Royal Victorian Order

The Royal Victorian Order (French: Ordre royal de Victoria)[n 1] is a dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria. It recognises distinguished personal service to the monarch of the Commonwealth realms,[1] members of the monarch's family, or to any viceroy or senior representative of the monarch.[2][3] The present monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is the sovereign of the order, the order's motto is Victoria, and its official day is 20 June.[n 2] The order's chapel is the Savoy Chapel in London.

"RVO" redirects here. For other uses, see RVO (disambiguation).
"LVO" redirects here. For the large countable ordinal, see Large Veblen ordinal.

Royal Victorian Order
Breast Star of Knights/Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Awarded by the monarch of the United Kingdom and the Dominions (1896–1952), Commonwealth realms (since 1952)
TypeDynastic order
Established21 April 1896
MottoVictoria
EligibilityAll living citizens of the Commonwealth realms
Awarded forPersonal service to the sovereign
StatusCurrently constituted
FounderQueen Victoria
SovereignElizabeth II
Grand MasterAnne, Princess Royal
ChancellorThe Earl Peel
Grades
  • Knight/Dame Grand Cross (GCVO)
  • Knight/Dame Commander (KCVO/DCVO)
  • Commander (CVO)
  • Lieutenant (LVO)
  • Member (MVO)

Ribbon of an ordinary member of the order

Ribbon of an honorary member of the order

There is no limit on the number of individuals honoured at any grade,[1] and admission remains at the sole discretion of the monarch,[1] with each of the order's five grades and one medal with three levels representing different levels of service. While all those honoured may use the prescribed styles of the order—the top two grades grant titles of knighthood, and all grades accord distinct post-nominal letters—the Royal Victorian Order's precedence amongst other honours differs from realm to realm and admission to some grades may be barred to citizens of those realms by government policy.

Creation
Queen Victoria in 1897, the year after she founded the Royal Victorian Order

Prior to the close of the 19th century, most general honours within the British Empire were bestowed by the sovereign on the advice of her British ministers, who sometimes forwarded advice from ministers of the Crown in the Dominions and colonies (appointments to the then most senior orders of chivalry, the Most Noble Order of the Garter and the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, had been made on ministerial advice since the 18th century and were not restored to the personal gift of the sovereign until 1946 and 1947, respectively[4]). Queen Victoria thus established on 21 April 1896 the Royal Victorian Order as a junior and personal order of knighthood that allowed her to bestow directly to an empire-wide community honours for personal services.[1][2][5][6] The organisation was founded a year preceding Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, so as to give the Queen time to complete a list of first inductees. The order's official day was made 20 June of each year, marking the anniversary of Queen Victoria's accession to the throne.[6]

In 1902, King Edward VII created the Royal Victorian Chain "as a personal decoration for royal personages and a few eminent British subjects" and it was the highest class of the Royal Victorian Order.[7] It is today distinct from the order, though it is officially issued by the chancery of the Royal Victorian Order.

After 1931, when the Statute of Westminster came into being and the Dominions of the British Empire became independent states, equal in status to Britain,[8][9] the Royal Victorian Order remained an honour open to all the King's realms; thus, as with the monarch who conferred it, the order ceased to be purely British.[1] The order was open to foreigners from its inception, the Prefect of Alpes-Maritimes and the Mayor of Nice being the first to receive the honour in 1896.[1]

Officers and grades

The reigning monarch is at the apex of the Royal Victorian Order as its Sovereign, followed by the Grand Master; the latter position was created in 1937 and was occupied by Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother) from that date until her death in 2002. Queen Elizabeth II then appointed her daughter, Anne, Princess Royal,[10] to the position in 2007. Below the Grand Master are five officials of the organisation: the Chancellor, held by the Lord Chamberlain; the Secretary, held by the Keeper of the Privy Purse and Treasurer to the Queen; the Registrar, held by the Secretary to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood; the Chaplain, held by the Chaplain of the Queen's Chapel of the Savoy; and the Genealogist.[11]

Thereafter follow those honoured with different grades of the order, divided into five levels: the highest two conferring accolades of knighthood and all having post-nominal letters and, lastly, the holders of the Royal Victorian Medal in either gold, silver or bronze.[2] Foreigners may be admitted as honorary members, there are no limits to the number of any grade, and promotion is possible. The styles of knighthood are not used by princes, princesses, or peers in the uppermost ranks of the society, save for when their names are written in their fullest forms for the most official occasions. Retiring Deans of the Royal Peculiars of St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle and Westminster Abbey are customarily inducted as Knights Commander; clergymen appointed to the higher levels of the Royal Victorian Order do not use the associated styles, however, and honorary members are not permitted to hold them at all.

Prior to 1984, the grades of Lieutenant and Member were classified as Members (fourth class) and Members (fifth class), respectively, but both with the post-nominals MVO. On 31 December of that year, Queen Elizabeth II declared that those in the grade of Member (fourth class) would henceforth be Lieutenants with the post-nominals LVO.[11]

Grades of the Royal Victorian Order
Grade Knight/Dame Grand Cross Knight/Dame Commander Commander Lieutenant Member Medal
(associated)
Prefix Sir/Dame Sir/Dame
Post-nominal letters GCVO KCVO/DCVO CVO LVO MVO RVM
Insignia

List of officers

The current officers of the Royal Victorian Order are as follows:[12]

  • Sovereign: Queen Elizabeth II, since 1952
  • Grand Master: Anne, Princess Royal, since 2007
  • Chancellor: William Peel, 3rd Earl Peel, as Lord Chamberlain, since 2006
  • Secretary: Sir Michael Stevens, as Keeper of the Privy Purse, since 2018
  • Registrar: Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Segrave, as Secretary of the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood
  • Chaplain: Thomas Woodhouse, as Chaplain of the Queen's Chapel of the Savoy, since 2019

Insignia and vestments
Mantle of the order bearing the star of a Knight Grand Cross

Upon admission into the Royal Victorian Order, members are given various insignia. Common for all members is the badge, which is a Maltese cross with a central medallion depicting on a red background the Royal Cypher of Queen Victoria surrounded by a blue ring bearing the motto of the order—VICTORIA—and surmounted by a Tudor crown.[11] However, there are variations on the badge for each grade of the order: Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear the badge on a sash passing from the right shoulder to the left hip; Knight Commanders wear the badge on a ribbon at the neck; male Commanders, Lieutenants, and Members wear the badge from a ribbon on the left chest;[6] and women in all grades below Dame Grand Cross wear the badge on a bow pinned at the left shoulder. For Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Commanders, and Lieutenants, the Maltese cross is rendered in white enamel with gold edging, while that for Knights and Dames Commander and Members is in silver.[6] Further, the size of the badge varies by rank, that for the higher classes being larger, and Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander have their crosses surrounded by a star: for the former, an eight-pointed silver star, and for the latter, an eight-pointed silver Maltese cross with silver rays between each arm.

The Countess of Wessex (right) wearing the riband of a Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

The medal bears the effigy and name of the reigning sovereign at the time of its awarding, as well as the phrase DEI • GRATIA • REGINA (or REX) • F.D. (by the grace of God, Queen (or King), Defender of the Faith), and on the reverse is the Royal Cypher upon an ornamental shield within a laurel wreath. Bars may be awarded to each class of medal for further services, and should recipients be awarded a higher level of medal or be appointed to a grade of the order itself, they may continue to wear their original medal along with the new insignia.

The order's ribbon is blue with red-white-red stripe edging, the only difference being that for foreigners appointed into the society, their ribbon bearing an additional central white stripe. For Knights Grand Cross, the ribbon is 82.5 millimetres (3.25 in) wide, for Dames Grand Cross 57.1 millimetres (2.25 in), for Knights and Dames Commander 44.4 millimetres (1.75 in), and for all other members 31.7 millimetres (1.25 in).[11]

At formal events, or collar days, of which there are 34 throughout the year, such as New Year's Day and royal anniversaries,[10] Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear the Royal Victorian Order's livery collar, consisting of an alternating string of octagonal gold pieces depicting a gold rose on a blue field and gold oblong frames within which are one of four inscriptions: Victoria, Britt. Reg. (Queen of the Britons), Def. Fid. (fidei defensor, or Defender of the Faith), and Ind. Imp. (Empress of India). The chain supports a larger octagonal medallion with a blue enamel surface edged in red and charged with a saltire, over which is an effigy of Queen Victoria; members of the order suspend from this medallion their insignia as a badge apendant.[10][11] Though after the death of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross their insignia may be retained by their family, the collar must be returned. Knights and Dames Grand Cross also wear a mantle of dark blue satin edged with red satin and lined with white satin, bearing a representation of the order's star on the left side.[11]

Chapel and associations
The Queen's Chapel of the Savoy, which acts as the chapel of the Royal Victorian Order

Since 1938, the chapel of the Royal Victorian Order has been the Queen's Chapel of the Savoy,[1] in central London, England. However, the population of the order has grown to the point that the Savoy chapel can no longer accommodate the gathering of members held every four years, and St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle is now employed for the event.[1][10]

The Sovereign and Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the order are allotted stalls in the Savoy chapel's choir, and on the back of each stall is affixed a brass plate displaying the occupant's name, coat of arms, and date of admission into the organisation. Upon the occupant's death, the plate is retained, leaving the stalls festooned with a record of the order's Knights and Dames Grand Cross since 1938. There is insufficient space in the chapel for the display of knights' and dames' banners and other heraldic devices.

The Royal Victorian Order Association of Canada exists for all Canadians appointed to the order or who have received the Royal Victorian Medal; it is the only such organisation in the Commonwealth realms.[13] Founded by Michael Jackson,[14] the group has, since 2008, gathered biennially.[13]

Eligibility and appointment
Coat of arms of the Lord Baden-Powell, showing the ribbon of the Royal Victorian Order around the escutcheon and the order's insignia suspended at bottom
The visible part of the Royal Victorian Order circlet laid out

Membership in the Royal Victorian Order is conferred by the reigning monarch without ministerial advice on those who have performed personal service for the sovereign,[10] any member of his or her family, or any of his or her Governors-General. All living citizens of any Commonwealth realm, including women since 1936, are eligible for any of the five levels of the order, save for Canadians: as admission to the top two levels of the organisation provides for an honorary prefix, Canadians are not normally appointed to these levels as long as the monarch's Canadian ministry adheres to the Nickle Resolution of 1919.

As it was deemed by the Canadian Cabinet to be an honour within the gift of the monarch,[15] the appointment of Canadians to the order resumed in 1972 and eligibility was extended to those who render services to the monarch's representatives in the country;[2] officials within the provincial spheres being included after 1984.[16] Originally, the Queen chose inductees herself, though the Governor General of Canada and the Canadian Secretary to the Queen could provide suggestions, some passed to them by the lieutenant governors. The practice of notifying the Prime Minister of Canada of nominees ended in 1982, to distance the order as far from politics as possible.[16]

It was reported in 2008 that some in the Chancellery of Honours at Rideau Hall wished to eliminate the Royal Victorian Order from the Canadian honours system and sometimes contested when a Canadian was appointed; however, no formal changes were ever planned.[2] In Canada, the order has come to be colloquially dubbed as the "Royal Visit Order", as the majority of appointments are made by the sovereign during her tours of the country.[2]

Foreign members will generally be admitted as honorary members of the Royal Victorian Order when the Queen is making a state visit to the individual's country or a head of state is paying a state visit to the United Kingdom.[10]

Persons have been removed from the order at the monarch's command. Anthony Blunt, a former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, was in 1979 stripped of his knighthood after it was revealed that he had been a spy for the USSR. Also, William Pottinger, a senior civil servant, in 1975 lost his membership in both the Order of the Bath and the Royal Victorian Order when he was jailed for corruptly receiving gifts from the architect John Poulson.

Precedence

As the Royal Victorian Order is open to the citizens of sixteen different countries, each with their own system of orders, decorations, and medals, the RVO's place of precedence varies from country to country. Some are as follows:

CountryPrecedingRVO gradeFollowing
Australia
Order of precedence[* 1]		 Knight/Dame of the Order of Australia (AK/AD) Knight/Dame Grand Cross Companion of the Order of Australia (AC)
Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) Knight/Dame Commander Officer of the Order of Australia (AO)
Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) Commander Star of Gallantry (SG)
Member of the Order of Australia (AM) Lieutenant Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)
Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) Member Conspicuous Service Cross (CSC)
Australian Antarctic Medal (AAM) Medal Commendation for Gallantry
Canada
Order of precedence[* 2]		 Commander of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (COM) Commander Officer of the Order of Military Merit (OMM)
Officer of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (OOM) Lieutenant Member of the Order of Military Merit (MMM)
Member of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (MOM) Member Venerable Order of Saint John (GC/K/D/C/O/M/SB/SSStJ)
Meritorious Service Medal (MSM) Medal Sacrifice Medal
New Zealand
Order of precedence		 Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) Knight/Dame Grand Cross Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE)
Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG/DCMG) Knight/Dame Commander Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) Commander Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) Lieutenant Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)
Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO) Member Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit (MNZM)
New Zealand Bravery Medal (NZBM) Medal Queen's Service Medal (QSM)
United Kingdom England and
Wales
Order of precedence		 Knight/Dame Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) Knight/Dame Grand Cross Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE)
Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE/DCIE) Knight/Dame Commander Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)
Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) Commander Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) Lieutenant Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Eldest son of Knight Bachelor Member Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Scotland
Order of precedence		 Knight/Dame Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) Knight/Dame Grand Cross Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE)
Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE/DCIE) Knight/Dame Commander Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)
Sheriffs Commander Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) Lieutenant Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
Eldest son of Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire Member Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Northern Ireland
Order of precedence		 Knight/Dame Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) Knight/Dame Grand Cross Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE)
Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE/DCIE) Knight/Dame Commander Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)
Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) Commander Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) Lieutenant Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Eldest son of Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire Member Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
  1. The order is different for honours received prior to 6 October 1992.
  2. The order is different for honours received prior to 1 June 1972.

In the United Kingdom, the wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders; relatives of Dames, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives.

Current Knights and Dames Grand Cross
A detailed view of a stumpwork and goldwork embroidered star of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Star and riband of a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights and Dames Grand Cross
NamePost-NominalsKnown forYear
Appointed
The Duke of KentKG GCMG GCVO ADCRoyal Family1960
Princess AlexandraKG GCVO CDRoyal Family1960
The Duke of GloucesterKG GCVO SSIRoyal Family1974
The Duchess of KentGCVORoyal Family1977
The Dowager Duchess of GraftonGCVOMistress of the Robes to Queen Elizabeth II1980
The Earl of AirlieKT GCVO PC JPLord Chamberlain1984
Dame Elmira Minita GordonGCMG GCVOGovernor General of Belize1985
The Duchess of GloucesterGCVO CDRoyal Family1989
Sir William HeseltineGCB GCVO AC QSO PCPrincipal Private Secretary to the Queen1990
Sir Antony AclandKG GCMG GCVOBritish Diplomat1991
Sir Christopher MallabyGCMG GCVOBritish Diplomat1992
Sir Brian FallGCVO KCMGBritish Diplomat1994
Sir Matthew FarrerGCVOPrivate solicitor to the Queen1994
Dame Catherine TizardONZ GCMG GCVO DBE QSOGovernor-General of New Zealand1995
The Lord FellowesGCB GCVO QSO PCPrincipal Private Secretary to the Queen1996
Sir Shane BlewittGCVOKeeper of the Privy Purse1996
The Lord CamoysGCVO PC DLLord Chamberlain1998
Major General Sir Simon CooperGCVOMaster of the Household2000[17]
The Lord LuceKG GCVO PC DLLord Chamberlain2000
Vice Admiral The Lord Sterling of PlaistowGCVO CBEChairman of the Golden Jubilee Weekend Trust2002
The Earl of Crawford and BalcarresKT GCVO PCLord Chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother2002
Prince Michael of KentGCVO CDRoyal Family2003
Sir John HolmesGCVO KBE CMGBritish Diplomat2004
Sir Peter TorryGCVO KCMGBritish Diplomat2004
The Earl PeelGCVO PC DLLord Chamberlain2006
The Lord JanvrinGCB GCVO QSO PCPrincipal Private Secretary to the Queen2007[18]
Sir Donald McKinnonONZ GCVOSecretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations2009[19]
The Countess of WessexGCVORoyal Family2010[20]
Sir Hugh RobertsGCVO CBESurveyor of the Queen's Works of Art2010[21]
The Duke of YorkKG GCVO CD ADCRoyal Family2011[22]
The Earl of WessexKG GCVO ADCRoyal Family2011[23]
Sir Michael PeatGCVOPrincipal Private Secretary to the Prince of Wales2011[24]
The Duchess of CornwallGCVO PCRoyal Family2012[25]
Sir Alan ReidGCVOKeeper of the Privy Purse2012
The Lady Hussey of North BradleyGCVOLady-in-Waiting to the Queen2013
Dame Mary MorrisonGCVOWoman of the Bedchamber2013
The Lord RickettsGCMG GCVOBritish Diplomat2014
The Lord GeidtGCB GCVO OBE QSO PCPrincipal Private Secretary to the Queen2017
The Duke of EdinburghKG KT OM GCVO ONZ GBE AK QSO GCL CC CMM PC PC (Can) ADC CDConsort of Queen Elizabeth II2017[26]
Sir Stephen LamportGCVOReceiver-General of Westminster Abbey (retired)2018
Lieutenant Colonel Sir Andrew FordGCVOComptroller, Lord Chamberlain's Office2018
The Lord VesteyGCVO GCStJ DLMaster of the Horse2018
The Duchess of CambridgeGCVORoyal Family2019[27]
Field Marshal The Lord Guthrie of CraigiebankGCB GCVO OBE DLFormer Chief of the Defence Staff2019[28]
The Lord ChartresGCVO ChStJ PC FSADean of the Chapels Royal2019[29]
Sir Michael OswaldGCVONational Hunt Racing Adviser2019
Honorary Knights and Dames Grand Cross
NamePost-NominalsKnown forYear
Appointed
Crown Prince Akihito (later Emperor Akihito)KG GCVOFormer Emperor of Japan1953
Prince Harald (later King Harald V)KG GCVOKing of Norway1955[30]
Princess Beatrix (later Queen Beatrix)LG GCVOFormer Queen of the Netherlands1958
Mengesha SeyoumGCVOPrince of Ethiopia1965
Albert, Prince of Liège (later King Albert II)GCVOFormer King of the Belgians1966[31]
Hereditary Grand Duke Henri (later Grand Duke Henri)GCVOGrand Duke of Luxembourg1976
Crown Prince Mohammed (later King Mohammed VI)GCVOKing of Morocco1980
Princess Lalla Meryem of MoroccoGCVOPrincess of Morocco1980
Prince Muhammad bin TalalGCVOPrince of Jordan1984
Cecilia KadzamiraGCVOFormer Official Hostess of Malawi1985
Princess Lalla Asma of MoroccoGCVOPrincess of Morocco1987
Prince Moulay Rachid of MoroccoGCVOPrince of Morocco1987
Prince Felipe (later King Felipe VI)KG GCVOKing of Spain1988[32]
Khaled Al-DuwaisanGCVOKuwaiti Diplomat1995[33]
Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn (later King Rama X)GCVOKing of Thailand1996
Princess SirindhornGCVOPrincess of Thailand1996
Princess ChulabhornGCVOPrincess of Thailand1996
Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee BillahGCVOCrown Prince of Brunei1998
Emeka AnyaokuGCVOSecretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations2000
Haitham bin TariqGCVOSultan of Oman2010
Kamalesh SharmaGCVOSecretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations2016
Honorary Knights and Dames Commander
NamePost-NominalsKnown forYear
Appointed
Princess Seble DestaDCVOPrincess of Ethiopia1965
Prince Abdullah (later King Abdullah II)GCB GCMG KCVOKing of Jordan1984
Teuku Mohammad Hamzah ThayebKCVOIndonesian diplomat2012
Lim Sung-namKCVOSouth Korean diplomat2013
Bernard ÉmiéKCVOFrench diplomat2014
Foo Chi HsiaDCVOSingaporean diplomat2014
Diego Gómez PickeringKCVOMexican diplomat2015
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gollark: "I enjoy stack-based esolangs"
gollark: "The web is an excellent application platform"
gollark: I already have some quiz code due to things.
gollark: The entire thing minus question generation.

See also

Notes
  1. For use in Canada, in accordance with the country's policy of official bilingualism.
  2. 20 June 1837 was Victoria's Accession Day.

References
  1. Royal Household. "The Queen and the UK > Queen and Honours > Royal Victorian Order". Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  2. Dundas, Charles (2008). "The Royal Victorian Order Conundrum" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Vol. Spring 2008 no. 28. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 6. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  3. "Irene White Appointed to Royal Victorian Order" (Press release). Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan. 27 June 1995. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  4. "Select Committee on Public Administration Fifth Report". Queen's Printer. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
  5. "No. 26733". The London Gazette. 24 April 1896. p. 2455.
  6. Office of the Governor General of Canada. "Honours > National Orders > Royal Victorian Order". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 9 October 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  7. "Birthday Honours – A Long List – Five New Peers – Many Baronets And Knights". The Times. 4 June 1917. p. 9. An interesting honour is that awarded to Lord Rosebery, upon whom the King has conferred the Royal Victorian Chain, the highest class of the Royal Victorian Order.
  8. Arthur, Balfour (November 1926). Imperial Conference 1926: Inter-Imperial Relations Committee Report (PDF). London, UK: King's Printer. p. 1. E (I.R./26) Series. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  9. George V (11 December 1931). The Statute of Westminster, 1931. 2.2. Westminster: King's Printer. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  10. "People > Honours > Orders of Chivalry > Royal Victorian Order". Debrett's Limited. Archived from the original on 21 October 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  11. "The Royal Victorian Order". Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  12. "Royal Victorian Order". The Queen's Chapel of the Savoy. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  13. Office of the Governor General of Canada (11 September 2012). "Third Biennial Gathering of the Royal Victorian Order Association of Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  14. "Photos & Video: Royal visit to Ottawa". Ottawa Citizen. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  15. McCreery, Christopher (2008), On Her Majesty's Service: Royal Honours and Recognition in Canada, Toronto: Dundurn, p. 42, ISBN 9781459712249
  16. McCreery 2008, p. 43
  17. "No. 55939". The London Gazette. 11 August 2000. p. 8923.
  18. "No. 58465". The London Gazette. 28 September 2007. p. 14061.
  19. "No. 59001". The London Gazette. 9 March 2009. p. 4181.
  20. "No. 59312". The London Gazette. 20 January 2010. p. 831.
  21. "No. 59407". The London Gazette. 30 April 2010. p. 7849.
  22. "No. 59705". The London Gazette. 21 February 2011. p. 3089.
  23. "No. 59724". The London Gazette. 11 March 2011. p. 4555.
  24. "No. 59945". The London Gazette. 21 October 2011. p. 20159.
  25. "No. 60112". The London Gazette. 10 April 2012. p. 6929.
  26. "Court Circular 20 November 2017". The Royal Family. The Royal Household. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  27. "The Duchess of Cambridge appointed to the Royal Victorian Order". The Royal Family. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  28. Court Circular, 7 June 2019.
  29. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/july-11-m2kxj6dqh
  30. "King Harald V of Norway profile". HELLO! Online. 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  31. Harvey, Anthony (9 April 2002). "Queen Mother's State Funeral". Getty Images. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  32. Martínez-Fornés, Almudena (28 April 2011). "La Reina llevará toccado y la Princesa pamela" (in Spanish). abc.es. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  33. Binyon, Michael (2014). "A Distinguished Gentleman". Diplomat Magazine. Retrieved 27 October 2014.

Further reading
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