Royal Institute of British Architects

The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.

This article is about the professional body. For others uses of RIBA, see Riba (disambiguation).

Royal Institute of British Architects
AbbreviationRIBA
Formation1834
TypeProfessional body
Legal statusChartered body corporate and registered charity
PurposeThe architectural profession in the United Kingdom, and knowledge dissemination
Headquarters66 Portland Place
London, W1
RIBA North, Mann Island, Liverpool
Region served
UK
Membership
c. 44,000 architects
Chief Executive
Alan Vallance
President
Alan Jones (2019–21)
Main organ
RIBA Council
Staff
c. 200
WebsiteRIBA
RIBA Headquarters

History

Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Decimus Burton,[1] Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.[2]

After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

Royal charter

It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.

The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '... the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith...'

The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the approval of the Privy Council.[3]

Motto

The design of the Institute's Mycenaean lions medal and the Latin motto Usui civium, decori urbium[4] has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839.[5] The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of the badge of the Lion Gate at Mycenae was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J. H. Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".

Architectural education

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938.[6][7] A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.[8]

Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934,[9] Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted.[10] Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.

The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a "Visiting Board" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of "recognized schools" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.

The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified only as municipal or other engineers.[11] By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect, due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders, in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK. Eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper "Reform of Architects Registration" (1994).[12] The change of name to "Architects Registration Board" was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and re-enacted as the Architects Act 1997; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education.[13]

RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.[14]

In 2005 Royal Institute of British Architects set up Academy of Urbanism.[15]

Structure
Architectural Aspiration, by Edward Bainbridge, above the main entrance, RIBA, 66 Portland Place, London

The RIBA is governed by the RIBA Council, a group of 60 members, elected from among the RIBA membership, the majority of whom are chartered architects.[16]

The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA. Members gain access to all the institute's services and receive its monthly magazine, the RIBA Journal.

The RIBA's headquarters has been at 66 Portland Place, London, since 1934. This Grade II* listed building was designed by architect George Grey Wornum for the institute and features sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. The building is open to the public, and includes a library, architectural bookshop, a café, bar, exhibition galleries and lecture theatre. Rooms are hired out for events.

Regions

The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.

RIBA Enterprises

RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA,[21] with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 76 Portland Place in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle. Its services include RIBA Insight,[22] RIBA Appointments,[23] and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal. In Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification,[24] which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations[25] and the Construction Information Service.[26] RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is also part of RIBA Enterprises.[27] In June 2018, the RIBA announced it was selling a £31.8 million stake in RIBA Enterprises, to LDC, the private equity arm of Lloyds Bank.[28]

The RIBA has been recognised as a business Superbrand[29] since 2008.[30]

British Architectural Library
Reading Room, British Architectural Library, RIBA, 66 Portland Place, London

The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members.[31] Now, with over four million items, it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. Some items from the collections are on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in the V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery and included in temporary exhibitions at the RIBA and across Europe and North America.[32] Its collections include:[33]

  • Archives: 1.5 million items made up of architects' personal papers, correspondence, notebooks and diaries.
  • Audiovisual materials: Talks held at the RIBA, including talks by winners of the Royal Gold Medal.
  • Biographical files: 20,000 biographical files relating to a specific architect or firm. Files contain a mix of nomination papers for membership of the RIBA, obituaries, brochures, articles and letters.
  • Books: 150,000 books and 20,000 pamphlets, with the earliest book dating from 1478. Amongst the items is a first edition of Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura from 1570 and John Tallis's Tallis's London street views from 1838 to 1840.
  • Drawings: 1 million items are held. These predominantly cover British architects from the Renaissance to the present day, such as Ernő Goldfinger, Charles Holden and Edwin Lutyens. It holds the world's largest collection of drawings by Andrea Palladio.
  • Models: Examples come from architects such as Denys Lasdun for his Keeling House and National Theatre, London.
  • Periodicals: 2,000 architectural titles collected, with complete sets of Architectural Review, Architects' Journal, and Country Life.
  • Photographs: 1.5 million items, including the archive of the Architectural Press. Items date from the 19th century, but with major holdings of 20th-century photographers such as Eric de Maré, John Maltby, John Donat and Henk Snoek.

The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War II and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.[34]

The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright.[35] The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free learning programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre.[36]

V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership
V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery, Room 128, Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Since 2004, through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture.[37]

In 2004, the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery (Room 128) at the V&A showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions, this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK. The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space (Room 128a) is used for temporary displays related to architecture. Both spaces were designed by Gareth Hoskins Architects. At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A. Under the Partnership new study rooms were opened where members of the public could view items from the RIBA and V&A architectural collections under the supervision of curatorial staff. These and the nearby education room were designed by Wright & Wright Architects.

RIBA Awards
Main articles: Stirling Prize, Royal Gold Medal, and RIBA House of the Year
RIBA plaque on Whitla Hall, Queen's University Belfast

The RIBA has been awarding the President's Medals annually since 1836, making them the Institute's oldest awards, and possibly the oldest awards worldwide in the field of architecture.[38] The Institute runs many other awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year; the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work; the Stephen Lawrence Prize,[39] sponsored by the Marco Goldschmied Foundation, for projects with a construction budget of less than £1,000,000, and the President's Awards for Research.[40] The RIBA European Award was inaugurated in 2005 for work in the European Union, outside the UK. The RIBA National Award and the RIBA International Award were established in 2007. Since 1966, the RIBA also judges regional awards which are presented locally in the UK regions (East, East Midlands, London, North East, North West, Northern Ireland, Scotland, South/South East, South West/Wessex, Wales, West Midlands and Yorkshire). Inaugurated in 2001, the Manser Medal was renamed the RIBA House of the Year award in 2014.[41]

RIBA competitions
Main article: RIBA Competitions

RIBA Competitions is the Royal Institute of British Architects' unit dedicated to organising architectural and other design-related competitions.

Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief. The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives. The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition.

Education
See also: Bachelor of Architecture, Master of Architecture, and Doctor of Architecture

In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure.[42] It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB.

The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken. Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.[43]

Criticism

The RIBA is criticised by architects outside of the SE of England as a London-centric organisation which does not reach out to all members in the United Kingdom and beyond.[44][45]

Designation
  • ARIBA: Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects (no longer granted to new members)
  • FRIBA: Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (and Hon Fellow - an honorary designation)
  • RIBA: Chartered member of the Royal Institute of British Architects
  • The Institute's president is designated PRIBA, past presidents use PPRIBA

Presidents

Presidents of the RIBA are elected by RIBA members, serve a two-year term and chair the RIBA Council. The post was created in 1835, shortly after the institute's founding.[46] In 2009, Ruth Reed became the institute's first female president.

In September 2019, Alan Jones succeeded Ben Derbyshire,[47] but on 31 March 2020, Jones announced he was standing down temporarily for personal reasons; RIBA honorary secretary Kerr Robertson oversaw presidential responsibilities on an interim basis.[48] On 1 April 2020, the RIBA said it had reported Jones to the Charity Commission over an alleged "serious incident",[49] alleging misuse of RIBA funds to further an extramarital affair.[50] After an independent investigation, Alan Jones resumed his role as president on the 15 June 2020.[51]

The next president, taking office in September 2021, will be Simon Allford.[52]

Secretaries

The role of secretary of the RIBA was established in 1871. Between 1835 and 1870 the secretarial duties of the institute fell to honorary secretaries.[57] Current holders of the role are now referred to as chief executive.

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See also

References
  1. Dictionary of Scottish Architects, Decimus Burton. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  2. Port, M.H. "Founders of the Royal Institute of British Architects (act. 1834–1835)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. About the RIBA Charter and Byelaws "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) |Text of the Charter and Byelaws "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. "RIBA lions medal and motto". bdonline.co.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  5. "Donaldson, Thomas Leverton (1795–1885), architect - Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". oxforddnb.com. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7806. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  6. "21 & 22 Geo. 5. CH.33" (PDF). aaruk.info. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  7. "1 & 2 Geo. 6. CH 54" (PDF). aaruk.info. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  8. Second Schedule to Architects (Registration) Act, 1931 21 & 22 Geo. 5. CH.33
  9. The Growth and Work of the Royal Institute of British Architects edited by J. A. Gotch PPRIBA John Alfred Gotch
  10. Architects (Registration) Act, First Schedule Constitution of the Council, listing RIBA and other associations entitled to appoint members of the Council1931 21 & 22 Geo. 5. CH.33
  11. Simon Report*, HMSO 1944, reprint 1952, and a ruling of the King's Bench Divisional Court, R. v. Architects' Registration Tribunal, ex p. Jagger, [1945] 2 All E.R. 151, both mentioned in "The law relating to the architect" by E. J. Rimmer, Stevens (1952).
  12. Reform of Architects Registration", dated 19 July 1994, issued by the Department of the Environment
  13. "Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  14. "RIBA, Validation". architecture.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  15. Campbell, Duncan (10 November 2007). "Sheffield honoured at Academy of Urbanism awards". the Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  16. "RIBA Council". www.architecture.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  17. "WALES (RSAW)". RIBA. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  18. "RSUA - Royal Society of Ulster Architects". www.rsua.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  19. RIAS. "The Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland : RIAS". www.rias.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  20. "Calendar of Events". www.riba-usa.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  21. "RIBA Enterprises - Knowledge Management Business of the RIBA". www.ribaenterprises.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  22. "RIBA Insight". riba-insight.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  23. "RIBA Appointments - Architecture Jobs and Recruitment". www.ribaappointments.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  24. "Construction Knowledge, Specification and Services". NBS. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  25. "NBS Building Regulations - England & Wales Approved Documents & Scotland Technical Handbooks, from NBS". www.thenbs.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  26. "The Construction Information Service (CIS) - IHS Markit". www.ihs.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  27. "Architecture Books, Contracts & Regulations - RIBA Bookshops". www.ribabookshops.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  28. Jessell, Ella (12 June 2018). "RIBA sells £31.8m stake in its commercial arm to Lloyds Bank". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  29. "Superbrands". superbrands.uk.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  30. "RIBA Named as Business Superbrand". dexigner.com. 2 March 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  31. Richardson, M. and Hind, C., 66 Portland Place: The London Headquarters of the Royal Institute of British Architects, 2004, ISBN 1859461379.
  32. "Palladio and His Legacy: A Transatlantic Journey exhibition". Morgan Library and Museum. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
  33. "RIBA Library collections". Royal Institute of British Architects. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  34. "The Loos canon: Adolf Loos at the RIBA". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  35. "V&A Museum / RIBA". Wright & Wright Architects LLP. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  36. "Library, drawings and photographs". Royal Institute of British Architects. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  37. V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, Royal Institute of British Architects. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
  38. "List of architecture awards", Wikipedia, 24 August 2019, retrieved 2 October 2019
  39. "The Stephen Lawrence Prize". The Stephen Lawrence Prize. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  40. "RIBA President's Awards for Research". architecture.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  41. Mark, Laura (26 August 2015). "Manser Medal rebrands as RIBA House of the Year". Architects Juournal. Retrieved 24 May 2017. Includes list of winners 2001–2014
  42. Centre for Education in the Built Environment
  43. "British Council" (PDF). britishcouncil.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  44. "Reed blasts RIBA with London bias jibe". bdonline.co.uk. 30 May 2008.
  45. "London bias in Stirling judging, claims Bennetts". Architects' Journal.
  46. "Alan Jones elected next RIBA President". www.architecture.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  47. Jessel, Ella. "Alan Jones wins RIBA presidential election". Architects Journal. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  48. Hurst, Will; Waite, Richard (31 March 2020). "Alan Jones stands down as RIBA president". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  49. Waite, Richard; Hurst, Will (1 April 2020). "RIBA reports its president to Charity Commission over 'serious incident'". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  50. Hurst, Will (6 April 2020). "RIBA investigating president over possible misuse of funds". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  51. Pacheco, Antonio (16 June 2020). "RIBA's Alan Jones returns to his presidential duties". Archinect News. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  52. Ing, Will (11 August 2020). "Simon Allford wins RIBA presidential election". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  53. RIBA (9 August 2018). "Alan Jones elected RIBA President". architecture.com.
  54. RIBA (9 May 2017). "Ben Derbyshire elected RIBA President". architecture.com.
  55. Jane Duncan elected next President of the RIBA, architecture.com, 23 July 2014
  56. Stephen Hodder named next RIBA president, Architects' Journal, 15 May 2012
  57. Cornford, L. Cope (1921). The Designer of Our Buildings. London, 9 Conduit Street, W.: R.I.B.A.CS1 maint: location (link)
  58. Mark, Laura. "Harry Rich quits RIBA". Architects Journal. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  59. Waite, Richard. "RIBA names Alan Vallance as new chief executive". Architects Journal. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

Bibliography

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