years old.[8][n 3] In September 1847, Hill joined Sunday Methodist society clasess, led by William Bobbett,[n 4] at the Old Market Street chapel in Bristol. It was there that Hill converted to Methodism and met his life-long friends Thomas Francis Christopher May and William Hunt of Clifton.[10][n 5]

Life as a merchant

Early years
Main Street in Port Elizabeth where Savage & Hill had premises

Described as a delicate boy, Sidney Hill did not follow in his father's soot business, although two of his brothers did carry on the business. When he came of age, he inherited money from his father's estate that he used to open a small linen draper shop at Berkeley Place, Clifton.[13][n 6] The business grew and he moved to larger premises at 7 Byron Place, Lower Berkeley Place, Clifton.[15]. However, by 1856 he was not in good health and his doctor advised him to travel to a country with a warmer climate.[3] Hill sold the drapery business and embarked on a sea voyage to New Zealand, but when the ship berthed at Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, he decided to remain in South Africa.[16] Unfortunately, the first letter he received there informed him of the death of his mother on 31 March 1857(1857-03-31) (aged 73).[17][n 7]

In 1857, Hill opened a dry goods store at Port Elizabeth,[13] and in 1859, went into partnership with William Savage. Savage was the son of a former paper maker and stationer in Lewes, East Sussex. He had arrived in Port Elizabeth around 1849 and started a business selling stationery and hardware. Their partnership, Savage & Hill, Colonial and General Merchants, began trading commodities from 95 and 97 Main Street (southern side) in Port Elizabeth.[19] They traded in anything from household hardware, refined sugar, ammunition, minerals, to ostrich feathers for the fashion trade and haberdashery industry.[20][n 8] The bulk of their trade was transacted from Port Elizabeth, but as the business prospered, branches were opened in the principal towns of the Cape Colony and in the Colony of Natal.[22]

Marriage
Mary Ann Hill née Bobbett (1839-1874), wife of Sidney Hill

In 1864, Hill returned to London to direct the firm's large shipping interests from their offices at 41 Bow Lane, Cheapside, London.[16][n 9] On 15 June 1864, he married Mary Ann Bobbett at the Wesleyan Chapel, Churchill, Somerset.[24] The Reverend William Shaw Caldecott was Hill's best man, and later, the author of Mary Ann's memorial sketch.[24][n 10] Mary Ann was born on (1839-03-06)6 March 1839, the eldest daughter of John Winter Bobbett (1814–1898) and Frances (1818–1890), née Doubting.[26] John Winter Bobbett was a baker and corn and flour dealer, in partnership with his brother William Bobbett, at W. and J. W. Bobbett, on West Street, Old Market, Bristol.[27][n 4] He was an active radical Liberal in his earlier years, a Quaker, and a former guardian of the Clifton Union.[28]

In 1849, Mary Ann was sent to school; first to the Quaker Friends' Boarding School at Sidcot, near the village of Winscombe, Somerset, and then to a finishing school, the Quaker Mount School in York.[29] She was away from home for five years, and when she returned to Bristol, she became a housekeeper for her uncle, William Bobbett, at West Street, Bristol.[30] Hill had met her a number of years before, when he had been invited to Sunday tea at Bristol, and then at Sidney Villa in Dinghurst, Churchill,[n 11] after William Bobbett had moved there in 1859, following his retirement on 2 July 1859.[32] They shared a staunch belief in the work of the Wesleyan Church, and this would influence much of their life, particularly Hill's later years after he purchased the Langford estate.[20]

Life in South Africa

They spent six months in London before Hill’s business took them back to South Africa, departing England on 10 February 1865 for a month-long voyage to Port Elizabeth.[33] Savage & Hill prospered after the growth of trade at Port Elizabeth following the discovery of diamonds at Griqualand West in 1870, and the subsequent completion of the railway to Kimberley, Northern Cape, in 1873.[34][n 12] With the rapid expansion of the Cape Colony's railway network to the interior over the following years, the harbour of Port Elizabeth became the focus for serving import and export needs of a large area of the Cape's hinterland.[35][n 13]

A very intelligent, thorough businessman, a zealous Wesleyan Christian.

William Taylor, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church for Africa, after meeting Hill at his home in Port Elizabeth on 21 April 1866, (Taylor 1896, p. 340)

Despite being engaged in an expanding business, Hill found time for furthering the work of the Wesleyan Methodist church at Port Elizabeth, occupying the offices of superintendent of the Sunday school, class leader, and chapel and circuit steward.[3] In April 1870, Hill gave £550 towards the construction of the original Wesleyan Methodist chapel at Russell Road, Port Elizabeth.[37][n 14]

Death of wife

Around 1870, Mary Ann was diagnosed with tuberculosis in her left lung.[38] With her health failing they left South Africa for England on 8 April 1874.[39] They decided to winter in Bournemouth due to the mild climate there, but after only five weeks' residence, she died at 5:38 pm on 7 December 1874(1874-12-07) (aged 35).[40] She was buried at Arnos Vale Cemetery in Bristol.[41] In 1881, her remains were removed from Arnos Vale and reinterred at the Wesleyan Methodist Church, Churchill, that was built in her memory in 1880.[42][n 15]

Later life

Return to England
Langford Estate with Langford House in the distance

In mourning, Hill returned to South Africa, but could not settle, and in June 1876, he decided to find somewhere to live near Churchill, close to his friend William Bobbett.[3] In mid-1877, Langford House, Lower Langford, came on to the market after the owner, William Turner, had died on 13 November 1876(1876-11-13) (aged 58).[44][n 16] Hill purchased the estate and took up residence at the end of October 1877.[3][n 17] The estate included 35 acres (14 hectares) of parkland, 8 acres (3.2 hectares) of orchards, 4 acres (1.6 hectares) of arable land, stabling, and two adjacent, semi-detached houses in Langford village, known as Mendip Villa and Richmond House.[47][n 18]

Hill retired from commercial life after dissolving the Savage & Hill partnership on 1 November 1881.[50] At that point, he had accumulated considerable wealth, and consequently, was able to spend a substantial amount of money making improvements to Langford House. He re-modelled the house, added a belvedere tower in Italianate style,[n 19] and decorated the interior in typical Victorian style with dark paint and panelling.[52][n 20] In 1891, a clock tower was built above the coach house and a gilt turret clock and carillon installed in November of that year.[54][n 21] He installed a conservatory and greenhouses, constructed in teak, to provide all the bedding and house plants for the estate.[20][n 22]

Stock breeding
Churchill Methodist Church in Front Street, Churchill, built in memory of Hill's wife

Hill took up a new life as a gentleman farmer, adding stables to the estate, a dairy and Langford Bullock Palaces for his prized Red Scotch Shorthorn cattle.[57][n 23] He was well-known as a breeder of pedigree shorthorn cattle, Southdown sheep, hackney and shire horses. In 1881, he laid the foundation for his herd by purchasing two pedigree Dairy Shorthorns cows, Minerva and Irony, and the pedigree bull Oswald 50118, from Richard Stratton of Duffryn, Newport. However, by 1892 the herd had outgrown their accommodation, and they were sold at auction.[59] Between 1897 and 1898, Hill purchased six cows, that included the pedigree cow Lavender Gem, and her heifer calf Lavender Wreath.[60] The two cows had many offspring, several of which were show prize winners.[61] The whole of the herd was of Scottish origin, apart from some shorthorns purchased from Joseph Dean Willis of Bapton on 30 July 1897.[62] The herd was dispersed shortly after Hill’s death, in an auction held at Langford House on 10 September 1908.[61][n 24]

Furthering the work of the church
Details of Hill’s Philanthropic works

Hill did much to further the work of the Methodist church in Somerset and help those in need.[16] In memory of his wife, he built the Memorial Wesleyan Methodist Church and Sunday school at Churchill. He also vested in trustees a large sum of money to provide an income for the maintenance of the chapel and schoolroom. In 1887, he built Victoria Jubilee Homes, and gifted a farm and lands at Congresbury, to provide for repairs and maintenance. Later, in memory of his friend William Bobbett, he built a Methodist chapel at Shipham.[3]

From the 1890s, many Methodists had come from the North of England to be employed at the paper mills in Redcliffe Street, Cheddar, and from South Wales at the shirt factories located in the Cheddar Gorge.[64] Around the mid-1890s, Methodist society leaders at Cheddar, Somerset, began to see the need for larger and more convenient premises. Hill was approached, and two cottages,[n 25] and the garden and orchard behind the existing chapel, were purchased. Then came a manse to replace the one at Axbridge, two ministers' houses on the Worle Road, Banwell, and a furnished chapel at Cheddar. All of these were gifted by Hill including the furnishings for a schoolroom that was created by converting the old chapel. His final act was to build, furnish, and endow twelve Wesleyan Cottage Homes at Churchill.[65]

Other charitable acts
Stained glass window gifted by Sidney Hill to Axbridge parish church after its restoration in 1887.[n 26]

Although a life-long Methodist, Hill helped a number of other Christian institutions such as contributing to Churchill Parish Church funds, donating £100 to the building of All Saints Church, Sandford, and gifting a stained glass window to Axbridge parish church after its restoration in 1887.[68] Hill would also help people directly: He would notice those needing help and make enquiries about them. A note would be given to them to take to the post office in Churchill. The two upstairs rooms were full of household items provided by Langford House. Arthur Carter, the owner of the post office, would follow the instructions in the note and supply blankets, boots, food or whatever was required.[69] At Christmas, children who attended the Methodist Sunday school were given a set of clothes each and the contents of each parcel were noted so that the same things were not included for the following Christmas.[16][n 27] Hill was also a long-term supporter of the Bristol Hospital for Sick Children and Women, and would visit the hospital at Christmas, giving money to each patient and nurse.[71]

Public life

On 11 June 1885, Hill was elected a fellow of the Royal Colonial Institute, and by May 1886, he was a steward of the Infant Orphanage Asylum.[72] He was a Liberal in politics and was selected as a vice-president of the Wells Liberal Association on 20 May 1886.[73] On 19 October 1886, he was made a justice of the peace for Somerset and served on the Axbridge bench for over 20 years.[74][n 28] From 1887, he served as the vice-president of the Weston-super-Mare and East Somerset Horticultural society, and in January of the following year, he accepted the office of president of the society.[75] By January 1890, he had been elected to the Council of the Imperial Federation League.[76] He took lead positions amongst the Wesleyans of the Bristol and Bath district, representing the district at church synods and conferences.[3]

Hill also undertook parish responsibilities such as president of the Churchill football and cricket clubs. He lent a field free of charge for their use and contributed to the finances of each club. He was an organiser for the Jubilee and Coronation celebrations that were hosted in the grounds of Langford House.[3] On 7 February 1899, he was elected vice-president of the Wrington and District Fanciers' Association.[77]

Death and burial
The grave of Sidney Hill interred in a mausoleum along the front of the Methodist Church in Churchill, Somerset
The chief thing that dominated him was his religion. It was not something that entered into his life, it was his life, governing, influencing all his thinking, all his planning, all his actions, all his conversation.

The Reverend William Perkins at Hill's funeral, (Clifton Society 12 March 1908, p. 13)

After returning from church on 26 January 1908, at about 4:00 pm, Hill slipped while walking across the Langford House hallway, fracturing his thigh.[78] His thigh seemed to be healing and the splints were removed after four weeks.[79] However, more serious complications developed; influenza followed by pneumonia, and he died at 11:45 am on 3 March 1908(1908-03-03) (aged 78).[3]

His funeral was held at the Wesleyan Methodist Church, Churchill, on 10 March 1908, at 2:00 pm. Despite the cold and windy weather that day, hundreds of people attended from Churchill, Langford, Wrington, and many other villages: Such were the number of mourners that the service had to be held outside the Methodist chapel. The outdoor staff of the Langford House estate, which included the nine gardeners, headed the funeral’s foot procession.[80] The coffin bore the inscription "Simon Sidney Hill, born October 1st, 1829, died March 3rd, 1908" and he was interred in the same grave as his wife.[81]

A memorial service was held at the Methodist Chapel, Cheddar, in the evening of 15 March 1908, and was conducted by Henry John Stockbridge.[82]

Legacy

Langford House was later left to Hill’s nephew Thomas James Hill, but he only lived there for four years before his death on 9 February 1912. The terms of the will were that the next beneficiary was James Alfred Hill, another nephew, but he had died at Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa, on 27 January 1910(1910-01-27) (aged 60),[83] so the occupancy was taken up by a great-nephew, Thomas Sidney Hill (known as the "second Sidney Hill").[84] Thomas Sidney Hill died on 25 September 1944(1944-09-25) (aged 70), and two years later, the Commissioners of Crown Land bought Langford House, and in 1948, the University of Bristol founded the School of Veterinary Science.[85] Nevertheless, many of Hill's charitable works still survive today; Victoria Jubilee Langford Homes and the Sidney Hill Churchill Wesleyan Cottage Homes are registered charities providing housing for local people in need.[86]

Hill's memory lives on in the rich legacy of buildings that he erected, but he meant more than this to the many late-19th century poor; to many he was the difference between life and death, good health and sickness.[87] The late Ronald Henry Bailey, a former editor of the Weston-super-Mare Mercury newspaper, and an authority on Mendip folklore and other antiquarian matters,[88] described Hill as:

An exceptional man, among the last of the old school of benefactors who, in the days before National Pensions and State Health Services, made life tolerable for unfortunate neighbours when they fell by the wayside. He died just as the social pattern was changing for the better.[89]

Sidney Hill put into practice the beliefs of Wesley; to lead a healthy life doing good, feeding and clothing those in need, earning, saving and giving all he could, seeking justice for all. Furthermore, many of his charitable acts honoured the memory of his late wife, Mary Ann, a devout Methodist, whom he missed deeply after her early death.[87] Nonetheless, Hill's wealth came from trade with southern Africa and it is not certain to what extent his fortune was amassed at the expense of others. On balance, however, it is thought likely that his business dealings as a merchant were without reproach. Certainly, it is clear, that whatever his attitudes as a younger man, he later shared his wealth with the less fortunate.[90]

Philanthropic works

Sidney Hill was prolific in works for the public benefit. He built and endowed the Queen Victoria Memorial Homes in Langford, to benefit those who could not afford to rent decent and safe accommodation. He built several Wesleyan churches, Sunday schools, and ministers' houses in this country and in South Africa, and also furnished and endowed a mother's house for Homes for Little Boys at Swanley, Kent. His final act to benefit the poor was to build, furnish, and endow twelve Wesleyan cottage homes at Churchill.[n 29]

Philanthropic works
Building Location Type Opened Architect Grade II Listing[l 1] Geo-coordinates Image Ref.
Methodist Chapel Russell Road, Port Elizabeth Methodist chapel 20 October 1872 John Thornhill Cook - 33.960449°S 25.615253°E / -33.960449; 25.615253 (Port Elizabeth Methodist Chapel) [92]
The original Wesleyan Methodist chapel at Russell Road, Port Elizabeth, commenced build in 1870, and the foundation stone was laid by Hill's wife, Mary Ann. She took an active part in fundraising, and Hill gave the site and contributed about one-fifth the entire cost of the schoolroom, chapel, and vestries. The building cost £5,000, and of this, in 1872, when the church was completed, all but £500 was raised. The Reverend James Fish and Hill then persuaded the other merchants in Main Street to donate, and in a few hours, the remaining amount was raised. The Church was opened on 20 October 1872 and Hill later presented a memorial window to the church in memory of his wife.[n 30]
Methodist Memorial Church and School Room Churchill Methodist church 2 May 1881 Foster and Wood of Bristol 1157925 51.334336°N 2.800281°W / 51.334336; -2.800281 (Churchill Methodist Memorial Church and School Room) [94]
The church was built in memory of Hill's wife. He also built a hall adjacent to the Church, where he could hold secular meetings, and appointed Endowment Trustees to run it. A porch, funded by Hill, was added in 1898, designed by Foster and Wood of Bristol, and built by Henry Rose of Churchill.
Mrs. Hill Memorial Cottage Port Elizabeth Wesleyan almshouse January 1883 John Thornhill Cook - 33.961711°S 25.607974°E / -33.961711; 25.607974 (Swanley Dames' House) [95]
At Hill's request, and in memory of his wife, the Port Elizabeth Ladies' Benevolent Society built a small cottage on the Cape Road. Mary Ann had joined the society at the beginning of 1868 and had been active in helping the disadvantaged.[n 31] It was intended as an almshouse where poor women could live rent-free. It came with four rooms, a small garden, running water, and was capable of accommodating two people. The cottage no longer exists.
Dames' House Hextable, Swanley Cottage homes 20 July 1883 Henry Spalding and Patrick Auld - 51.414807°N 0.183234°E / 51.414807; 0.183234 (Swanley Dames' House) [97]
Hill funded and furnished a dames' or mother's house for Homes for Little Boys. The Prince and Princess of Wales travelled by special train to open the homes. The site now houses Broomhill Bank and Furness School, Rowhill Road, Hextable, Swanley, Kent.
Victoria Jubilee Homes Langford Wesleyan almshouse 1891[98] Joseph Wood of Foster and Wood of Bristol 1320910 51.342625°N 2.772076°W / 51.342625; -2.772076 (Victoria Jubilee Langford Homes) [99]
In commemoration of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, and in an effort to benefit the poor around him, Hill acquired and cleared land at Langford, and built and furnished six dwellings known as the Victoria Jubilee Langford Homes. Hill laid the foundation stone on 1 October 1887, his fifty eighth birthday, and invitations to tender for the build were advertised by Foster and Wood on 9 January 1888. Rookery Farm with 65 acres (26 hectares) of land, and a further 22 acres (8.9 hectares) at Smallway, both in Congresbury, were purchased as an endowment to provide income for repairs and to pay the residents of each house a sum of £30 per year towards maintenance. The total cost was £14,300 plus a further £1,300 to reinstate Rookery Farm, and from the endowment, rental totalling £229 per annum was secured.
Methodist Chapel Shipham Methodist chapel 3 April 1893 Foster and Wood of Bristol - 51.314098°N 2.797838°W / 51.314098; -2.797838 (Shipham Methodist Chapel) [100]
The chapel was dedicated to the memory of William Bobbett, Hill's Methodist class leader in 1847, life-long friend, and his wife's uncle. It was built by Charles Franks of Ubley and George Simmons of Priddy. The chapel is now a private residence.
Jubilee Clock Tower Churchill Clock tower 20 June 1897 Joseph Foster Wood FRIBA of Foster and Wood of Bristol[n 32] 1129198 51.333995°N 2.799642°W / 51.333995; -2.799642 (Churchill Jubilee Clock Tower) [102]
The clock tower, chimes, and drinking fountain were built to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897.[n 33] In 1976, the clock and chimes were refurbished and renovated by the then trust that managed the clock tower. In the following year, for the Queen's Silver Jubilee, the tower was cleaned by a team of volunteers led by Arthur Raymond Millard ("Ray Millard") BEM, former chairman of Churchill Parish Council.
Memorial Jubilee Wesleyan Chapel Cheddar Methodist chapel 28 September 1897 Foster and Wood of Bristol - 51.277531°N 2.775901°W / 51.277531; -2.775901 (Cheddar Memorial Jubilee Wesleyan Chapel) [103]
Hill funded and furnished a manse and a new chapel. It was built by the local firms of John Scourse and Son and Isaac Ford and Son. The old chapel was converted to a school. Running around the chancel, beneath the east window, is a brass plate bearing the following inscription:

This memorial jubilee church is erected to the glory of God by Sidney Hill, J.P., of Langford House, Langford, to record the donor’s introduction into Methodism, September, 1847, also in memory of one of the most excellent of women, for ten years the partner of his life.

Memorial Centenary Wesleyan Chapel Sandford Methodist chapel 11 October 1900 Foster and Wood of Bristol 1320686 51.329686°N 2.833811°W / 51.329686; -2.833811 (Sandford Memorial Centenary Wesleyan Chapel) [104]
The chapel was designed in Perpendicular Gothic sytle and built of Rowberrow stone with Doulting freestone dressings. Hill gifted the chapel on condition that the old chapel was converted into a school. It was built by Thomas Ford, John Scourse, and John Coles, builders and masons at Cheddar.
Methodist Memorial Chapel and School Room Blagdon Methodist chapel 12 June 1907 Sir Frank William Wills - 51.327079°N 2.719054°W / 51.327079; -2.719054 (Blagdon Methodist Memorial Chapel and School Room) [105]
The chapel was dedicated to the memory of Thomas Francis Christopher May. The foundation stone was laid on 19 October 1906 by May's widow, Ann Reece (née Bowyer). Hill had given £1,500 to fund the building of the chapel. The chapel and school was opened by Hill and a caretaker's cottage was also completed at a later date. The chapel and school are now private residences.
Sidney Hill Cottage Homes Churchill Wesleyan almshouse December 1907 Silcock and Reay of Bath and London 1129199 51.335258°N 2.804740°W / 51.335258; -2.804740 (Churchill Sidney Hill Cottage Homes) [106]
Twelve cottages were built, arranged on three sides of a quadrangle, about 37 metres (120 feet) square, with landscaped gardens.[n 34] The third, or south side, was enclosed by a low terrace wall with wrought iron gates. The homes were intended to provide comfortable and furnished homes for the "deserving poor", and a fund was set aside to produce an income of £400 a year for their maintenance. A large stone sundial, with a spreading base, was placed in the centre of the quadrangle.[n 35] Each house had a living room, with a small scullery, larder, coal house, and one bedroom with a large storeroom. The cost of the buildings, including the furniture, the trustees' room, a cottage for the matron,[n 36] a small, but fully-equipped, laundry and other out-buildings, amounted to just under £13,000, with the gardens and planting costing £900.
Notes
  1. The "Listing Number" is a unique number assigned to each listed building and scheduled monument by Historic England.

Arms
Sidney Hill's coat of arms over the entrance to Victoria Jubilee Langford Homes

Arms were granted and confirmed in 1882.[111] According to Fox-Davies in Armorial Families (1895), Hill bore:[112]

For Arms: Azure, a chevron nebuly argent, charged with three pallets gules, between two fleurs-de-lis in chief and a talbot's head erased in base of the second. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling azure and argent; and for his Crest, upon a wreath of the colours, a talbot's head couped argent, charged with a chevron nebuly, and holding in the mouth a fleur-de-lis azme; with the Motto, "Omne bonum Dei donum".

Stone in The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations (2005), translates the motto, Omne bonum Dei donum, as "Every good thing is a gift of God" and is taken from James, chapter 1, verse 17.[113][n 37]

gollark: It could use something like HTTP, but over the eminently superior QUIC, and with headers being easier to parse S-expressions (or maybe with a binary encoding).
gollark: If we have a shiny new™ thing with no legacy APIs whatsoever, a more coherent interface, and S-expressions in all places, it could work.
gollark: But there must be moderately reusable libraries for this now.
gollark: I mean, the web and layouts and stuff are 8281837373 hard.
gollark: What if we make a simpler browser using Scheme, as Brendan Eich was *going* to do?

See also

References
  1. Weston-super-Mare Gazette 7 March 1908, p. 8; Weston-super-Mare Gazette 4 April 1908, p. 2.
  2. Thomas Hill Will 1846, pp. 351–352.
  3. Weston-super-Mare Gazette 7 March 1908, p. 8.
  4. St James Baptisms 1829, p. 249.
  5. Census 1841, p. 38; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette 13 July 1837, p. 2.
  6. Parliament 1834, pp. 139–140.
  7. Cullingford 2001, p. 44.
  8. Bristol Times and Mirror 10 October 1846, p. 3.
  9. Clifton Burials 1846, p. 205.
  10. Western Daily Press 24 October 1901, p. 9; Western Daily Press 10 June 1924, p. 4; Weston-super-Mare Gazette 11 July 1896, p. 2.
  11. Western Daily Press 10 August 1905, p. 5; Western Daily Press 19 October 1906, p. 3; Western Daily Press 13 June 1907, p. 8.
  12. Western Daily Press 24 October 1901, p. 9.
  13. Weston-super-Mare Gazette 4 April 1908, p. 2.
  14. Thomas Hill Will 1846, p. 352; Cullingford 2001, p. 42.
  15. Post Office Directory 1856, p. 169; Weston-super-Mare Gazette 4 April 1908, p. 2.
  16. Leeming 1977, p. 40.
  17. Caldecott 1875, p. 15; Bristol Mercury 4 April 1857, p. 8.
  18. Clifton Burials 1857, p. 205.
  19. McCleland 2017; Sussex Agricultural Express 24 April 1896, p. 5; Port Elizabeth Directory 1877, p. 223.
  20. Mako 2013, p. 44.
  21. Archer 2009, p. 236.
  22. Sussex Agricultural Express 24 April 1896, p. 5.
  23. Export Merchant Shippers 1873, p. 289.
  24. Western Daily Press 18 June 1864, p. 3.
  25. Wallace 1929, p. 73.
  26. Caldecott 1875, pp. 3–4.
  27. Western Daily Press 17 May 1888, p. 6.
  28. Bristol Times and Mirror 21 December 1898, p. 8.
  29. Caldecott 1875, pp. 5–6.
  30. Caldecott 1875, pp. 5–6; Leeming 1977, p. 40.
  31. Cheddar Valley Gazette 24 April 1964, p. 6.
  32. Caldecott 1875, pp. 9–10; Bristol Mercury 9 July 1859, p. 4; Western Daily Press 17 May 1888, p. 6.
  33. Caldecott 1875, p. 17.
  34. Croizat 1967, p. 17; Sussex Agricultural Express 24 April 1896, p. 5.
  35. Burman 1984, p. 66.
  36. Inggs 1986, p. 77.
  37. Whiteside 1906, p. 126; Fort Beaufort Advocate and General Advertiser 1870.
  38. Caldecott 1875, p. 48.
  39. Caldecott 1875, p. 62.
  40. Caldecott 1875, p. 63; Bristol Times and Mirror 9 December 1874, p. 4.
  41. Fryer & Darby 2009, p. 213.
  42. Weston-super-Mare Gazette 7 March 1908, p. 8; Mako 2013, p. 47.
  43. Bristol Times and Mirror 23 December 1874, p. 4.
  44. Exeter and Plymouth Gazette 17 November 1876, p. 5.
  45. North Devon Journal 16 November 1876, p. 8.
  46. Bristol Mercury 20 October 1877, p. 5.
  47. Western Times 7 June 1872, p. 1.
  48. Gowar 2009, p. 192; Historic England & 1311718; Historic England & 1129201.
  49. Gowar 2009, p. 201; Weston-super-Mare Gazette 27 June 1908, p. 6; Weston-super-Mare Gazette 28 October 1893, p. 8.
  50. The Times 5 December 1881, p. 11; "No. 25041", The London Gazette, 25 November 1881, p. 6177.
  51. Weston-super-Mare Gazette 16 August 1890, p. 8.
  52. Fryer & Darby 2009, p. 209.
  53. Historic England & 1157974.
  54. Fryer & Darby 2009, p. 209; Weston-super-Mare Gazette 28 November 1891, p. 8.
  55. Mako 2013, p. 44; Weston-super-Mare Gazette 28 November 1891, p. 8; John Taylor & Co 1894, p. 41.
  56. Foster & Pearson 1909, p. 14.
  57. Mako 2013, p. 44; Western Daily Press 21 July 1945, p. 3.
  58. Fryer & Darby 2009, p. 210.
  59. Western Daily Press 11 July 1899, p. 7.
  60. Aberdeen Press and Journal 26 February 1904, p. 3.
  61. Weston-super-Mare Gazette 12 September 1908, p. 5.
  62. Warminster & Westbury journal 31 July 1897, p. 6.
  63. Mako 2013, p. 47.
  64. Wells Journal 6 August 1965, p. 4.
  65. Wells Journal 6 August 1965, p. 4; Weston-super-Mare Gazette 3 April 1897, p. 3.
  66. Weston Mercury 25 June 1887, p. 8; Statham 1887, p. 48.
  67. Western Gazette 17 December 1886, p. 8.
  68. Leeming 1977, pp. 41–42; Western Daily Press 11 January 1884, p. 3; Statham 1887, p. 48.
  69. Fryer & Darby 2009, p. 214; Western Daily Press 29 June 1933, p. 5.
  70. Weston-super-Mare Gazette 26 December 1885, p. 8.
  71. Bristol Times and Mirror 30 December 1905, p. 17; Western Daily Press 21 December 1907, p. 9.
  72. Colonies and India 19 June 1885, p. 24; Morning Post 27 May 1886, p. 4.
  73. Weston-super-Mare Gazette 22 May 1886, p. 3.
  74. Weston Mercury 23 October 1886, p. 7.
  75. Weston-super-Mare Gazette 30 July 1887, p. 4; Bristol Mercury 1 February 1888, p. 6.
  76. Imperial Federation League 1890, p. 31.
  77. Weston Mercury 11 February 1899, p. 5.
  78. Weston-super-Mare Gazette 1 February 1908, p. 8; Weston-super-Mare Gazette 7 March 1908, p. 8.
  79. Fryer & Darby 2009, p. 215.
  80. Western Daily Press 11 March 1908, p. 9.
  81. Fryer & Darby 2009, p. 216.
  82. Western Gazette 20 March 1908, p. 3.
  83. Lunderstedt 2020.
  84. Fryer & Darby 2009, pp. 217–218.
  85. Mako 2013, p. 51.
  86. Charity Commission & 230158; Charity Commission & 201051.
  87. Archer 2009, p. 234.
  88. Cheddar Valley Gazette 22 April 1960, p. 1.
  89. Leeming 1977, p. 42.
  90. Archer 2009, p. 235.
  91. Western Daily Press 29 September 1882, p. 3; Gloucester Journal 30 January 1909, p. 11.
  92. Whiteside 1906, p. 126; McCleland 2016; Humphrey 2017; Weston Mercury 14 May 1881, p. 2.
  93. McCleland 2016.
  94. Leeming 1977, pp. 40–41; Weston Mercury 14 May 1881, p. 2.
  95. Grahamstown Journal 16 January 1883; Caldecott 1875, pp. 39–40.
  96. Richmond Hill SRA 2016.
  97. Morning Post 21 July 1883, p. 5.
  98. Morris 2009, p. 172.
  99. Leeming 1977, p. 41; Weston-super-Mare Gazette 8 October 1887, p. 8; Bristol Mercury 9 January 1888, p. 4; Royal Institute of British Architects 1905, p. 583, 22 July.
  100. Western Daily Press 4 April 1893, p. 3.
  101. Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette 25 September 1937, p. 15.
  102. Cheddar Valley Gazette 7 October 1976, p. 3; Cheddar Valley Gazette 10 March 1977, p. 3; Royal Institute of British Architects 1917, p. 120; Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette 25 September 1937, p. 15.
  103. Weston-super-Mare Gazette 11 July 1896, p. 2; Wells Journal 30 September 1897, p. 5.
  104. Western Daily Press 13 October 1900, p. 10.
  105. Western Daily Press 19 October 1906, p. 3; Western Daily Press 13 June 1907, p. 8.
  106. Statham 1907, p. 273; Leeming 1977, p. 40; Western Daily Press 20 February 1907, p. 7; Holme 1909, p. 218.
  107. Western Daily Press 20 February 1907, p. 7.
  108. Statham 1906, p. 723, 30 June; Tate 2004.
  109. Historic England & 1157960.
  110. Historic England & 1320947.
  111. Foster 1916, p. 182.
  112. Fox-Davies 1895, p. 500.
  113. Stone 2005, p. 189; Bible Hub 2020.

Footnotes
  1. He styled himself as Sidney Hill and was commonly known by that name in later life.[3]
  2. Amongst other duties, a foreman would supervise house and chimney fire extinguishment.[7]
  3. Thomas Hill died at his home in Berkeley Place, Clifton, and was buried at St Andrew's Church, Clifton, on 14 October 1846.[9]
  4. William Bobbett was a close friend, the leader in the society meetings at Old Market Street chapel, and the uncle of Hill's wife, Mary Ann Bobbett. Hill would later dedicate Shipham Methodist Chapel to the memory of William Bobbett. See Shipham Methodist Chapel under §Philanthropic works.
  5. Thomas Francis Christopher May was a senior partner of May and Hassall, timber merchants, in the Cumberland Basin, Bristol. He was a prominent Wesleyan and a life-long friend of Hill. He died on 9 August 1905(1905-08-09) (aged 74) and the Blagdon Methodist Memorial Chapel and School Room was later dedicated to him.[11]. William Hunt was a leading solicitor in Bristol and a member of Victoria Methodist Church on Whiteladies Road, Clifton.[12]
  6. Sidney inherited a considerable sum of money and his father's gold watch. Master sweeps could become relatively wealthy if they were able to agree contracts to sweep large estates and public buildings.[14]
  7. Elizabeth Hill died at Byron Place, Clifton, Bristol, and was buried at St Andrew's Church, Clifton, on 7 April 1857.[18]
  8. Ostrich feathers were in great demand from the Victorian millinery industry and haberdashers.[21]
  9. The firm later moved to offices at 42 Palmerston Buildings in Bishopsgate Street.[23]
  10. Edgar Wallace married Ivy Maud Caldecott, the third daughter of Reverend Caldecott, and in his autobiography, described Caldecott as "a bearded giant of a man, an autocrat of autocrats, a brilliant scholar and the author of several books on the Temples of Ezekiel and Solomon".[25]
  11. 51.333108°N 2.803435°W / 51.333108; -2.803435 (Sidney Villa, Dinghurst, Churchill). Close to the old Methodist chapel in Churchill and opposite The Drive, Dinghurst. It was renamed Bay Tree House when the Millward family purchased the house from the Richard Stuart Turner Westlake estate in 1984.[31]
  12. In one year, Hill would report a net profit of £60,000.[13]
  13. The rapid economic development around the port, which followed the railway construction, caused Port Elizabeth to be nicknamed "the Liverpool of South Africa", after the major British city and port.[36]
  14. See Port Elizabeth Methodist Chapel under §Philanthropic works.
  15. Mary Ann's younger brother, and John Winter Bobbett's third son, Walter, died within weeks of her death, on 22 December 1974, having also returned recently from South Africa.[43]
  16. A partner of Turner, Edwards and Co., ship and marine insurance brokers of Bristol.[45]
  17. Hill was living at William Bobbett's home, Sidney Villa in Dinghurst, Churchill, until he moved into Langford House.[46]
  18. Both houses are Grade II listed. Mendip Villa is now known as St Mary's House.[48] Mendip Villa was let to Hill's sister, Elizabeth Tapscott, and her daughter, Charlotte Elizabeth, and Richmond House was let to Mary Jane Stone, Elizabeth Tapscott's elder daughter.[49]
  19. Erected before August 1890. For many years, Hill was the superintendent for the Sunday school at the Methodist schoolroom in Churchill. He would issue regular invitations to the school children and their teachers to take afternoon tea at Langford House. The house and gardens would be "thrown open", and this would include taking the view from the tower.[51]
  20. Pevsner 1958, p. 165, describes Langford house as "an ambitious Italianate villa of circa 1850, with the indispensable asymmetrically placed tower; wings were added later". Langford house is Grade II Listed by Historic England. [53]
  21. The clock chimed the quarter hours and played All Things Bright and Beautiful on the hour. The clock and carillon were supplied and fixed by M. Michiels of Mélins, Belgium. The eight toned peal of bells weighed 102 kilograms (2 hundredweight) in total, and were made and installed by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough.[55]
  22. The conservatory and greenhouses were manufactured and installed by Foster and Pearson of Beeston, Nottinghamshire.[56]
  23. The sheds Hill built for the Shorthorns were called Bullock Palaces as each animal had its own housing with a dormer window and other modern conveniences.[58]
  24. There is a memorial stone at the southern end of the lawn at Langford House. It remembers Hill's first cow, named Crummy, "a docile creature and good milker", who died in 1888 aged eleven. The stone also records several much-loved dogs, namely Lion, Leo, Glen and Captain.[63]
  25. One of the cottages stood where the chapel entrance gates are now.[64]
  26. The church of St John the Baptist, Axbridge, re-opened after its restoration on 24 June 1887 (Midsummer's Day). The stained glass window is set in the east end of the church and was made by Messrs. Bell & Sons, of Bristol. The four lights represent respectively the Nativity, Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Feed my Lambs, the divisions of the tracery being occupied by figures of the Four Evangelists, with their symbols, and Moses and Elijah, a central division containing the "Agnus Dei" emblem of St John the Baptist and arms of the town.[66]. The Rector of Axbridge, Reverend Henry Toft, selected the design.[67]
  27. On 21 December 1885, Langford House was "besieged" by several hundred people receiving gifts of bread, tea, and sugar. In addition, parcels of clothing and bedding were sent to a large number of people in the parish.[70]
  28. After imposing a heavy fine as an example to others, he would often pay it himself, on condition that the accused promised to reform, abstain from alcohol, and from time to time, report to the police.[3]
  29. Hill also donated substantial amounts of money to aid the Wesleyan cause: £500 to help build the Wesleyan chapel at Linden Road, Clevedon, and after his death, Hill's estate donated £1,500 to fund the building of the Wesleyan Mission Hall at Seymour Road, Gloucester.[91]
  30. The chapel was closed on 7 December 1969 and demolished for road works. The replacement church, Centenary Methodist Church, designed by Garth Robertson, was opened on 14 December 1969.[93]
  31. The Port Elizabeth Ladies' Benevolent Society, formerly the Dorcas Society, was founded to "relieve cases of distress and destitution ... and especially to assist aged and infirm persons with young children".[96]
  32. Joseph Foster Wood was the son and nephew of the founders of Foster & Wood.[101]
  33. The following is inscribed around the tower: "June 20 1897 this tower & clock was erected by Sidney Hill JP of Langford House in this parish to commemorate the sixty years of the beneficent reign of her most gracious majesty Queen Victoria".
  34. The Harbour of Refuge by Frederick Walker (1872)
    The architect's coloured drawing of the homes was sufficiently well thought of to be included in the 1906 Royal Academy Exhibition.[107] It was said to be inspired by the painting "Harbour of Refuge", painted in 1872 by Frederick Walker, and now in the Tate Gallery.[108]
  35. The sundial is listed separately by Historic England.[109]
  36. The matron's cottage is also listed separately by Historic England.[110]
  37. For an image of the Hill arms, see (Fox-Davies 1895, p. 1265, image 5, plate 92).

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