Responses to the Venezuelan presidential crisis
During the 2019-20 Venezuelan presidential crisis concerning who is the legitimate President of Venezuela, reactions and responses to the crisis have been divided.[1]
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On 10 January 2019, Venezuela's opposition-majority National Assembly declared that incumbent Nicolás Maduro's 2018 reelection was invalid, and its president, Juan Guaidó, said that he was prepared to assume the acting presidency.[2][3] On 23 January 2019, Guaidó declared that he was acting president during a rally in Caracas and took the presidential oath.[4]
Maduro's government has accused the United States of organizing a coup d'état to remove him and take control of the country's oil reserves.[5] Guaidó rejects the characterization of his actions as a coup, saying that his movement is backed by peaceful volunteers.[6] Some countries and organizations have recognized Guaidó as acting president, while others have recognized Maduro; some have expressed neutrality, and some have supported the National Assembly without endorsing Guaidó.
Reactions
After Maduro's inauguration in January, United States National Security Advisor John R. Bolton, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Andrés Manuel Obrador (Mexican President) and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro called him an illegitimate dictator.[7][8][9]
International demonstrations occurred on both sides. Hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans protested in more than 70 cities around the world in support of Guaidó,[10][11][12][13][14] and demonstrations in support of Maduro also took place.[15][16][17]
Governments
International
![](../I/m/Elliott_Abrams_(6872035325).jpg)
Intergovernmental organizations
![](../I/m/Comunicado_dirigido_a_todas_las_Embajadas_presentes_en_Venezuela_2019-01-23.jpg)
Lima Group: On 11 and 12 January, several nations of the Lima Group released statements independent from the international body, including their nations' agreement to not recognize Maduro.[77][78][79] The Maduro government said that these countries had "rectified" themselves to support him as president.[77][80] They had not; the non-intervention statements were seen as a concession to prevent rash action by Maduro after he broadly threatened the group.[77][79] Venezuelan Foreign Minister, Jorge Arreaza, gave a different statement to the vice presidential office, saying that Venezuela had received diplomatic notices from some Lima Group countries about the original dispute.[77] Colombia's statement reiterated the group's resolution and pledged to support "the restoration of democracy and constitutional order in Venezuela", as well as saying that they did not have a position on the territorial dispute.[78] Arreaza contradicted the statement from his vice president's office that the Lima Group recognized Maduro's government, and doubled Maduro's 48-hour demand period for non-intervention for the remaining countries after it expired. He also advocated peaceful diplomatic discussion with neighboring countries.[81] The group—except for Mexico, which called for non-intervention in Venezuelan internal affairs[82]—continued to back the Guaidó government, with the Foreign Minister of Chile pledging "unlimited support".[83]
International Conference on the Situation in Venezuela: Mexico and Uruguay announced an international conference for countries with a neutral position in Montevideo on 7 February.[84] Uruguay has since recognized Maduro as president, with foreign minister Rodolfo Nin Novoa comparing the worsening situation to the United States' rationale for the Iraq War.[85][lower-alpha 1] In April, Beatriz Becerra said that the international conference had been of no use, given that there had been no progress on the 90-day deadline for elections that the group established when it was formed; she stated that the Contact Group should be terminated and efforts should be coordinated through the Lima Group.[89]
National organizations
Tibisay Lucena, president of the National Electoral Council (CNE),[101][102] described Guaidó's declaration as a coup d'etat and said that his actions were carried out by a group of foreign governments, subordinated to the guidelines of the United States government that seeks to undermine Venezuela's sovereignty.[103] She also defended the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election results, saying that "the positions of popular representation are elected by the people".[104]
The Catholic Church in Venezuela, organized by the Episcopal Conference of Venezuela, released a statement by Monsignor Ovidio Pérez Morales on 15 January 2019 saying "The Church in Venezuela, united to its Bishops in communion with the Pope, declare the socialist-communist regime illegitimate and stand in solidarity with the Venezuelan people to rescue democracy, freedom, and justice. Trusting in God, they support the National Assembly".[70] Cardinal Porras declared: “This regime always calls for dialogue when it’s up to its neck in water but when the water level falls it forgets about it."[66]
Members of the Constituent National Assembly stated that Guaidó's actions on 23 February solidified their support of Maduro.[105]
Social media
Despite internet blocks in Venezuela, by midday local time, the Twitter hashtag "#23Ene"—shorthand for "23 de Enero", Spanish for 23 January—was trending worldwide.[106] Later in the day, five of the top ten trends were protest-related: "Venezuela", "Juan Guaidó", "#23Ene", "#GritemosConBrio", and "#Guaido".[107] With protests continuing to the next day, "#24Ene" also trended.[108]
It was reported in the late evening that Instagram had removed the "Verified" label from Maduro's account, instead placing one on Guaidó's account; this was denied by Instagram.[109] Guaidó's description had also been updated to include "President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela".[110] The following day, Facebook un-verified Maduro.[111]
In January 2019, the Associated Press said that Maduro's administration[112] and Venezuela's state-run media[113] sought to discredit Guaidó with video footage[112] "to paint [him] as a liar and a fraud".[113] Venezuela's Communications Minister, Jorge Rodríguez, said he had proof of a meeting between Guaidó and United Socialist Party of Venezuela members, Diosdado Cabello and Freddy Bernal,[114][115] in which Guaidó allegedly said he was under pressure from the United States.[112] According to Guaidó, the meeting never happened.[113] Rodríguez' proof came as collated short video clips. One clip shows Cabello walking through a hotel lobby, then cuts to show a man in a hooded sweatshirt (alleged to be Guaidó) entering and crossing the hall in the same direction as Cabello.[113] The hooded man is heavily obscured and blurry,[116] and it is impossible to identify the person.[112][116]
Within minutes[117][118] of Venezuela's state-run media posting the video, the hashtag #GuaidoChallenge went viral, trending worldwide.[113] The hashtag made fun of the video posted by Rodríguez as supposed proof of this meeting.[116] On 27 January, Guaidó held a public assembly and again challenged the Maduro administration to produce evidence of the alleged meeting.[119] According to a translation on Caracas Chronicles, he said, "Show whatever you want, fabrications, with hoodie, without hoodie, audios. You confuse nobody here, the people see clearly."[119]
As a protest about what they called foreign intervention, pro-Maduro social-media users used the hashtag '#HandsOffVenezuela' to share videos, pictures, and comments.[120][121]
China, a supporter of Maduro, has censored information about the crisis according to Radio Free Asia.[122] Reports from China state that Chinese citizens who criticize Maduro on social media are punished or fined, with economist He Jiangbing saying that the Chinese government is "trying to prevent another color revolution ... because Venezuela and China are very similar".[122]
Turkish pro-government media outlets criticized European countries for issuing an eight-day election ultimatum, and called the presidential crisis "a foreign-linked coup d'état." It also likened Juan Guaidó to Egypt's president, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who played a significant role in overthrowing the Turkey-backed Islamist regime of Mohamed Morsi in 2013 following mass protests against the latter's rule.[123] When the French president, Emmanuel Macron, visited Egypt, Turkish newspapers Güneş and Sabah accused the French president of possessing hypocritical stances on democracy for describing Maduro's re-election as "illegitimate" but then shaking hands with a leader (el-Sisi) "who massacres pro-democracy protesters" and "[holds] thousands of political prisoners in Egyptian jails."[124][125] In order to add credence to the claims of European hypocrisy on the matters of democratic support, columnist İsmail Yaşa compared Maduro's re-election to el-Sisi's election in 2014, saying that Maduro's 67% of the vote proved that he was "democratically elected," and that since el-Sisi won his election with 97% of the vote despite a turnout perceived as low, election boycotts, and limited opposition, this proved in his words that it was a "sham."[123]
Recognition
![](../I/m/Venezuela_president_recognition_map.svg.png)
Guaidó acting presidency
Foreign states
Albania[126][127] Andorra[128] Australia[129] Austria[130][131][132] Bahamas[133] Belgium[134][132] Bolivia[lower-alpha 4] Brazil[133] Bulgaria[137][138][lower-alpha 5] Canada[133] Chile[133] Colombia[133] Costa Rica[133] Croatia[144][145][132] Czech Republic[146][132] Denmark[147][148][132] Dominican Republic[133] Ecuador[133] El Salvador[lower-alpha 6] Estonia[154][132] Finland[155][132] France[147][156][132] Georgia[157][158] Germany[159][160][132] Greece[161] Guatemala[133] Haiti[133] Honduras[133] Hungary[132][162] Iceland[163] Ireland[164] Israel[165][166] Jamaica[167] Japan[168] Latvia[169][132] Lithuania[170][132] Luxembourg[171][132] Malta[172] Marshall Islands[173] Micronesia[174] Montenegro[175] Morocco[176] Netherlands[177][132] North Macedonia[178] Panama[133] Paraguay[133] Peru[133] Poland[179][132] Portugal[180][132] Romania[181][182] Slovakia[183] Slovenia[147][184] South Korea[185] Spain[147][132][186] St. Lucia[167] Sweden[147][132][187] Ukraine[188] United Kingdom[147][132][189] United States[133]
Intergovernmental organizations
International organizations
Domestic organizations
- Episcopal Conference of Venezuela[70]
- Fedecámaras[198]
- Institutional Military Front[199]
- Venezuelan Liberation Front[200]
- Venezuelan Workers' Federation[201]
Support of National Assembly, led by Guaidó
Foreign states
Maduro presidency
Foreign states
Belarus[219][220] Cambodia[221] China[222][223] Cuba[222] Dominica[224] Equatorial Guinea[225] Iran[222] Laos[226] Nicaragua[205] North Korea[227] Palestine[lower-alpha 9][228] Russia[222] Saint Kitts and Nevis[229] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[205] Serbia[230] South Africa[231][232] Suriname[224] Syria[222] Turkey[222] Vietnam[233]
Non-UN states
Intergovernmental organizations
Armed groups
Vocal neutrality
Several nations called specifically for non-intervention and, without supporting either side, asked for diplomatic discussions to be held to move forward.
Foreign states
Antigua and Barbuda[246] Angola[247] Armenia[248] Barbados[249] Belize[250] Grenada[251] India[252][253] Indonesia[254] Ivory Coast[255] Kuwait[256] Malaysia[257] Mexico[258][259] Namibia[260] Nepal[261] New Zealand[262] Palau[263] San Marino[264] Switzerland[265] Trinidad and Tobago[266] Vatican City[267]
Intergovernmental organizations
Public opinion
Crisis in Venezuela |
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Armed violence |
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Reuters has described previous polls in Venezuela as being "notoriously controversial and divergent".[271] The Wall Street Journal described Datanálisis as "a respected pollster in Venezuela" in March 2019.[272]
Stratfor reported Maduro lost support of working-class Venezuelans as government handouts subsided;[273] the opposition to Maduro has proposed plans to end the economic crisis, resulting in increased support for them.[273] The Wall Street Journal reported that barrios are turning against Maduro in "a shift born of economic misery and police violence", adding that "many blame government brutality for the shift".[272] Pollster Datanálisis found that, among the poorest 20% of Venezuelans, Maduro's support had fallen to 18% in February 2019 from 40% two years earlier.[272]
An April survey of 1,000 voters conducted by Hercon Consultores found that 78% of Venezuelans recognized Guaidó as interim president.[274]
An 11–14 March 2019 survey of 1,100 people in 16 Venezuelan states and 32 cities by Meganálisis found that 89% of respondents want Maduro to leave the presidency.[275]
A Datanálisis poll on 4 March found Guaidó approval at 61%, and Maduro's at all-time low of 14%. Guaidó would win 77% in an election to Maduro's 23%.[276]
A 2019 Gallup poll in Colombia, published in March, showed 80% of Colombians have a favorable opinion of Guiadó, 97% have a negative opinion of Maduro, and 45% believe the United States military should intervene in Venezuela.[277] President Iván Duque Márquez of Venezuela's neighboring Colombia was among the early supporters of Guaidó; an earlier (7–11 February) Colombian survey of 1,008 individuals in more than 20 cities, with a margin of error of 3%, found that his popularity had surged 15 points, partly because of his position on Venezuela, and that 70% of Colombians had a favorable view of Guaidó, and 93% had a negative impression of Maduro.[278]
Surveys between 30 January and 1 February by Meganálisis recorded that 84.6% of respondents recognized Guaidó as interim president, 11.2% were undecided and 4.1% believe that Maduro was president. The study of 1,030 Venezuelans was conducted in 16 states and 32 cities.[279][280]
A telephone survey of 999 Venezuelans by Hercon from 25 to 30 January showed that 81.9% of respondents recognized Guaidó as president, 13.4% said Maduro was president and 4.6% were undecided.[281] A Meganálisis survey of 870 Venezuelans between 24 and 25 January reported that 83.7% of respondents recognized Guaidó as the legitimate president, 11.4% could not decide who was president and 4.8% recognized Maduro as president.[282]
A pre-23 January 2019 poll by Hinterlaces, a pollster headed by Constituent National Assembly member Oscar Schemel and described as pro-Maduro,[271][283] reported that 86% of Venezuelans would oppose a military intervention by the United States and 81% disagree with violent protests.[284]
Surveys of 900 people between 19 and 20 January by Meganálisis reported that 81.4% hoped that Guaidó would be sworn in on 23 January while 84.2% supported a transitional government to replace Maduro's government.[285] A telephone survey of 1,000 registered voters by Venezuelan pollster Hercon, conducted from 15 to 19 January 2019, reported 79.9% of respondents agreeing with Maduro leaving the presidency. Regarding the National Assembly, 68.8% of respondents rated their work as being positive while 15.6% rated their actions as negative. When asked if they agreed with the National Assembly swearing in Guaidó as interim president, 68.6% agreed and 19.4% disagreed.[286]
According to Datanálisis, in early 2019, 63% of Venezuelans believed that a change of government was possible. Fourteen months later, in May 2020, after the Macuto Bay raid, the percentage decreased to 20%.[287]
Public support for Guaidó decreased following the Macuto Bay raid in May 2020, with 88.3% of respondents to a Meganálisis poll saying that they believed that Guaidó was not suited to govern Venezuela.[288]
See also
Notes
- While Uruguay still recognizes Maduro as President until 2020, on 13 February the Uruguayan government released a joint statement with the Argentine government (who recognizes Guaidó) calling for new elections.[86][87][88]
- In Favor: Belgium, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Kuwait, Peru, Poland, United Kingdom, United States – Against: China, Russian Federation, South Africa – Abstentions: Equatorial Guinea, Indonesia, Ivory Coast (9–3–3)
- In Favor: China, Equatorial Guinea, Russian Federation, South Africa – Against: Belgium, France, Germany, Peru, Poland, United Kingdom, United States – Abstentions: Dominican Republic, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Kuwait (4–7–4)
- Under Evo Morales, Bolivia supported Maduro,[135] but changed affiliation after Morales' government resignation and the assumption of presidency and senate by the opposition under Jeanine Áñez in November 2019.[136]
- The Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has recognized Guaidó, but the President of Bulgaria, has issued a statement condemning the foreign ministry's position, critisicing the EU's recognition of Guaidó and urging neturality[139][140][141][142][143]
- El Salvador changed its affiliation several times. Initially supporting Maduro, an official statement released on 24 January said they recognized Guaidó; later that day another statement was released, reiterating their backing of Maduro.[149][150] After the 2019 election saw the victory of President Nayib Bukele, El Salvador then backed Guaidó.[151][152][153]
- Excluding Mexico.
- Previously endorsing Guaidó,[133] after the 2020 AN elections, the second Argentine government during this crisis revoked their recognition of Guaidó's designated ambassador because of his diminishing power. The Argentine president was notably careful in not recognizing Maduro.[202] Argentina had a change of government in December 2019. Furthermore, Foreign Minister Felipe Solá tweeted in favor of recovering the normality and condemned the move of blocking Guaidó entry to the National Assembly as 'unacceptale'[203]
- Palestine is not placed under non-UN states because it is a UN observer.
- As of December 2019, the United Nations General Assembly recognizes the Maduro presidency as the legal representative of Venezuela.[269][270]
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On your second question, I believe the reports you cited were made by the Wall Street Journal. I want to point out that some media has been churning out false information lately. I wonder why it has been acting like this. We hope that it could make media coverage in an objective and unbiased way. As for the Venezuelan issue, China believes that a political solution should be sought out through dialogue and consultation.
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Sesión extraordinaria del Consejo Permanente de la OEA evaluó la situación del vecino país.
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El diplomático también apuntó contra la cúpula del chavismo, y acusó a la presidente del Consejo Nacional Electoral (CNE), Tibisay Lucena, de trabajar 'para sostener los intereses de la dictadura': 'Ha sido crucial en el colapso institucional'.
Translation of Almagro's testimony to US Senate available from OAS: "All the members of the current illegitimate government are responsible and the role of the President of the National Electoral Council Tibisay Lucena has been crucial in the institutional collapse. The formula announced by Tibisay Lucena to the National Constituent Assembly is as technically absurd as it is unconstitutional and undemocratic. The convocation of the Constituent Assembly is taking place outside of that stipulated in article 347 of the Constitution, which states 'The Venezuelan people are the only ones who possess the original constituent power.' People like Tibisay Lucena, that continue stripping democracy of its content, work to serve the consolidation of the interests of the dictatorship imposed through the suffering of its people, sustained by the killing of its people, by the political imprisonment of opposition leaders and by torture." - "Pronunciamiento del Poder Electroal de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela". Consejo Nacional Electoral (CNE) (in Spanish). 25 January 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
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Australia recognises and supports the President of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó, in assuming the position of interim president
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- Kurz, Sebastian (4 February 2019). "El régimen de #Maduro se ha negado hasta la fecha a aceptar unas elecciones presidenciales libres y justas. Por este motivo, consideramos desde este momento al Presidente @jguaido como Presidente interino legítimo de conformidad con la Constitución venezolana" (in Spanish). twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
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The delegations of Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, the United States, Honduras, Guatemala, Haiti, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and the Dominican Republic reaffirm the right to democracy enjoyed by the peoples of the Americas ... In this context, we recognize and express our full support to the President of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó, who has assumed the role of President in charge of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in accordance with the constitutional norms and the illegitimacy of the Nicolás Maduro regime.
- Reynders, Didier (4 February 2019). "We steunen @jguaido in zijn opdracht om vrije en transparante verkiezingen te organiseren, zodat de bevolking zich vrij kan uitspreken en zodat er in #Venezuela verzoening kan komen. We steunen de contactgroep, opgericht met de #EU, in deze overgangsperiode" (in Dutch). Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
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Bolivia’s leftist President Evo Morales affirmed his long-standing alliance with President Nicolas Maduro ... 'Our solidarity with the Venezuelan people and our brother Nicolas Maduro, in these decisive hours in which the claws of imperialism seek again to mortally wound the democracy and self-determination of the peoples of South America,' Morales said in the tweet.
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- Petříček, Tomáš (4 February 2019). "I welcome that the Government of the Czech Republic recognizes Juan #Guaidó as Interim President of #Venezuela who should lead his country to the democratic elections". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
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European countries including Spain, France, the UK, Sweden and Denmark have recognised Juan Guaidó as interim president of Venezuela in a coordinated move made after a deadline for Nicolás Maduro to call presidential elections expired.
- Samuelsen, Anders (4 February 2019). "Denmark recognises the President of the National Assembly @jguaido as the interim President of #Venezuela until new free and democratic elections take place. Applaud similar statements from key EU partners. Important EU statement coming up #dkpol". twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
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- Estonian MFA (4 February 2019). "Estonia recognises Juan Guaidó as the Interim President of #Venezuela, people of Venezuela have inalienable right to freely & democratically choose their leaders and to decide about their own future. We expect @jguaido to call for new, free and fair presidential elections". Twitter. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
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- Macron, Emmanuel (4 February 2019). "Les Vénézuéliens ont le droit de s'exprimer librement et démocratiquement. La France reconnaît @jguaido comme " président en charge " pour mettre en œuvre un processus électoral. Nous soutenons le Groupe de contact, créé avec l'UE, dans cette période de transition" (in French). twitter. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
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'Israel joins the United States, Canada, most of the countries of Latin America and countries in Europe in recognizing the new leadership in Venezuela,' said Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in a statement.
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In a declaration published late Wednesday, EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini said the EU ... “fully supports the national assembly as the democratically elected institution whose powers need to be restored and respected.” ... Kocijančič said Mogherini’s statement had been “agreed with all 28 member states" ...
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... foreign minister Enzo Moavero Milanesi told lawmakers on Tuesday. "The Government acknowledges the full legitimacy of (Venezuela's) National Assembly which was elected regularly in conformity with international standards (in 2015)," ... Making no explicit reference to Venezuela's opposition-held National Assembly leader Juan Guaido, Moavera said ... "The government does not recognise the legitimacy of the last presidential polls and consequently Nicolas Maduro's presidency ... This is why the government ... calls for fresh presidential elections which are free, transparent and democratic"
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Some 30 European countries have already recognized the former industrial engineer as Venezuela's leader, but holdouts include Italy and Greece.
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Italy's populist government is calling for elections soon in Venezuela but is stopping short of joining its European Union allies in recognizing opposition leader Juan Guaido as interim president.
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Italy's fractious populist leaders ... calling for new presidential elections but still stopping short of recognizing National Assembly leader Juan Guaido as interim president. ... Unlike other European countries such as Germany, France and UK, the Italian government has not recognized Guaido as interim president. The League of Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini has sided with Guaido, calling for fresh elections, while fellow Deputy Premier Luigi Di Maio of Five Star has refused to recognize Guaido.
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'El diputado de Forza Italia adscrito a la Comisión de Relaciones Exteriores, Guglielmo Picchi, informó este miércoles que el gobierno italiano reconoce a Juan Guaidó como presidente interino de Venezuela.
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The EU fully supports the national assembly as the democratically elected institution whose powers need to be restored and respected.
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Russia, China, Iran, Syria and Cuba have come down on one side ...
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Politburo member and National Assembly Chairwoman Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan affirmed the Vietnamese Party and State’s consistent policy of supporting constitutional and democratic process in Venezuela, while hosting a reception in Hanoi on September 30 for visiting First Vice President of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) Diosdado Cabello. Ngan welcomed the visit at a time when the two countries are celebrating the 30th anniversary of bilateral diplomatic ties, believing that it will further deepen friendship and cooperation between the two Parties and countries. She said she believes that under the leadership of President Nicolas Maduro, the fraternal Venezuelan people will successfully realise late President Hugo Chavez’s last wishes, overcome challenges and carry the country forward.
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State oil company PDVSA, which accounts for most of Venezuela’s export earnings, stood by Maduro. “We have no other president” besides Maduro, said PDVSA President and Oil Minister Manuel Quevedo, a career military officer.
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Maduro has accused the opposition of fomenting violence. “I demand the full rigor of the law against the fascists,” he said on Tuesday night. His allies have also threatened the use of armed pro-government militias—known as colectivos—to quell disturbances.
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St Kitts-Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, and Belize abstained during the vote while Grenada was not present.
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