Shiwiar language

Shiwiar, also known as Achuar, Jivaro, Maina, is a Jivaroan language spoken along the Pastaza and Bobonaza rivers in Ecuador.

Not to be confused with Shuar language from Ecuador.
Achuar
Shiwiar
Native toPeru, Ecuador
EthnicityAchuar people, Shiwiar
Native speakers
(undated figure of 3,000–3,500 in Peru)[1]
4,000 in Ecuador (2007)[2]
Jivaroan
  • Achuar
Language codes
ISO 639-3acu
Glottologachu1248[3]

Phonology
Consonant phonemes[4]
Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop p t k ʔ
Affricate ts tʃ
Fricative s ʃ x
Approximant j w
Tap ɾ
Vowel phonemes[4]
Front Central Back
Close i ĩ iː u ũ uː
Close-mid ɘ ɘ̃ ɘː[5]
Open a ã aː
  • /i/ and /u/ have slightly lowered allophones [ɪ] and [ʊ], respectively.[6]
  • /a, ã, aː/ are phonetically central [a̠, ã̠, a̠ː].[6]
    • /a, ã/ (but not the long /aː/) have the following allophones: open central unrounded [a̠, ã̠], open-mid front unrounded [ɛ, ɛ̃], close-mid front unrounded [e, ẽ] and close-mid back rounded [o, õ].[6]
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gollark: Apparently Pfizer and Moderna have Omicron vaccines now (for the BA.1 variant).
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References
  1. Achuar at Ethnologue (10th ed., 1984). Note: Data may come from the 9th edition (1978).
  2. Achuar-Shiwiar at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Achuar-Shiwiar". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 10.
  5. Lev, Stark & Chang (2012), citing the same source, give these instead as [ɨ], [ɨ̃] and [ɨː].
  6. Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.

Bibliography
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
  • Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Achuar-Shiwiar". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.



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