São Miguel Island

São Miguel Island (Portuguese for Saint Michael, Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w miˈɣɛɫ]), nicknamed "The Green Island" (Ilha Verde), is the largest and most populous island in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The island covers 760 km2 (290 sq mi) and has around 140,000 inhabitants, with 45,000 people residing in Ponta Delgada, the archipelago's largest city.

São Miguel

Ilha de São Miguel

The "Green" Island
Island
The Sete Cidades lagoon on São Miguel Island
Etymology: Portuguese for Saint Michael
Nickname(s): 
Ilha Verde
Physical map of Sao Miguel island
CountryPortugal
Autonomous RegionAzores
IslandsEastern Group
Municipalities
Area
 • Total744.55 km2 (287.47 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total137,830
 • Density190/km2 (480/sq mi)
DemonymMicaelense
Ethnic groupsPortuguese
Geographic detail from Instituto Geográfico Português (2010)

History
The landing of the Spanish Tercios at Terceira during the 1580 Portuguese succession crisis
An 1845 engraving of the island of São Miguel (west is up)

In 1427, São Miguel became the second of the islands discovered by Gonçalo Velho Cabral to be settled by colonists from continental Portugal. This date is uncertain, as it is believed that the island was discovered between 1426 and 1437 and inscribed in portolans from the middle of the 15th century. Its discovery was later recorded by Father Gaspar Frutuoso in the seminal history of the Azores, Saudades da Terra, as he began: "This island of São Miguel where...we are, is mountainous and covered in ravines, and it was, when we discovered it, covered in trees...due to its humidity, with its water showers and ravines warm with sun..."

It was sometime after the initial settlement of Povoação Velha (on the southeastern coast) that (between 1439–1444) a volcanic eruption occurred in the crater of Sete Cidades (then uninhabited). There are no records of the precise date, but Gaspar Frutuoso noted that navigators returning to São Miguel (soon after its discovery) encountered the western part of the island completely changed and tree trunks and pumice stone floating in the waters around the island. After docking in Povoação, the settlers reported feeling tremors and aftershocks; "...those settlers living in their earthen holes of straw and hay, heard almost within a year a great loud noise, roars and snorts that came from the earth with large tremors still proceeded the subversion and fire from the peak that had disappeared."

In the early 15th century, Infante D. Henrique first authorized the settlement of the Azores, and many settlers from the historical provinces of Estremadura, Alto Alentejo, Algarve and Madeira travelled to São Miguel, under the Carta Régia (a decree of the regency). The fertile soils and temperate climate attracted settlers from other countries, notably French and Flemish people. Cultural minorities such as Jewish New Christians and some Moors were exiled to the island during the inquisition. Its geographic position and fertile soils permitted rapid economic development. The establishment of a military garrison made the island an obligatory port-of-call in the African and Asian commercial trade, while the export of sugar, and later orchil (a dye exported to Flanders for the making of cloth) stabilized the island's export trade.

The first capital of the island was Vila Franca do Campo, which was devastated by the 1522 Vila Franca earthquake and landslides. The tragedy helped to elevate Ponta Delgada to the administrative and economic status of capital and business centre from 1546.

During the 1580 Portuguese succession crisis, the people from São Miguel won the naval Battle of Vila Franca against a French squadron that supported the claims of the pretender António, Prior of Crato.

With the Portuguese Restoration War (1640), the island regained its position as a commercial centre, establishing new contacts in Brazil, which was heavily colonized during this period. Some of the island's historic buildings, including mansions and churches, date from this period; the island's architectural expansion and developed came from revenues from the export of oranges, mainly to Great Britain.

In 1831, during the Liberal Wars, following the landing of troops loyal to Queen Maria II in Nordeste (sent by future Duke of Terceira), a resistance to the Absolutist regime on the Island was organized. In 1832, this militia declared allegiance to the Charter (constitutional monarchy) and Queen Maria, forming a contingent that sailed to the continent where they were involved in the liberation of Porto.

Following the Liberal Wars, the period of Devourism allowed the economy to flourish, and the port of Ponta Delgada expanded, through the export of new crops such as tea, pineapple, and tobacco. The development of the fishing industry, cultivation of food staples and expansion of the dairy industry permitted the growth of many of the population centres on the island.

Following the Carnation Revolution, the island received the seat of the Presidency of the Autonomous Region of the Azores, located in Ponta Delgada, while its economic, social and political importance continued to grow within the archipelago.

In the 21st century, the island is often used as a pit stop by drug traffickers shipping narcotics to Europe from South America. In 2001, more than half a ton of packets of over 80% pure cocaine, hidden by a drug smuggler on the beach, were washed ashore on the coast of the island. While some packets were recovered by police, others were kept by locals. As a result, the drug became abundant on the island. While a number of locals became rich from their finds, many cases of drug addiction and deaths from overdoses resulted from the drug's proliferation.[1]

Geography

Geology
Lagoa do Fogo (English: Lake of Fire), as seen from Miradouro da Serra da Barrosa, along the Água de Pau Massif.
Lagoa das Furnas
Pasturelands in the Picos region: the debris field that joined the Sete Cidades Massif and Água de Pau Massif that united the island of São Miguel.

São Miguel is bisected by many faults from the northwest to southeast in the direction of the Terceira Rift, a triple junction of the Eurasian, African and North American tectonic plates. This system is best expressed in the western part of the island with extensive geological formations, such as the Mosteiros Graben (along the western flank of the Sete Cidades Massif), the Ribeira Grande Graben (along the northern flank of the Água de Pau Massif), and the many cones and fissural structures along the interior of the island. In the ancient crater of Furnas the faults are aligned west-northwest to east-southeast. Zbysewsky (1959), among others (note references) identifies eight geomorphological structures on São Miguel that correspond to the formative features that built the island, including: The Sete Cidades Massif – an area that occupies the extreme western part of the island, and corresponds to a central volcanic crater and lake-filled caldera, with various cones, deposits of pumice, lava domes and maars. In the northeastern flank of this volcano the Mosteiros Graben, a tectonic structure created from the collapse of lands and located along a northwest to southeast orientation. Along other regional fractures and radial faults there are ancient spatter cones and lava domes; The Picos Volcanic System or Picos Region – is situated along a northwest–southeast alignment, and defines a range of spatter cones and relatively level ground between the Sete Cidades and the Água de Pau Massifs; The Água de Pau Massif – this central feature corresponds to the central volcano on the island, and includes the Lagoa do Fogo (Lake of Fire), many lava domes and pumice cones. On the northeastern flank of the Massif the Ribeira Grande Graben is visible, representing a tectonic depression oriented northwest to southeast; The Achada das Furnas Plateau – a region with a central plain marked by cones and maars, with deposits along a west-northwest to east-southeast and northwest to southeast; Furnas Volcano – located in the eastern part of the island, along the southern coast, and comprising two ancient calderas, occupied by a lake (Lagoa das Furnas). Within the system one can find many pumice cones, maars and lava domes; Povoação Volcano – comprising a central caldera, generally well-eroded and whose southern rim has disappeared to the southern coast. Within its interior, marked by several river-valleys and cliffs, are several spatter cones; The Tronqueira Region – it occupies the extreme easterly portion of the island and corresponds to a mountainous region, divided by many river-valleys that are usually delineated by tectonic fractures; The Northern Coastal Platform – located along the northeastern portion of the island, and marks a zone of relatively moderate topography, limited by the coast to the north and the northern crater rims of Furnas and Povoação volcanoes to the south.

São Miguel comprises six volcanic zones, all are Quaternary in age except the last, which is partly Pliocene. From west to east these zones are: the trachyte stratovolcano of the Sete Cidades Massif; a field of alkali-basalt cinder cones and lava flows with minor trachyte; the trachyte stratovolcano of the Água de Pau Massif; a field of alkali-basalt cinder cones and lava flows with minor trachyte and tristanite; the trachyte stratovolcano of Furnas; and the Nordeste shield, which includes the Povoação caldera and consists of alkali basalt, tristanite and trachyte.[2] Dormancy ages for these regions include: 400 year for Sete Cidades, 145 for zone 2, 1150 for Água de Pau, and 370 for Furnas, while eruptions in the Nordeste have not occurred in the past 3000 years.[2]

Ginetes, situated in the westernmost part of the island, near the coast.
A species of common dolphins seen during one of whale watching tours.

These geomorphological structures have resulted from millions of years of compound growth that began in the eastern portion of the island; around 4 million years ago the Nordeste Volcano burst from the ocean floor in effusive and fissural eruptions. These eruptions were composed of basaltic lava flows and spatter cones whose products reached a height of 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) forming the mountainous region of Tronqueiro, Planalto dos Graminhais, Espigão dos Bois and Pico Verde (finding its maximum extent in Pico da Vara). But, about 950,000 years ago a secondary volcano system (Volcanic Complex of Povoação) supplanted the eruptions of the Nordeste Volcano, responsible for new basaltic lavas and pyroclastic deposits. With an age of 200,000 years the third volcano on São Miguel, the Água de Pau Volcano started erupting on the western flank of Povoação volcano in two phases. The first phase, composed of the older materials, erupted from lava flows and Trachyte pyroclasts, the secondary phase corresponded to volcanic products that began erupting 400,000 years ago. These latter deposits included pyroclastic, trachyte flows (lava and surges), mud flows and a mixture of basalts. In what would become the western portion of the island a fourth volcano formed: the Sete Cidades Volcano erupted 200,000 years ago and continued to erupt until about 36,000 years ago. Between 100,000 and 3,800 years ago fissural eruptions of integrated lava and basaltic pyroclastic deposits occurred in the center of the island between Água de Pau and Povoação, forming the Fissural Volcanic System of Congro. These eruptions were explosive and fed by activities in the neighboring volcanic systems. At about 100,000 years a secondary system developed along the frontier of the Povoação volcano, the "Furnas Volcano" complex (the youngest volcanic system) in three phases mixing pyroclastic surges, trachytes, and lava flows, as well as explosive materials. Finally, two layers of deposits formed the Fissural Volcanic System of Picos between the volcanic Água de Pau and Sete Cidades from 31,000 years ago unifying the island. This formation integrated lavas, basaltic pyroclasts, tuff cones and trachyte domes into two layers (referred to as the Ponta Delgada and Penhal da Paz sub-depoists) and compiled to about 5,000 years ago.

The peak area between Sete Cidades and Fogo is a monogenetic volcanic field composed of 270 volcanoes. They are primarily made up of basaltic cones which were formed during Strombolian and Hawaiian-style eruptions. This is the part of the island with most recent volcanic activity. The youngest volcanoes are relatively well dated. It is estimated that 19 eruptions have occurred during the last 3,000 years. Several eruptions have been witnessed and recorded by people. The last one took place in the 17th century. The most famous eruption is known as Fogo 2, occurring in 1652.

Biome

The ancient laurisilva forest has mostly been replaced by cultivated fields and imported trees and plants, such as the ubiquitous cryptomeria trees. There are some hot springs (caldeiras), generally located in the center of the island, in the area stretching from Povoação to Nordeste.

The highest elevation on São Miguel is the Pico da Vara at 1,103 metres (3,619 ft). Lying at the eastern end of the island, it is the focus of a Special Protection Area containing the largest remnant of laurisilva forest on the island, which is home to the endemic and critically endangered bird, the Azores bullfinch.

Whale watching tours, starting from Ponta Delgada and Vila Franca do Campo are available. One may see sea turtles, dolphins and humpback whales.

Climate

Similar to other islands in the archipelago, São Miguel is influenced by ocean currents and winds, and, in particular, the cyclonic Gulf Stream. It functions as a moderating force in the islands, keeping temperatures hovering between 14 °C (57 °F) and 26 °C (79 °F) throughout the year. The island's location also makes it susceptible to many Atlantic storms, and precipitation tends to be elevated during the winter periods. Although climate regimes depend on local topography, the largest city Ponta Delgada has a subtropical mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with low seasonal variability and diurnal temperature variation being low.

Climate data for Ponta Delgada, Azores (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.2
(68.4)		 20.4
(68.7)		 22.8
(73.0)		 22.6
(72.7)		 24.0
(75.2)		 25.6
(78.1)		 28.2
(82.8)		 28.8
(83.8)		 28.6
(83.5)		 26.2
(79.2)		 25.5
(77.9)		 22.6
(72.7)		 28.8
(83.8)
Average high °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2)		 16.6
(61.9)		 17.0
(62.6)		 17.7
(63.9)		 19.1
(66.4)		 21.4
(70.5)		 23.9
(75.0)		 25.3
(77.5)		 24.3
(75.7)		 21.9
(71.4)		 19.4
(66.9)		 17.8
(64.0)		 20.1
(68.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1)		 14.1
(57.4)		 14.5
(58.1)		 15.1
(59.2)		 16.4
(61.5)		 18.6
(65.5)		 20.9
(69.6)		 22.1
(71.8)		 21.4
(70.5)		 19.2
(66.6)		 16.9
(62.4)		 15.4
(59.7)		 17.4
(63.4)
Average low °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0)		 11.5
(52.7)		 12.0
(53.6)		 12.3
(54.1)		 13.6
(56.5)		 15.8
(60.4)		 17.8
(64.0)		 19.0
(66.2)		 18.4
(65.1)		 16.5
(61.7)		 14.3
(57.7)		 12.9
(55.2)		 14.7
(58.4)
Record low °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9)		 3.5
(38.3)		 4.2
(39.6)		 5.3
(41.5)		 6.6
(43.9)		 8.3
(46.9)		 11.9
(53.4)		 11.9
(53.4)		 9.6
(49.3)		 8.6
(47.5)		 7.4
(45.3)		 5.7
(42.3)		 3.5
(38.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 96.9
(3.81)		 84.0
(3.31)		 87.7
(3.45)		 76.7
(3.02)		 72.0
(2.83)		 39.6
(1.56)		 26.6
(1.05)		 46.1
(1.81)		 91.9
(3.62)		 108.5
(4.27)		 108.7
(4.28)		 146.9
(5.78)		 985.6
(38.80)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 19.7 18.4 19.5 17.5 12.2 9.3 8.9 8.1 12.5 16.5 17.9 17.7 178.2
Average relative humidity (%) 82 82 81 79 80 80 78 79 80 80 82 83 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 97 103 120 141 174 163 208 213 175 142 109 93 1,738
Source 1: Instituto de Meteorologia,[3] Weatherbase (some records)[4]
Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity 1961–1990)[5]

Human geography
The Fonte de Buraco Belvedere overlooking the village of Maia, in the northern municipality of Ribeira Grande

Owing to the predominance of volcanic cones and craters in the interior, human settlement has developed primarily along coastal and interior plains. In addition, there are several communities that have developed within ancient craters (such as Sete Cidades, Furnas or Povoação), river-valleys (such as Ribeira Chã, Pilar da Bretanha) or coastal deltas (Mosteiros). Regardless, these settlements were largely agrarian and concentrated around the parish churches and the many fertile parcels of land. The communities were largely isolated throughout the year, owing to the great distances and rough landscape of the island, and only became integrated with the development of the many road networks that circle and bisect the island. Two cities have developed, largely because the island was divided by mountainous volcanic cones in the interior: Ponta Delgada and Ribeira Grande. Administratively, the island is governed by five municipalities, with Ponta Delgada and Ribeira Grande having more administrative functions associated with their larger populations:

The center of Ponta Delgada, as seen from the marina complex, Portas do Mar

Lagoa, the youngest of the municipalities of São Miguel, has a population of about 14,126 inhabitants (2008 census), incorporating the south-central parishes east of Ponta Delgada; Nordeste, literally the north-eastern municipality, well known for an abundance of natural vegetation and the highest point on the island, Pico da Vara; Ponta Delgada, includes not only the industrial/commercial city of Ponta Delgada, but also many rural parishes, as well as the large crater of Sete Cidades; Povoação, home to the first colony on the island, Povoação is located in the south-east corner of the island, and includes active and dormant volcanic features, including Furnas and the crater of Povoação; Ribeira Grande, the second largest municipality, with approximately 30,852 inhabitants, received its charter in 1981, and incorporates an extensive area of the northern coast (including the parish of Rabo de Peixe, the largest parish by population); and Vila Franca do Campo, once the seat of the historical capital of São Miguel (until it was almost destroyed by earthquake and landslides in 1522), it is located along the southern coast between Lagoa and Povoação.

Chá Gorreana's main plant
The cult of the Lord Holy Christ of the Miracles is the most popular devotion in São Miguel island.

Local government is administered at the local level by the civil parish (Portuguese: freguesias), which are responsible for the provision of services and implementation of municipal initiatives. Based on the historical ecclesiastical limits established after settlement, the civil parishes are run by a president, treasurer and secretary (at the head of a parish council). These presidents have municipal council standing and represent their constituencies in the assemblies of the Câmara Municipal. On the island of São Miguel there are 64 local area authorities, that include:

Notable citizens
  • Maria José de Sousa Botelho (born in Ribeira Grande on 10 December 1961 and lived in Santa Barbara until 7 years old; immigrated on 12 May 1969 to Cambridge, Massachusetts) is an associate professor of language, literacy, and culture at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Dr. Botelho's research centers on critical multicultural analysis of children's and young adult literature; multiliteracies, critical literacies, and Waldorf language arts pedagogies; and, critical collaborative inquiry as professional learning for preservice and inservice K-12 teachers.
  • Teófilo Braga (24 February 1843; São José – 28 January 1924; Lisbon), a Portuguese writer, playwright, Republican politician, leader of the Republican Provisional Government, and 2nd President of the Republic;
  • Natália de Oliveira Correia, GOSE, GOL (13 September 1923; Fajã de Baixo – 16 March 1993; Lisbon) was an intellectual, poet and social activist, as well as author of the official lyrics of the Hino dos Açores, the regional anthem of Autonomous Region of the Azores;
  • Roberto Ivens (12 June 1850; São Pedro – 28 January 1898; Oeiras), a Portuguese explorer of Africa, geographer, colonial administrator, and an officer of the Portuguese Navy;
  • Antero de Quental (18 April 1842 – 11 September 1891), a Portuguese poet and essayist;[6]
  • Pedro Miguel Carreiro Resendes, OIH (born 28 April 1973), commonly known as Pauleta, a footballer and once all-time leading goal scorer for the Portugal national football team before being surpassed by Ronaldo;
  • Maria Evelina de Sousa (1879–1946) pioneer educator and feminist, honored with the Azorean Insignia of Recognition in 2017[7]
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gollark: No.
gollark: Don't do it, because you basically can't.
gollark: <@186486131565527040> That would be hilariously insecure.
gollark: Anyway, I meant security regardiing "you can't just send a bunch of wireless messages and get all the moneys".

References
Notes
  1. Bremner, Matthew (10 May 2019). "Blow up: how half a tonne of cocaine transformed the life of an island". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  2. Richard B. Moore (1990), p.1
  3. "Normais Climatológicas – 1981–2010 (provisórias) – Ponta Delgada" (in Portuguese). Instituto de Meteorologia. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  4. "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Ponta Delgade". Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  5. "Ponta Delgata". WMO-No. 847: Climatological Normals (CLINO) For The Period 1961–1990. NOAA.
  6. Martins, Ana Maria Almeida (2006). "Figuras da Cultura Portuguesa: Antero do Quental" [Figures in Portuguese Culture: Antero de Quental] (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Instituto Camões. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  7. "Açores distinguem 30 personalidades e instituições no Dia da Região" [Azores distinguishes 30 persons and institutions on the Regional Day]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal. 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Sources
  • Carmo, R. (2004). Geologia estrutural da região Povoação – Nordeste (ilha de S. Miguel, Açores). Tese de Mestrado em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos. Universidade dos Açores, Departamento de Geociências. p. 121.
  • Ferreira, T. (2000). Caracterização da actividade vulcânica da ilha de S. Miguel (Açores): vulcanismo basáltico recente e zonas de desgaseificação. Avaliação de riscos. Tese de Doutoramento no ramo de Geologia, especialidade de Vulcanologia. Universidade dos Açores, Departamento de Geociências. p. 248.
  • Ferreira, T.; Tanguy, Jean-Claude (2001). Volcanoes of Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243. ISBN 0-19-521754-3.
  • Gaspar, J.L.; Ferreira, T.; Queiroz, G.; Wallenstein, N.; Pacheco, J.; Guest, J.; Duncan, A.; Cole, P. (1995). Evolução morfoestrutural do vulcão das Furnas (ilha de S. Miguel, Açores). IV Congresso Nacional de Geologia. Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências, Museu e laboratório Mineralógico e Geológico, Mem. 4. pp. 999–1003.
  • Queiroz, G. (1997). Vulcão das Sete Cidades (S. Miguel, Açores): História eruptiva e avaliação do Hazard.Tese de doutoramento no ramo de Geologia, especialidade de Vulcanologia. Universidade dos Açores, Departamento de Geociências. p. 226.
  • Wallenstein, N. (1999). Estudo da história eruptiva recente e do comportamento eruptivo do vulcão do Fogo (S. Miguel, Açores). Avaliação preliminar do hazard. Tese de doutoramento no ramo de Geologia, especialidade de Vulcanologia. Universidade dos Açores, Departamento de Geociências. p. 266.
  • Zbyszewsky, G.; Moitinho de Almeida, F.; Veiga Ferreira, O.; de Assunção, C.T. (1958). Notícia explicativa da Folha "B", da ilha S. Miguel (Açores) da Carta Geológica de Portugal na escala 1:50000. Publ. Serviços. Geológicos de Portugal, Lisboa. p. 37.
  • Zbyszewsky, G.; Veiga Ferreira, O.; de Assunção, C.T. (1959). Notícia explicativa da Folha "A", da ilha S. Miguel (Açores) da Carta Geológica de Portugal na escala 1:50000. Serviços. Geológicos de Portugal, Lisboa. p. 22.
  • Zbyszewsky, G. (1961). Étude geologique de l’ile de S. Miguel (Açores). Comunicações Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, 45l. pp. 5–79.
  • Global Volcanism Program: Azores

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