Reorganization plan of United States Army

The reorganization plan of the United States Army is a current modernization and reorganization plan of the United States Army that was implemented under the direction of Brigade Modernization Command. This effort formally began in 2006 when General Peter Schoomaker (the Army Chief of Staff at the time), was given the support to move the Army from its Cold War divisional orientation to a full-spectrum capability with fully manned, equipped and trained brigades; this effort was completed by the end of 2016.[1] It has been the most comprehensive reorganization since World War II and included modular combat brigades, support brigades, and command headquarters, as well as rebalancing the active and reserve components. The plan was first proposed by the Army's 34th Chief of Staff, Eric Shinseki, in 1999, but was bitterly opposed internally by the Army.[2] By 2020, the Army's 40th Chief of Staff was calling for transformational change, rather than incremental change by the Army.[3]^{:minute 4:55}

Graphic legend of Army Transformation

In the summer of 2018, the U.S. Army Futures Command (AFC),[4][5] a new Army command for modernization was activated.[6][7] The modernization effort, coordinated with US Army Forces Command (FORSCOM), Army Materiel Command (AMC), and US Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), addresses the long lead times[8] for introducing new materiel and capabilities into the brigades of the Army.[6][9][10]

In the fall of 2018, Army Strategy for the next ten years was articulated.[11] The strategy listed four Lines of Effort to be implemented:[11]

1. Build readiness by 2022
2. Modernization in the midterm around 2022
3. Reform by 2020
4. Strengthen alliances and partnerships;[12][13][14][15] in 2019 the efforts were augmented, in the Army Posture statement:
5. People & values[16][17][18][19][20][21]

By 2028, in Multi-Domain Operations (MDO)— as part of the Joint force, Army Strategy is to counter a near-peer adversary which is capable of competition in all domains.[22][23][24][25][26][27] In 2019, the planning was for Large Scale ground Combat Operations (LSCO) at echelons above the brigade combat team.[28][29][16] Multi-Domain Task Forces (MDTFs), which are experimental brigade-sized units, are to operate subordinate to a Theater fires command, or to a corps, or division headquarters, jointly or independently, depending on the mission.[30][23] These MDTFs would have increased "capability to connect with national assets" in space and cyber, with "the capacity to penetrate with long range fires, with the ability to integrate all domains".[30]

Origin and initial design

Before General Schoomaker's tenure, the Army was organized around large, mostly mechanized divisions, of around 15,000 soldiers each, with the aim of being able to fight two major theatres simultaneously. Under the new plan, the Army would be organized around modular brigades of 3,000–4,000 soldiers each, with the aim of being able to deploy continuously in different parts of the world, and effectively organizing the Army closer to the way it fights. An additional 30,000 soldiers were recruited as a short-term measure to assist in the structural changes, although a permanent end-strength change was not expected because of fears of future funding cuts, forcing the Army to pay for the additional personnel from procurement and readiness accounts. Up to 60% of the defense budget is spent on personnel and an extra 10,000 soldiers would cost US$1.4 billion annually.

On November 22 and 23, 2002, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs held the "Belfer Center Conference on Military Transformation". It brought together present and former defense officials and military commanders for the stated purpose of assessing the Department of Defense's progress in achieving a "transformation" of U.S. military capabilities. The conference was held at the Belfer Center at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. The United States Army War College and the Dwight D. Eisenhower National Security Series were co-sponsors.[31] In some respects this could be said to have been the birthplace of Transformation as a formal paradigm.

In 2004, the United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM), which commands most active Army and Army Reserve Component forces based in the Continental United States, was tasked with supervising the modular transformation of its subordinate structure.

In March 2004, a contract was awarded to Anteon Corporation (now part of General Dynamics) to provide Modularity Coordination Cells (MCCs) to each transforming corps, division and brigade within FORSCOM. Each MCC contained a team of functional area specialists who provided direct, ground-level support to the unit. The MCCs were coordinated by the Anteon office in Atlanta, Georgia.

In 2007 a new deployment scheme known as Grow the Army was adopted that enabled the Army to carry out continuous operations.[32] The plan was modified several times including an expansion of troop numbers in 2007 and changes to the number of modular brigades. On 25 June 2013, plans were announced to disband 13 modular brigade combat teams (BCTs) and expand the remaining brigades with an extra maneuver battalion, extra fires batteries, and an engineer battalion.

History of ARFORGEN

The Secretary of the Army approved implementing ARFORGEN, a transformational force generation model, in 2006. ARFORGEN process diagram 2010 Army Posture Statement, Addendum F, Army Force Generation (ARFORGEN)[33]

ARFORGEN model concept development began in the summer of 2004 and received its final approval from the Army's senior leadership in early 2006.[34]

FORSCOM, Department of the Army AR 525-29 Military Operations, Army Force Generation, 14 Mar 2011

In 2016 the Army force generation process ARFORGEN was sidelined because it relied mostly on the Active Army, in favor of the total force policy, which includes the Reserve and National Guard; in the new model, the total force could have fallen to 980,000 by 2018,[35] subject to DoD's Defense Strategic Guidance to the Joint Staff.[36]^{:note especially pp.1–3} By 15 June 2017, the Department of the Army approved an increase in the Active Army's end-strength from 475,000 to 476,000. The total Army end-strength increases to 1.018 million.[37]

Planning process, evolution, and transformation

The commander-in-chief directs the planning process, through guidance to the Army by the Secretary of Defense.[36] Every year, Army Posture Statements by the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Staff of the Army summarize their assessment[ReadyArmy 1]^{:minute 1:15:00/1:22:58} of the Army's ability to respond to world events,[38][39] and also to transform for the future.[40] In support of transformation for the future, TRADOC, upon the advice of the Army's stakeholders, has assembled 20 warfighting challenges.[41] These challenges are under evaluation during annual Army warfighting assessments, such as AWA 17.1, held in October 2016. AWA 17.1 is an assessment by 5,000 US Soldiers, Special Operations Forces, Airmen, and Marines,[42] as well as by British, Australian, Canadian, Danish, and Italian troops.[43][44][45][46] For example, "reach-back" is among the capabilities being assessed; when under attack in an unexpected location, a Soldier on the move might use Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T). At the halt, a light Transportable Tactical Command Communications (T2C2 Lite) system[47]^:p.356 [48][49][50][51] could reach back to a mobile command post, to communicate the unexpected situation to higher echelons,[52][53] a building block in multi-domain operations.[54] [55][11][56]

Implementation and current status

Grow the Army was a transformation and re-stationing initiative of the United States Army which began in 2007 and was scheduled to be completed by fiscal year 2013. The initiative was designed to grow the army by almost 75,000 soldiers, while realigning a large portion of the force in Europe to the continental United States in compliance with the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure suggestions. This grew the force from 42 Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) and 75 modular support brigades in 2007 to 45 Brigade Combat Teams and 83 modular support brigades by 2013.

On 25 June 2013, US Army Chief of Staff General Raymond T. Odierno announced plans to disband 13 brigade combat teams and reduce troop strengths by 80,000 soldiers. While the number of BCTs will be reduced, the size of remaining BCTs will increase, on average, to about 4,500 soldiers. That will be accomplished, in many cases, by moving existing battalions and other assets from existing BCTs into other brigades. Two brigade combat teams in Germany had already been deactivated and a further 10 brigade combat teams slated for deactivation were announced by General Odierno on 25 June. (An additional brigade combat team was announced for deactivation 6 November 2014.) At the same time the maneuver battalions from the disbanded brigades will be used to augment armored and infantry brigade combat teams with a third maneuver battalion and expanded brigades fires capabilities by adding a third battery to the existing fires battalions. Furthermore, all brigade combat teams—armored, infantry and Stryker—will gain a Brigade Engineer Battalion, with "gap-crossing" and route-clearance capability.[57]

On 6 November 2014, it was reported that the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division, currently stationed in South Korea, was to be deactivated in June 2015 and be replaced by a succession of U.S.-based brigade combat teams, which are to be rotated in and out, at the same nine-month tempo as practiced by the Army from 2001–2014.[58]

Eleven brigades were inactivated by 2015. The remaining brigades as of 2015 are listed below. On 16 March 2016, the Deputy Commanding General (DCG) of FORSCOM announced that the brigades would now also train to move their equipment to their new surge location as well as to train for the requirements of their next deployment.[59][60][61][62]

By 2018, Secretary of the Army Mark Esper noted that even though the large deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan had ceased, at any given time, three of the Armored Brigade Combat Teams are deployed to EUCOM, CENTCOM, and INDOPACOM, respectively, while two Infantry Brigade Combat Teams are deployed to Iraq, and Afghanistan, respectively.[63]

[At any given time,] there are more than 100,000 Soldiers deployed around the world —Secretary of the Army Mark Esper[63]

In 2019 the Secretary of the Army asserted that the planning efforts, including Futures Command, the SFABs, and the Decisive Action readiness training of the BCTs are preparing the Army for competition with both near-peer and regional powers.[64][65] The Army and Marine Corps have issued "clear explanations and guidance for the 429 articles of the Geneva Conventions".[66][67]

The Budget Control Act could potentially restrict funds by 2020.[68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] [78] By the 2024-2025 time frame, the Fiscal Year Development Plan (FYDP) will have reallocated $10 billion more into development of the top 6 modernization priorities,[Note 1] taking those funds from legacy spending budgets.[79]

Reorganization plans by unit type

The Army has now been organized around modular brigades of 3,000–4,000 soldiers each, with the aim of being able to deploy continuously in different parts of the world, and effectively organizing the Army closer to the way it fights. The fact that this modernization is now in place has been acknowledged by the renaming of the 'Brigade Modernization Command' to the "U.S. Army Joint Modernization Command," on 16 February 2017.[1]

Modular combat brigades

Main article: Brigade combat team

Modular combat brigades are self-contained combined arms formations.[80] They are standardized formations across the active and reserve components, meaning an Armored BCT at Fort Hood is the same as one at Fort Stewart.[Note 2]

Reconnaissance plays a large role in the new organizational designs. The Army felt the acquisition of the target was the weak link in the chain of finding, fixing, closing with, and destroying the enemy. The Army felt that it had already sufficient lethal platforms to take out the enemy and thus the number of reconnaissance units in each brigade was increased.[Note 3][81] The brigades sometimes depend on joint fires from the Air Force and Navy to accomplish their mission. As a result, the amount of field artillery has been reduced in the brigade design.

The three types of BCTs are Armored Brigade Combat Teams (ABCTs), Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (IBCTs) (includes Light, Air Assault and Airborne units), and Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs).

Armored Brigade structure

Armored Brigade Combat Teams, or ABCTs consist of 4,743 troops. This includes the third maneuver battalion as laid out in 2013. The changes announced by the U.S. army on 25 June 2013,[57] include adding a third maneuver battalion to the brigade, a second engineer company to a new Brigade Engineer Battalion, a third battery to the FA battalion, and reducing the size of each battery from 8 to 6 guns. These changes will also increase the number of troops in the affected battalions and also increase the total troops in the brigade. Since the brigade has more organic units, the command structure includes a deputy commander (in addition to the traditional executive officer) and a larger staff capable of working with civil affairs, special operations, psychological operations, air defense, and aviation units. An Armored BCT consists of:

• the brigade headquarters and headquarters company (HHC): 43 officers, 17 warrant officers, 125 enlisted personnel – total: 185 soldiers.
• the Brigade Engineer Battalion (BEB) (formerly Brigade Special Troops Battalion (BSTB)), consisted of a headquarters company, signal company, military intelligence company with a TUAV platoon and two combat engineer companies (A and B company). The former BSTB fielded 28 officers, 6 warrant officers, 470 enlisted personnel – total: 504 soldiers. Each of the combat engineer company fields 13× M2A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) Operation Desert Storm-Engineer (ODS-E), 1× M113A3 Armored Personnel Carrier (APC), 3× M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle (ABV), 1× M9 Armored Combat Earthmover (ACE), and 2× M104 Heavy Assault Bridge (HAB).
• a Cavalry (formerly Armed Reconnaissance) Squadron, consisting of a headquarters troop (HHT) and three reconnaissance troops and one armored troop. The HHT fields 2× M3A3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicles (CFVs) and 3× M7A3 Bradley Fire Support Vehicles, while each reconnaissance troop fields 7× M3A3 CFVs. The squadron fields 35 officers and 385 enlisted personnel – total: 424 soldiers.
• three identical combined arms battalions, flagged as a battalion of an infantry, armored or cavalry regiment. Each battalion consists of a headquarters and headquarters company, two tank companies and two mechanized infantry companies. The battalions field 48 officers and 580 enlisted personnel each – total: 628 soldiers. The HHC fields 1× M1A2 main battle tank, 1× M2A3 infantry fighting vehicle, 3× M3A3 cavalry fighting vehicles, 4× M7A3 fire support vehicles and 4× M1064 mortar carriers with M120 120 mm mortars. Each of the two tank companies fields 14× M1A2 main battle tanks, while each mechanized infantry company fields 14× M2A3 infantry fighting vehicles. In 2016, the ABCT's combined arms battalions adopted a triangle structure, of two armored battalions (of two armored companies plus a single mechanized infantry company) plus a mechanized infantry battalion (of two mechanized companies and one armored company).[82] This resulted in the reduction of two mechanized infantry companies; the deleted armored company was reflagged as a troop to the Cavalry Squadron.
• a Field Artillery battalion, consisting of a headquarters battery, two cannon batteries with 8× M109A6 self-propelled 155 mm howitzers each (the changes announced by the U.S. Army on 25 June 2013,[57] include adding a third battery to the FA battalion, and reducing the size of each battery from 8 to 6 guns; these changes also increase the number of troops in the affected battalions and also increase the total troops in the Brigade), and a target acquisition platoon. 24 officers, 2 warrant officers, 296 enlisted personnel – total: 322 soldiers.
• a brigade support battalion (BSB),[83] consisting of a headquarters, medical, distribution and maintenance company, plus six forward support companies, each of which support one of the three combined arms battalions, the cavalry squadron, the engineer battalion and the field artillery battalion. 61 officers, 14 warrant officers, 1,019 enlisted personnel – total: 1,094 soldiers.

Infantry Brigade structure

Infantry Brigade Combat Team, or IBCTs, comprised around 3,300 soldiers, in the pre-2013 design, which did not include the 3rd maneuver battalion. The 2013 end-strength is now 4,413 Soldiers:

• Special Troops Battalion (now Brigade Engineer Battalion)
• Cavalry Squadron
• (2), later (3) Infantry Battalions
• Field Artillery Battalion
• Brigade Support Battalion[83]

Stryker Brigade structure

Stryker Brigade Combat Team or SBCTs comprised about 3,900 soldiers, making it the largest of the three combat brigade constructs in the 2006 design, and over 4,500 Soldiers in the 2013 reform. Its design includes:

• Headquarters Company
• Cavalry Squadron (with three 14-vehicle, two-120 mm mortar reconnaissance troops plus a surveillance troop with UAVs and NBC detection capability)
• (3) Stryker infantry battalions (each with three rifle companies with 12 infantry-carrying vehicles, 3 mobile gun platforms, 2 120 mm mortars, and around 100 infantry dismounts each, plus an HHC with scout, mortar and medical platoons and a sniper section.)
• Engineer Company (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion) [An additional engineer company was added to the battalion[57] in the 2013 reform]
• Signal Company (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion)
• Military Intelligence Company (with UAV platoon) (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion)
• Anti-tank company (9 TOW-equipped Stryker vehicles) (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion)
• Field Artillery Battalion (three 6-gun 155 mm Howitzer batteries, target acquisition platoon, and a joint fires cell)
• Brigade Support Battalion (headquarters, medical, maintenance, and distribution companies)[83]

Modular support brigades

Combat support brigades

Heavy Combat Aviation Brigade Structure

Full Spectrum Combat Aviation Brigade Structure

Similar modularity will exist for support units which fall into five types: Aviation, Fires (artillery), Battlefield Surveillance (intelligence), Maneuver Enhancement (engineers, signal, military police, chemical, and rear-area support), and Sustainment (logistics, medical, transportation, maintenance, etc.). In the past, artillery, combat support, and logistics support only resided at the division level and brigades were assigned those units only on a temporary basis when brigades transformed into "brigade combat teams" for particular deployments.

Combat Aviation Brigades are multi-functional, offering a combination of attack helicopters (i.e., Apache), reconnaissance helicopters (i.e., Kiowa), medium-lift helicopters (i.e., Blackhawks), heavy-lift helicopters (i.e., Chinooks), and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) capability. Aviation will not be organic to combat brigades. It will continue to reside at the division-level due to resource constraints.

Heavy divisions (of which there are six) will have 48 Apaches, 38 Blackhawks, 12 Chinooks, and 12 Medevac helicopters in their aviation brigade. These are divided into two aviation attack battalions, an assault lift battalion, a general aviation support battalion. An aviation support battalion will have headquarters, refuelling/resupply, repair/maintenance, and communications companies.[84] Light divisions will have aviation brigades with 60 armed reconnaissance helicopters and no Apaches, with the remaining structure the same. The remaining divisions will have aviation brigades with 30 armed reconnaissance helicopters and 24 Apaches, with the remaining structure the same. Ten Army Apache helicopter units will convert to heavy attack reconnaissance squadrons, with 12 RQ-7B Shadow drones apiece.[81][85] The helicopters to fill out these large, combined-arms division-level aviation brigades comes from aviation units that used to reside at the corps-level.

Fires Brigade Structure

Field Artillery Brigades (formerly known as "Fires Brigades" prior to 2014) provide traditional artillery fire (Paladin Howitzer, M270 MLRS, HIMARS) as well as information operations and non-lethal effects capabilities. After the 2013 reform, the expertise formerly embodied in the pre-2007 Division Artillery (DIVARTY) was formally re-instituted in the Division Artillery Brigades of 2015.[86] The operational Fires battalions will now report to this new formulation of DIVARTY, for training and operational Fires standards, as well as to the BCT.[87][88]

Air Defense: The Army will no longer provide an organic air defense artillery (ADA) battalion to its divisions. Nine of the ten active component (AC) divisional ADA battalions and two of the eight reserve (ARNG) divisional ADA battalions will deactivate. The remaining AC divisional ADA battalion along with six ARNG divisional ADA battalions will be pooled at the Unit of Employment to provide on-call air and missile defense (AMD) protection. The pool of Army AMD resources will address operational requirements in a tailorable and timely manner without stripping assigned AMD capability from other missions. Maneuver short-range air defense (MSHORAD)[89] with laser cannon prototypes are fielding by 2020.[90]

Maneuver Enhancement Brigades are designed to be self-contained, and will command units such as chemical, military police, civil affairs units, and tactical units such as a maneuver infantry battalion. These formations are designed to be joint so that they can operate with coalition, or joint forces such as the Marine Corps, or can span the gap between modular combat brigades and other modular support brigades.[Note 4]

Combat Sustainment Brigade Structure

Sustainment Brigades provide echelon-above-brigade-level logistics.[91] On its rotation to South Korea, 3rd ABCT, 1st Armored Division deployed its supply support activity (SSA) common authorized stockage list (CASL)[92] as well.[93] The CASL allows the ABCT to draw additional stocks beyond its pipeline of materiel from GCSS-A.[93] The DoD-level Global Combat Support System includes an Army-level tool (GCSS-A), which runs on tablet computers with bar code readers which 92-A specialists use to enter and track materiel requests, as the materiel makes its way through the supply chain to the brigades.[94] This additional information can then be used by GCSS-A to trigger resupply for Army pre-positioned stocks,[94] typically by sea.[95]^:p.12

Battlefield Surveillance Brigade Structure

The former Battlefield Surveillance Brigades,[96] now denoted Military Intelligence Brigades (Expeditionary), will offer additional UAVs and long-term surveillance detachments.[97] Each of the three active duty brigades is attached to an Army Corps.[96]

Maneuver Enhancement Brigade Structure

Security Force Assistance Brigades

Security force assistance brigades (SFABs) are brigades whose mission is to train, advise, and assist (TAA) the armed forces of other states. The SFAB are neither bound by conventional decisive operations nor counter-insurgency operations. Operationally, a 500-soldier SFAB would free-up a 4500-soldier BCT from a TAA mission. On 23 June 2016 General Mark Milley revealed plans for train/advise/assist Brigades, consisting of seasoned officers and NCOs with a full chain of command,[98]^{:Minute 18:40/1:00:45} but no junior Soldiers. In the event of a national emergency the end-strengths of the SFABs could be augmented with new soldiers from basic training and advanced individual training.[98]

An SFAB was projected to consist of 500 senior officers and NCOs, which, the Army says, could act as a cadre to reform a full BCT in a matter of months.[99] In May 2017, the initial SFAB staffing of 529 soldiers was underway, including 360 officers. The officers will have had previous command experience.[98]^:21:20 Commanders and leaders will have previously led BCTs at the same echelon.[100] The remaining personnel, all senior NCOs, are to be recruited from across the Army.[101][102][103] Promotable E-4s who volunteer for the SFAB are automatically promoted to Sergeant upon completion of the Military Advisor Training Academy.[104] A team of twelve soldiers would include a medic, personnel for intelligence support, and air support,[105] as cited by Keller.[106][107]

These SFABs would be trained in languages, how to work with interpreters,[108] and equipped with the latest equipment[109] such as Integrated Tactical Network (ITN)[110] using T2C2 systems[111][112] including secure, but unclassified, communications[113] and weapons to support coalition partners,[114] as well as unmanned aircraft systems (UASs).[115] The first five SFABs would align with the Combatant Commands (CENTCOM, USINDOPACOM, AFRICOM, ...) as required; an SFAB could provide up to 58 teams (possibly with additional Soldiers for force protection).[114]

Funding for the first two SFABs was secured in June 2017.[37] By October 2017, the first of six planned SFABs (the 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade)[116] was established at Fort Benning.[117][98]^{:minute 50:00} On 16 October 2017, BG Brian Mennes of Force Management in the Army's G3/5/7 announced accelerated deployment of the first two SFABs, possibly by Spring 2018 to Afghanistan and Iraq, if required.[114] This was approved in early July 2017, by the Secretary of Defense and the Chief of Staff of the Army. On 8 February 2018, 1st SFAB held an activation ceremony at Fort Benning, revealing its colors and heraldry for the first time, and then cased its colors for the deployment to Afghanistan.[118] 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in Spring 2018.[119]

On 8 December 2017, the Army announced the activation of the 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade,[120] for January 2018, the second of six planned SFABs. The SFAB are to consist of about 800 senior and noncommissioned officers who have served at the same echelon, with proven expertise in advise-and-assist operations with foreign security forces. Fort Bragg was chosen as the station for the second SFAB[121] in anticipation of the time projected to train a Security Force Assistance Brigade.[120] On 17 January 2018 Chief of Staff Mark Milley announced the activation of the third SFAB.[106] 2nd SFAB undergoes three months of training beginning October 2018, to be followed by a Joint Readiness Training Center Rotation beginning January 2019, and deployment in spring 2019.[122] The 3rd, 4th, and 5th SFABs are to be stationed at Fort Hood, Fort Carson, and Joint Base Lewis-McChord, respectively;[123] the headquarters of the 54th Security Force Assistance Brigade, made up from the Army National Guard, will be in Indiana, one of six states to contribute an element of 54th SFAB.[124] It is likely that these brigades will be seeing service within United States Central Command.[125][126]

The Security Force Assistance Command (SFAC), a one-star division-level command[127] and all six SFABs will be activated by 2020.[11] The Security Force Assistance Directorate, a one-star Directorate for the SFABs, will be part of FORSCOM in Fort Bragg. SFAD will be responsible for the Military Advisor Training Academy as well.[128][129] The 1st SFAB commander was promoted to Brigadier General in Gardez, Afghanistan on 18 August 2018.[130] The 2nd SFAB commander was promoted to Brigadier General 7 September 2018.[131] SFAC and 2nd SFAB were activated in a joint ceremony at Fort Bragg on 3 December 2018.[127] 2nd SFAB deployed to Afghanistan in February 2019.[132][133] 3rd SFAB activated at Fort Hood on 16 July 2019;[134] 3rd SFAB will relieve 2nd SFAB in Afghanistan for the Winter 2019 rotation.[135]

Security Assistance is part of The Army Strategy 2018's Line of Effort 4: "Strengthen Alliances and Partnerships".[11] The Security Assistance Command is based at Redstone Arsenal[136] (but the SFAC is based at Fort Bragg).[127]

Army Field Support Brigades

Army Field Support Brigades (AFSBs) have been utilized to field materiel in multiple Combatant Command's Areas of Responsibility (AORs).[137] [95]^{:p22–27 and p.77–78} Initially 405th AFSB prepositioned stocks for a partial brigade; eventually, the 405th was to field materiel for an ABCT, a Division headquarters, a Fires Brigade, and a Sustainment Brigade in their AOR, which required multinational agreements.[138] Similarly, 401st AFSB configured materiel for an ABCT in their AOR as well. The objective has been combat configuration: maintain their vehicles to support a 96-hour readiness window for a deployed ABCT on demand.[139] In addition, 403rd Army Field Support Brigade maintains prepositioned stocks for their AOR.

Command headquarters

Below the Combatant Commands echelon, Division commands will command and control their combat and support brigades.[140] Divisions will operate as plug-and-play headquarters commands (similar to corps) instead of fixed formations with permanently assigned units. Any combination of brigades may be allocated to a division command for a particular mission, up to a maximum of four combat brigades. For instance, the 3rd Infantry Division headquarters could be assigned two armor brigades and two infantry brigades based on the expected requirements of a given mission. On its next deployment, the same division may have one Stryker brigade and two armor brigades assigned to it. The same modus operandi holds true for support units. The goal of reorganization with regard to logistics is to streamline the logistics command structure[141] so that combat service support can fulfill its support mission more efficiently.[142][143]

The division headquarters itself has also been redesigned as a modular unit that can be assigned an array of units and serve in many different operational environments.[144] The new term for this headquarters is the UEx (or Unit of Employment, X). The headquarters is designed to be able to operate as part of a joint force, command joint forces with augmentation, and command at the operational level of warfare (not just the tactical level). It will include organic security personnel and signal capability plus liaison elements. As of March 2015, nine of the ten regular Army division headquarters, and two national guard division headquarters are committed in support of Combatant Commands.[38]^{:Executive Summary} [145][146]

When not deployed, the division will have responsibility for the training and readiness of a certain number of modular brigades units. For instance, the 3rd Infantry Division headquarters module based at Fort Stewart, GA is responsible for the readiness of its combat brigades and other units of the division, assuming they have not been deployed separately under a different division.

The re-designed headquarters module comprises around 1,000 soldiers including over 200 officers. It includes:

• A Main Command Post where mission planning and analysis are conducted
• A mobile command group for commanding while on the move
• (2) Tactical Command Posts to exercise control of brigades[147]
• Liaison elements
• A special troops battalion with a security company and signal company

Divisions will continue to be commanded by major generals, unless coalition requirements require otherwise. Regional army commands (e.g. 3rd Army, 7th Army, 8th Army) will remain in use in the future but with changes to the organization of their headquarters designed to make the commands more integrated and relevant in the structure of the reorganized Army, as the chain of command for a deployed division headquarters now runs directly to an Army service component command (ASCC), or to FORSCOM.[144]

In January 2017, examples of pared-down tactical operations centers, suitable for brigades and divisions, were demonstrated at a command post huddle at Fort Bliss. The huddle of the commanders of FORSCOM, United States Army Reserve Command, First Army, I and III Corps, 9 of the Active Army divisions, and other formations discussed standardized solutions for streamlining command posts.[147] The Army is paring-down the tactical operations centers, and making them more agile,[140][148][149][150] to increase their survivability.[88][151] By July 2019 battalion command posts have demonstrated jump times of just over 3 hours, at the combat training centers, repeated 90 to 120 times in a rotation.[152][153]

Four major commands

Main article: United States Army Futures Command

United States Army Futures Command (AFC), "a small agile command"[154] (growing from 12 people at headquarters as of 2018[155] to 24,000 in 25 states and 15 countries in 2019)[156] is slated to be the Army's fourth Army command (ACOM).[157] AFC joined the other Army commands FORSCOM, Army Materiel Command (AMC), and TRADOC as four-star commands. Austin, Texas is the station for the headquarters of Futures Command.[158] Initial operating capability is slated for 2018.[154][159] Although the Army has enjoyed overmatch for the past seventy years,[8] more rapid modernization for conflict with near-peers is the reason for AFC, which will be focused on achieving clear overmatch[160] in six areas — long-range precision fires,[161][162] next-generation combat vehicle, future vertical lift platforms, a mobile & expeditionary Army network,[163][164] air & missile defense capabilities,[165] and soldier lethality[166] (i.e. artillery, armor, aviation, signal, air defense artillery, and infantry respectively see: Futures).

In a reform-oriented break with Army custom, leaders of AFC headquarters will locate in a downtown property of the University of Texas System, while project-driven soldiers and Army civilians will co-locate with entrepreneurs/innovators in tech hubs, in the vision of Under Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy.[167][168][5] The official activation ceremony of AFC was on 24 August 2018, in Austin, Texas;[169] in a press conference on that day featuring Army Chief of Staff Milley, Secretary Esper, Mayor Adler, and AFC commander Murray,[170] Chief Milley noted that AFC would actively reach out into the community in order to learn, and that Senator John McCain's frank criticism of the acquisition process was instrumental for modernization reform at Futures command.[170]^{:minute 7:30} In fact, AFC soldiers would blend into Austin by not wearing their uniforms [to work side by side with civilians in the tech hubs], Milley noted in the 24 August 2018 press conference.[170]^{:minute 6:20} Secretary Esper said he expected failures during the process of learning how to reform the acquisition and modernization process.[170]^{:minute 18:20}

The organizational design of AFC was informed by the cancellation of the Army's Future Combat Systems project. Under Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy reviewed the reasons for that cancellation.[5]^{:Minute 19:40} Thus "unity of command and purpose"[5]^{:Minutes 12:22, 23:01} was a criterion for the design by unifying previous modernization efforts in a single command; the sub-goals would be met in do-able chunks.[171][172] The ratio of uniformed personnel to Army civilian employees is expected to be a talent-based, task-based issue for the AFC commander.[5]^{:Minute 32:40}The expectation is that these reforms will enable cultural change across the entire Army, as a part of attaining full operational capability.[5]^{:Minute 27:14}[173] The Program Executive Offices (PEOs) of ASA (ALT) will have a dotted-line relationship with Futures Command.[174]

In order to separate Army modernization from today's requirement for readiness,[174] eight cross-functional teams (CFTs)[Note 1][7][171][165] were transferred from the other three major commands to Futures Command.[174] United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command and the United States Army Capabilities Integration Center[175] will report to the new command.[176] ATEC retains its direct reporting relationship to the Chief of Staff of the Army.

The first tranche of transfers into AFC included: Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC), Capability Development and Integration Directorates (CDIDs), and TRADOC Analysis Center (TRAC) from TRADOC, and RDECOM (including the six research, development and engineering centers (RDECs), and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)[177]), and Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity (AMSAA), from AMC, as announced by Secretary Esper on 4 June 2018.[178] TRADOC's new role is amended accordingly.[178] The Principal Military Deputy to the ASA(ALT) is also deputy commanding general for Combat Systems, Army Futures Command, and leads the PEOs; he has directed each PEO who does not have a CFT to coordinate with, to immediately form one, at least informally.[179] General Murray has announced that AFC intends to be a global command, in its search for disruptive technologies.[180] Army Chief of Staff Milley is looking for AFC to attain full operational capability (FOC) by August 2019.[170]

As this modernized materiel is fielded to the brigades, the scheme is to equip the units with the highest levels of readiness for deployment with upgraded equipment earliest, while continuing to train the remaining units to attain their full mission capability.[181] Note that expertise, in say psychological operations, is not necessarily confined to the Active Army brigades; if some operation were to require the expertise of a National Guard unit for example, an echelon above brigade might require that a unit with the most modern materiel be formed, to utilize that expertise.[56] The 10 Active Army divisions each have a deployable 3D printer for immediate operational requirements (to replace damaged materiel, subject to Army directives).[182][183]

By 2020, in the Fiscal Year 2021 budget request to Congress, the Army Acquisition Executive (AAE) was able to report progress in the partnership between Army Futures Command (viz. its CFTs) and his PEOs in ASA(ALT) —the office of Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics & Technology).[184][Note 1]

Multi-domain operations (MDO)

Conflict continuum: competition short of conflict, conflict itself, and the return to competition.[185]^:p.10 —Gen. David G. Perkins

In 2017, the concept of multi-domain battle (MDB)[185] had emerged from TRADOC,[186] for which the Army sought joint approval from the other services; instead, the Air Force recommended multi-domain operations (MDO) as the operating concept.[22]

Multi-domain operations cover integrated operation of cyberspace, space (meaning satellite operations, from the Army's perspective), land, maritime, and air.[187] A multi-domain task force was stood up in 2018 in I Corps for the Pacific,[185] built around 17th Field Artillery Brigade. MDO in the Pacific has to involve maritime operations; MDO is planned for EUCOM in 2020.[22][188] Multi-domain battalions, first stood up in 2019, comprise a single unit for air, land, space, and cyber domains[189] to ensure integration of cyber/EW, space, and information operations in more levels of command.

To me, ARCIC’s [MDO] analysis means the Army’s got to be able to sink ships, neutralize satellites, shoot down missiles, and deny the enemy the ability to command and control its forces.

— Adm. Harry B. Harris Jr.[190]

New cyber authorities have been granted under National Security Presidential Memorandum (NSPM) 13;[191] persistent cyber engagements at Cyber command are the new norm for cyber operations.[192] The CG of Futures Command (AFC) has noted that MDO will tie together the initiatives of AFC; but failures are to be expected in the AFC initiatives, and the institutional response of the Army, which is traditionally risk-averse, will test how committed the nation is to Army reforms.[24]

Mesh networking is in play for the Mobile, Expeditionary Network: In Fiscal Year 2019, the network CFT, PEO 3CT, and PEO Soldier leveraged Network Integration Evaluation 18.2[193] for experiments with brigade level scalability.[194][195][196][197] Among the takeaways was to avoid overspecifying the requirements (in ITN[109][198] Information Systems Initial Capabilities Document) to meet operational needs,[194] such as interoperability with other networks.[199][200]^{:minute 26:40}[201] ITN —Integrated Tactical Network is being fielded to four brigades in 2021.[202] Up through 2028, every two years the Army will insert new capability sets for ITN (Capability sets '21, '23, '25, etc.).[203][204][197]

Deterrence

By 2020 the Army's programs for modernization were now framed as a decades-long process of cooperation with allies and partners,[205][206][207] for competition with potential adversaries who historically have blurred the distinction between peace and war,[208][209] in a continuum of conflict.

Competition

JWA 19, Yakima Training Center, Wash., May 6, 2019. Soldiers of 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division heading toward their mission objective.

TRADOC designed exercises for Joint warfighter assessments —JWA 19,[210][211][212] at Fort Lewis, to clarify the jumps for Command Posts, to ensure their survivability during future operations. In 2019, there was a new focus on planning for large-scale ground combat operations (LSCO),[213][214][215][216][217] "that will require echelons above brigade, all of which will solve unique and distinct problems that a given BCT can't solve by itself."—LTG Eric Wesley.[25] [56] Computer simulations (DOTMLPF), of the survivability rates for the units, were then compared with the interaction strategies, tactics and operations of JWA 19, a highly contested environment.[210] JWA 19 occurred at multiple operational speeds, in multiple domains served by multiple services (cyber: operating in milliseconds; air: operations at 500 miles per hour; maritime: 30 knots; and ground: 2 miles per hour). JWA 19 involved the militaries of the US, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, France, Australia and Singapore.[212] In 2019 Secretary of Defense Mark Esper identified the Indo-Pacific Theater as the priority theater for the United States.[218] A multi-domain task force for the Indo-Pacific Theater is planned for a Defender exercise.[219][220][221][209] However, in light of the DoD 60-day travel ban due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of CONUS-based troops participating in Defender Europe 2020 will be reduced.[222][223][224][225]

JWA 20 was intended to exercise Multi-domain operations, and multinational forces, in EUCOM for 2020.[226][26][227] See: Vostok 2018. EUCOM's Multi-domain task force will be smaller than the Pacific's task force.[228] It is expected that the task forces are to be employed in the Defender 2020 exercises in both EUCOM[229] and the Pacific.[228][230] Defender-Europe 2020 was to test the ability to deploy 20,000 Soldiers across Europe, for a 37,000-member exercise.[227][231][232][233][234][235][236][237][238]

• Elements of the 1st Cavalry, 82nd Airborne, 1st Armored, 1st Infantry, and 3rd Infantry Divisions, 11 National Guard states and seven Army Reserve units are rapidly deploying.[56][239][240][241][242]
  1. Reception, staging, onward movement and integration (RSOI) of a division-sized formation in EUCOM. A National Guard Brigade will draw from pre-positioned stocks in EUCOM.[229][243][197]
  2. An immediate response force from 82nd Airborne Division will conduct joint forcible entries.[ReadyArmy 2][241]
  3. A division command post spread across Europe will conduct JWA 20 to test multi-domain operations (MDO) and other Futures Command capabilities, such as an initial prototype of Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node (TITAN),[244] a ground station for integrating the data feed between "sensors and shooters".[245]
     • While in Europe, the units will spread out across the region for separate exercises with allies and partners to participate in their annual exercises.[205]
  4. A river crossing (see M1074 Joint Assault Bridge),[246][247][248] forward passages of lines (one unit passes through a position held by another unit),[249] and a maritime off-load mission will be conducted.
  5. Army forces will clear the training areas, return pre-positioned stocks,[250] consolidate, and redeploy (in this case, to home station).[222]

In September and November 2019 the Department of Defense (DoD) has “scheduled a series of globally integrated exercises with participation from across the US government interagency to refine our plans”[251] — Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joseph Dunford. This exercise is designed to help Secretary of Defense Mark Esper develop new plans, in the face of a change in chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[251] Specifically what is missing is a joint concept[252] shared at the appropriate operational speed between the several domains, among the respective services, when fighting a peer adversary.—LTG Eric Wesley[253][254][255][256] Note the referenced LRHW graphic depicting a 2019 scenario—[257][258] [230] This is a return to the use of echelons above brigade (Divisions, Corps, and Field Armies), with specific tasks to force current adversaries to return to competition, rather than conflict.[259][251][260]

Multi-domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: cis-lunar space, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.[261]^{:minute 17:45} Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a continuum of conflict.[253]

In 2019 the 27th Secretary of Defense ordered the four services and the Joint staff to create a new joint warfighting concept for All-domain operations, operating simultaneously in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS).[262] The 20th CJCS has allocated roles to each of the services in Joint All-Domain Operations (JADO);[263]

• the Air Force takes the lead for command and control (C2). The Joint services each have a C2 concept to be scaled —for the Army, C2 requires thousands of connections with the sensors and shooters, as compared with hundreds of connections with the sensors and shooters for the Air Force ABMS (Advanced Battle Management System);[264]
• the Navy will lead Joint fires:[263] its newest equipment (the newer Littoral Combat Ships, the MQ-8C, and the Naval Strike Missile) provides standoff for the Navy against its near-peers.[265] In February 2020, voices at the tactical level were supporting cross-domain, cross-role, cross-service interoperation: "Any sensor should be able to link to any shooter and any command and control node".[266] The combination of F-35-based targeting coordinates, Long range precision fires, and Low-earth-orbit satellite capability overmatches the competition, according to Lt. Gen. Eric Wesley.[267] A Space sensor layer of satellites (at 1200 miles above earth)[268] would position hundreds of Low-earth-orbit sensors for tracking hypersonic vehicles. This tracking layer would provide guidance information to the interceptors in the missile defense system.[268][261][269]

Multi-domain task force (MDTF), a brigade-sized formation.[23][30]

• the Army will lead combat logistics.[263][95]
• the Marine Corps will probably be the service to lead 'Information advantage'.[263]

In late December 2019, the Air Force, Army, and Navy ran a Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2)[270][195] connection exercise of Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS)[271] for the first time. This exercise is denoted ABMS Onramp, and will occur at four month intervals.[271] JADC2 is a joint multi-domain operation (MDO);[272] the exercise will involve the Army's Long range fires, ground-based troops, and Sentinel radar. The Air Force contributes F-22s and F-35s, while the Navy is bringing F-35Cs and a destroyer to ABMS Onramp.[273][274] The December 2019 exercise used a NORTHCOM scenario.[275]

An April 2020 test of ABMS was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic.[276] The test is to span bases from Eglin AFB to Nellis AFB; from Yuma Proving Ground to White Sands Missile Range— in this test, a simulated attack is to take place on 3 geographic commands: on Space Command, on Northern Command, and on Strategic Command's nuclear command, control, and communications. JADC2 is to ensure continuity of commander's intent[277]— JADC2 is to be exercised in late August or early September 2020.[276][278][279] IBCS —Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System— is undergoing a Limited user test in August-September 2020 in preparation for a Milestone C acquisition decision.[280] IBCS is a critical building block for JADC2;[280] the ABMS test is a separate project.[281]

In August 2020 a Large force test event (LFTE) was completed at Nellis AFB; the test event demonstrated the ability of F-35s to orchestrate SEAD (Suppression of Enemy Air Defense) using F-22s, F-15Es, E/A-18Gs, B-2s, and RQ-170s.[282] In addition the ability of F-35s to direct Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) was demonstrated during the 2020 Orange Flag event at Edwards AFB (Orange Flag showed the ability of an F-35A to collect targeting data, relay that data to an airborne communications node, as well as to a simulated IBCS station).[282]

In Fall 2020, Futures Command is testing the data links between the Army's AI task force and its helicopters —Future Vertical Lift (FVL), its long-range missile launchers —Long range precision fires (LRPF), and its combat vehicles —(NGCV);[281] in Fall 2021 and going forward, the links between ABMS and Multi-domain operations are invited when the Army's Air and Missile Defense capabilities (AMD's IBCS and MSHORAD —Maneuver short-range air defense) have undergone further testing.[281]

Two Multi-domain task forces are being requested for Indo-Pacom for 2021.[283][284][244] 5th Security Force Assistance Brigade is activating, regionally aligned with USINDOPACOM.[285]

Conflict

If you want to rapidly integrate all domains in order to take advantage of opportunities on a very lethal battlefield, you need a different type of C2 [command and control] structure. —Lt. Gen. Eric Wesley[251][22][252][286]

In the view of John Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, each force will have both a self-defense capability, and a deep strike capability,[287] operating under a unified command and control structure.[288]

Return to competition

By 2020 the Joint all-domain concept[262] was converging on the need to return to competition, just short of conflict between near-peers.[185][259] [277][289][290]

Alliances and partnerships

An ongoing series of programs to strengthen relationships between the Army and its allies and partners is being implemented.[291][292][293][294] These programs include demonstrations of cooperation, interoperability, and preparedness of its partners.[295][296][297][231][298] For example, in 2019 the Army uses DoD's State Partnership Program, to link 22 National Guard Bilateral Affairs Officers (BAOs) with 22 allies or partners in the 54 countries in European Command's area to facilitate common defense interests[299][300] with the US.[291] In all, 89 partnerships now exist.[301][302] See: Foreign Area Officer (FAO)

Interoperability exercise for Bulgarian Air Force, Navy, and Land Forces, and United States 10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command U.S. Army Europe, multinational live-fire training exercise Shabla 19, 12 June 2019

In April 2019 Germany's 1st Armored Division took the role of exercise High Command (HICON) at Hohenfels Training Area, primarily for German 21st Armored Brigade, the Lithuanian Iron Wolf Brigade, and their subordinate units; 5,630 participants from 15 nations took part in this Joint multinational exercise, which rotates the lead among the coalition partners. Germany's 1st Armored Division already had Dutch, British and Polish officers within its ranks.[303] The Army's 2nd Battalion, 34th Armored Regiment, took part in the exercise.[304][305] Six engineering advisor teams from 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade provided hands-on experience and testing of secure communications between NATO allies and partners.[306][46][307]

A reciprocal exchange of general officers between France and the US is taking place in 2019, under the U.S. Army Military Personnel Exchange Program (MPEP).[308] Such programs with the UK, Australia, and Canada have already existed with the US.[308] A reciprocal pact for US and UK capabilities in Future Vertical Lift aircraft and Long Range Precision Fires artillery was signed in July 2020.[309]

In 2020 the Secretary of the Army announced 5-month extended rotations to Indo-Pacific countries such as Thailand, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.[310] Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) task forces in the region have already been engaging in MDO-like exercises in concert with the armed forces of Japan, Thailand, and Singapore.[310]

Training and readiness

Under Schoomaker, combat training centers (CTCs) emphasized the contemporary operating environment (such as an urban, ethnically-sensitive city in Iraq) and stress units according to the unit mission and the commanders' assessments, collaborating often to support holistic collective training programs, rather than by exception as was formerly the case.

Schoomaker's plan was to resource units based on the mission they are expected to accomplish (major combat versus SASO, or stability and support operations), regardless of component (active or reserve). Instead of using snapshot readiness reports, the Army now rates units based on the mission they are expected to perform given their position across the three force pools ('reset', 'train/ready', and 'available').[311] The Army now deploys units upon each commanders' signature on the certificate of their unit's assessment (viz., Ready). As of June 2016, only one-third of the Army's brigades were ready to deploy.[312] By 2019, two-thirds of the Active Army's brigades[181] and half of the BCTs of the Total Army (both Active and Reserve components) are now at the highest level of readiness.[313] The FY2021 budget request allows two-thirds of the Total Army (1,012,200 Soldiers by 2022) to reach the highest level of readiness by FY2022 —Maj. Gen. Paul Chamberlain.[314][315]

"Soldiers need to be ready[316][ReadyArmy 3] 100 percent of the time."[35]—Robert B. Abrams, FORSCOM commander, June 2, 2016

Chief of Staff Mark Milley's readiness objective is that all operational units be at 90 percent of the authorized strength in 2018, at 100 percent by 2021, and at 105 percent by 2023.[317][318] The observer coach/trainers[319] at the combat training centers, recruiters,[320][321] and drill sergeants are be filled at 100 percent strength by the end of 2018.[317][322] In November 2018, written deployability standards (Army Directive 2018-22) were set by the Secretary and the Chief of Staff of the Army; failure to meet the standard means a soldier has six months to remedy this, or face separation from the Army.[323] The directive does not apply to about 60,000 of the 1,016,000 Soldiers of the Army; 70-80 percent of the 60,000 are non-deployable for medical reasons. Non-deployables have declined from 121,000 in 2017.[323] The Army combat fitness test (ACFT) will test all soldiers; at the minimum, the 3-Repetition Maximum Deadlift, the Sprint-Drag-Carry and an aerobic event will be required of all soldiers, including those with profiles (meaning there is an annotation in their record See: PULHES Factor); the assessment of the alternative aerobic test will be completed by 19 October 2019.[324]

Soldier and Family Readiness Groups

Soldiers and Army spouses belong to Soldier and Family Readiness Groups (SFRGs),[325][326][ReadyArmy 3] renamed from (FRGs)[327] which mirror the command structure of an Army unit — the spouse of the 40th Chief of Staff of the United States Army has served on the FRG at every echelon of the Army.[328]^{:Ryan McCarthy, minute 39:33} The name change to SFRG is to be more inclusive of single soldiers, single parents, and also those with nontraditional families.[326] An S/FRG seeks to meet the needs of soldiers and their families, for example during a deployment,[329] or to address privatized housing deficiencies,[330] or to aid spouses find jobs.[331] As a soldier transfers in and out of an installation, the soldier's entire family will typically undergo a permanent change of station (PCS) to the next post. PCS to Europe and Japan is now uniformly for 36 months, regardless of family status[332] (formerly 36 months for families). Transfers typically follow the cycle of the school year to minimize disruption in an Army family.[333] By policy, DoD families stationed in Europe and Japan who have school-aged children are served by American school systems— the Department of Defense Dependents Schools.[334] Noncombatant evacuation operations are a contingency which an FRG could publicize and plan for, should the need arise.[95]^:p.11

When a family emergency occurs, the informal support of that unit's S/FRG is available to the soldier.[329][335] (But the Army Emergency Relief fund is available to any soldier with a phone call to their local garrison.[336][337][338] Seventy-five Fisher Houses maintain home-away-from-home suites for families undergoing medical treatment of a loved one. The Army, Navy, and Air Force Medical Treatment Facilities (MTFs) are scheduled to complete their transfer to the Defense Health Agency (DHA) no later than 21 October 2021. This has been a ten-year process. The directors of each home installation's Medical treatment facility (MTF) continue to report to the commanders of their respective installations. This change transfers all civilian employees of each Medical treatment facility (MTF) to the Defense Health Agency (DHA).[339][340]) The name change links Soldier Readiness with Family Readiness.[327] Commanders will retain full responsibility for Soldier sponsorship after a move, especially for first term Soldiers in that move.[341]

In response to Army tenant problems with privatized base housing, IMCOM was subordinated to Army Materiel Command (AMC) on 8 March 2019.[342][343][344] By 2020, AMC's commander and the Residential community initiative (RCI) groups had formulated a 50-year plan. The Army's RCI groups, "seven private housing companies, which have 50-year lease agreements" on 98% of Army housing at 44 installations, will work with the Army for long-term housing improvements,[345][346][347] and remediation.[344]

USAR mobilization

Plans are being formulated for mobilization of the Army Reserve (42,000 to 45,000 soldiers) very quickly.[348] For example, 'Ready Force X' (RFX) teams have fielded Deployment Assistance Team Command and Control Cells to expedite the associated equipment to the various ports and vessels which is required for the specific Reserve personnel who have been notified that they are deploying.[349] FORSCOM's mobilization and force generation installations (MFGIs) have fluctuated from two primary[350][351] installations (2018) to an envisioned eleven primary and fourteen contingency MFGIs, in preparation for future actions against near-peers.[352][353][56] See: Soldier Readiness Processing

"Associated units" training program

The Army announced a pilot program, 'associated units', in which a National Guard or Reserve unit would now train with a specific active Army formation. These units would wear the patch of the specific Army division before their deployment to a theater;[354] 36th Infantry Division (United States) headquarters deployed to Afghanistan in May 2016 for a train, advise, assist mission.[355]

The Army Reserve, whose headquarters are colocated with FORSCOM, and the National Guard, are testing the associated units program in a three-year pilot program with the active Army. The program will use the First Army training roles at the Army Combat Training Centers at Fort Irwin, Fort Polk, and regional and overseas training facilities.[356]

The pilot program complements FORSCOM's total force partnerships with the National Guard, begun in 2014.[357] Summer 2016 will see the first of these units.

• Associated units [358][359]
  • 3rd Infantry BCT, 10th Mountain Division, stationed at Fort Polk, Louisiana, associated with the 36th Infantry Division, Texas Army National Guard
  • 48th Infantry BCT, Georgia ARNG, associated with the 3rd Infantry Division, Stationed at Fort Stewart, Georgia
  • 86th Infantry BCT, Vermont ARNG, associated with the 10th Mountain Division, stationed at Fort Drum, New York
  • 81st Armored BCT, Washington ARNG, associated with the 7th Infantry Division, stationed at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington
  • Task Force 1-28th Infantry Battalion., 3rd Infantry Division, stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia, associated with the 48th Infantry BCT, Georgia Army National Guard
  • 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry Regiment, USAR, associated with the 3rd Infantry BCT, 25th Infantry Division, stationed at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
  • 1st Battalion, 143rd Infantry Regiment Texas ARNG, associated with the 173rd Airborne BCT, stationed in Vicenza, Italy
  • 1st Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment, Indiana ARNG, associated with the 2nd Infantry BCT, 25th Infantry Division, stationed at Schofield Barracks
  • 5th Engineer Battalion, stationed at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, associated with the 35th Engineer Brigade, Missouri ARNG
  • 840th Engineer Company, Texas ARNG, associated with the 36th Engineer Brigade, stationed at Fort Hood, Texas
  • 824th Quartermaster Company, USAR, associated with the 82nd Airborne Division's Sustainment Brigade, stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
  • 249th Transportation Company, Texas ARNG, associated with the 1st Cavalry Division's Sustainment Brigade., stationed in Fort Hood
  • 1245th Transportation Company, Oklahoma ARNG, associated with the 1st Cavalry Division's Sustainment Brigade., stationed in Fort Hood
  • 1176th Transportation Company, Tennessee ARNG, associated with the 101st Airborne Division's Sustainment Brigade, stationed at Fort Campbell, Kentucky
  • 2123rd Transportation Company, Kentucky ARNG, associated with the 101st Airborne Division's Sustainment Brigade, stationed at Fort Campbell

Rifleman training

Soldiers train for weapons handling, and marksmanship first individually, on static firing ranges, and then on simulators such as an Engagement Skills Trainer (EST). More advanced training on squad level simulators (Squad Advanced Marksmanship-Trainer (SAMT)) place a squad in virtual engagements against avatars of various types,[360] using M4 carbine, M249 light machine gun and M9 Beretta pistol simulated weapon systems.[360] Home stations are to receive Synthetic training environments (STEs) for mission training, as an alternative to rotations to the National Combat Training Centers, which operate Brigade-level training against an Opposing force (OPFOR) with near-peer equipment.

Some installations have urban training facilities for infantrymen, in preparation for Brigade-level training.[361]

A 2019 marksmanship manual[362] "TC 3-20.40, Training and Qualification-Individual Weapons" (the Dot-40) now mandates the use of the simulators,[362] as if the Soldier were in combat. The Dot-40 is to be used by the entire Army, from the Cadets at West Point, to the Active Army, the Army Reserve, and Army National Guard;[362] the Dot-40 tests how rapidly Soldiers can load and reload while standing, kneeling, lying prone, and firing from behind a barrier.[362] The marksmanship tests of a Soldier's critical thinking, selecting targets to shoot at, in which order, and the accuracy of each shot are recorded by the simulators.[362]

Stryker training

Up to a platoon-sized unit of a Stryker brigade combat team, and dismounted infantry, can train on Stryker simulators (Stryker Virtual Collective Trainer - SVCT), which are in the process of being installed at 8 home stations. The 4th is being completed.[363] Forty-five infantrymen (4 Stryker shells) or thirty-six scouts (6 Stryker shells) can rehearse their battle rhythm on a virtual battlefield, record their lessons learned, give their after-action reports, and repeat, as a team. The Stryker gunner's seat comes directly from a Stryker vehicle and has a Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station (CROWS) and joystick to control a virtual .50 caliber machine gun or a virtual 30 mm autocannon.[363]

Digital air ground integration ranges (DAGIRs)

Live-fire digital air ground integration ranges (DAGIRs) were first conceptualized in the 1990s, and established in 2012,[364] with follow-on in 2019.[365] The ranges initially included 23 miles of tank trails,[366] targets, battlefield effects simulators, and digital wiring for aerial scorekeeping.[365] These ranges are designed for coordinating air and ground exercises before full-on sessions at the National Training Centers.[365]

Training against OPFORs

Opposing-Forces Surrogate Vehicles (OSVs) undergoing maintenance at Anniston Army Depot

To serve a role as an Opposing force (OPFOR) could be a mission for an Army unit, as temporary duty (TDY), during which they might wear old battle dress uniforms, perhaps inside-out.[367] TRADOC's Mission Command Training Program, as well as Cyber Command designs tactics for these OPFORs. When a brigade trains at Fort Irwin, Fort Polk, or Joint Multinational Training Center (in Hohenfels, Germany) the Army tasks 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, 1st Battalion, 509th Infantry Regiment (Abn), and 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment, respectively, with the OPFOR role,[368] and provides the OPFOR with modern equipment (such as the FGM-148 Javelin) to test that brigade's readiness for deployment. Multiple integrated laser engagement systems serve as proxies for actual fired weapons, and Soldiers are lost to the commander from "kills" by laser hits.

Soldier integration facility

PEO Soldier has established a Soldier integration facility (SIF) at Fort Belvoir which allows prototyping and evaluation of combat capabilities for the Army Soldier.[369] CCDC Soldier center in Natick Massachusetts, Night Vision Lab at Fort Belvoir Virginia, and Maneuver Battle Lab at Fort Benning Georgia have prototyped ideas at the SIF.[369]

Applications for Synthetic Training Environment (STE)

The Squad Advanced Marksmanship Training (SAMT) system, developed by the STE Cross-functional team from Futures Command, has an application for 1st SFAB.[370] Bluetooth enabled replicas of M4 rifles and M9 and Glock 19 pistols, with compressed air recoil approximate the form, fit and function of the weapons that the Soldiers are using in close combat. For 1st SFAB, scenarios included virtual reality attacks which felt like engagements in a room. The scenarios can involve the entire SFAB Advisor team, and engagements can be repeated over and over again. Advanced marksmanship skills such as firing with the non-dominant hand, and firing on the move can be practiced.[370]

Nine Army sites are now equipped with the SAMT. Over twenty systems are planned for locations in the United States.[370] The Close combat tactical trainers are in use, for example, to train 3rd Infantry Division headquarters for a gunnery training event (convoy protection role),[371] and 2nd BCT/ 82nd Airborne close combat training.[372]

• "A simulation places leadership teams in a situation akin to a Combat Training Center rotation, an intellectually and emotionally challenging environment that forgives the mistakes of the participants"—Dr. Charles K. Pickar [373][374]
• "It is important for Soldiers to have an open and clear mind during the simulation so that they learn something from the experience."—Tim Glaspie [371]
• "Repetition increases a team’s situational understanding of the tactics they’ll use ..."—Maj. Anthony Clas[375]

Other training environments include MANPADS for SHORAD in the 14P MOS at Fort Sill.[376]

I believe that a training environment .. should be a maneuver trainer, and it should be a gunnery trainer. —Retired Gen. Peter W. Chiarelli, 32nd vice chief of staff of the Army [377]

Deployment scheme

Further information: ARFORGEN

The force generation system, posited in 2006 by General Schoomaker, projected that the U.S. Army would be deployed continuously. The Army would serve as an expeditionary force to fight a protracted campaign against terrorism and stand ready for other potential contingencies across the full-spectrum of operations (from humanitarian and stability operations to major combat operations against a conventional foe).

Under ideal circumstances, Army units would have a minimum "dwell time," a minimum duration of which it would remain at home station before deployment. Active-duty units would be prepared to deploy once every three years. Army Reserve units would be prepared to deploy once every five years. National Guard units would be prepared to deploy once every six years. A total of 71 combat brigades would form the Army's rotation basis, 42 from the active component with the balance from the reserves.

Thus, around 15 active-duty combat brigades would be available for deployment each year under the 2006 force-generation plan. An additional 4 or 5 brigades would be available for deployment from the reserve component. The plan was designed to provide more stability to soldiers and their families. Within the system, a surge capability would exist so that about an additional 18 brigades could be deployed in addition to the 19 or 20 scheduled brigades.

From General Dan McNeil, former Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) Commander: Within the Army Forces Generation (ARFORGEN) model, brigade combat teams (BCTs) would move through a series of three force pools;[311] they would enter the model at its inception, the "reset force pool", upon completion of a deployment cycle. There they would re-equip and reman while executing all individual predeployment training requirements, attaining readiness as quickly as possible. Reset or "R" day, recommended by FORSCOM and approved by Headquarters, Department of the Army, would be marked by BCT changes of command, preceded or followed closely by other key leadership transitions. While in the reset pool, formations would be remanned, reaching 100% of mission required strength by the end of the phase, while also reorganizing and fielding new equipment, if appropriate. In addition, it is there that units would be confirmed against future missions, either as deployment expeditionary forces (DEFs-BCTs trained for known operational requirements), ready expeditionary forces (REFs-BCTs that form the pool of available forces for short-notice missions) or contingency expeditionary forces (CEFs-BCTs earmarked for contingency operations).

Based on their commanders' assessments, units would move to the ready force pool, from which they could deploy should they be needed, and in which the unit training focus would be at the higher collective levels. Units would enter the available force pool when there is approximately one year left in the cycle, after validating their collective mission-essential task list proficiency (either core or theater-specific tasks) via battle-staff and dirt-mission rehearsal exercises. The available phase would be the only phase with a specified time limit: one year. Not unlike the division-ready brigades of past decades, these formations would deploy to fulfill specific requirements or stand ready to fulfill short-notice deployments within 30 days.

The goal was to generate forces 12–18 months in advance of combatant commanders' requirements and to begin preparing every unit for its future mission as early as possible in order to increase its overall proficiency.

Personnel management would also be reorganized as part of the Army transformation. Previously, personnel was managed on an individual basis in which soldiers were rotated without regard for the effect on unit cohesion. This system required unpopular measures such as "stop loss" and "stop move" in order to maintain force levels. In contrast, the new personnel system would operate on a unit basis to the maximum extent possible, with the goal of allowing teams to remain together longer and enabling families to establish ties within their communities.

Abrams 2016 noted that mid-level Army soldiers found they faced an unexpected uptempo in their requirements,[35] while entry-level soldiers in fact welcomed the increased challenge.[35]

Sustainable Readiness Model

This model is "a structured progression of increased unit readiness over time, resulting in recurring periods of availability of trained, ready, and cohesive units prepared for operational deployment in support of geographic Combatant Commander requirements".[378][141][215][379] ARFORGEN was replaced by the Sustainable Readiness Model (SRM) in 2017.[380][381][382][35][59] In 2016 the Chief of Staff of the Army identified the objective of a sustainable readiness process as over 66 percent of the Active Army in combat ready state at any time;[383] in 2019 the readiness objective of the National Guard and Army Reserve units was set to be 33 percent; Total Army readiness for deployment was 40 percent in 2019.[181][ReadyArmy 3]

In 2018 Chief of Staff Mark Milley's readiness objective is that all operational units be at 90 percent of the authorized strength in 2018, at 100 percent by 2021, and at 105 percent by 2023.[317] The observer coach/trainers at the combat training centers, recruiters, and drill sergeants are be filled at 100 percent strength by the end of 2018.[317]

The requested strength of the Active Army in FY2020 is increasing by 4,000 additional troops from the current 476,000 soldiers;[16] this request covers the near-term needs for cyber, air & missile defense, and fires (Army modernization).[16][384]

The Acting CG of FORSCOM, Lt. Gen. Laura Richardson, has noted that the Sustainable Readiness Model uses the Army standard for maintenance readiness, denoted TM 10/20,[59] which makes commanders responsible for maintaining their equipment to the TM 10/20 standard, meaning that "all routine maintenance is executed and all deficiencies are repaired".[385]^{:p. 79} But Richardson has also spoken out about aviation-related supplier deficiencies hurting readiness both at the combatant commands and at the home stations.[386][387]

Prepositioned stocks

Materiel for 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division,[388] arriving in Gdańsk, Poland

Army Materiel Command (AMC), which uses Army Field Support Brigades (AFSBs) to provision the Combatant Commands, has established Army prepositioned stocks (APS) for supplying entire Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs),[389] at several areas of responsibility (AORs):[137][95]^{:p.28:Defender Europe 2020}

• APS-1 is Continental US (CONUS)[389]
• APS-2 in EUCOM, using several sites,[295][243][138] will accelerate the flow of up-to-date materiel there, to forward-operating sites.[390][295][391]
• APS-3 in Pacific Ocean, uses ocean-going vessels.[392][221]
• APS-4 in NE Asia[389]
• APS-5 in CENTCOM's Camp Arifjan, Kuwait,[139] and SW Asia[389]

By 2020 AMC had seven Army prepositioned stocks.[183]

Medical readiness is being tested by the U.S. Army Medical Materiel Agency, an LCMC. The LCMCs are stocking three additional locations in the US (APS-1), as well as APS-2 (EUCOM), and Korea, as of 12 February 2019.[393] For example, during Operation Spartan Shield, the LCMC's relevant AFSB effected the hand-off of prepositioned stocks to 155th Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT) within 96 hours.[394] In the same Operation, 155th ABCT was issued an entire equipment set for an ABCT, drawn from APS-5 stocks, over 13,000 pieces.[395]

Air Defense Artillery deployments

On 27 March 2018 the 678th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (South Carolina National Guard) deployed to EUCOM, Ansbach Germany for a nine-month rotation, for the first time since the Cold War.[396] 10th AAMDC is the executive agent for EUCOM.

In September 2018, the Wall Street Journal reported that four Patriot systems—[397] Two from Kuwait, and one apiece from Jordan and Bahrain are redeploying back to the U.S. for refurbishment and upgrades, and will not be replaced.[398]

Forward-deployed materiel

As the U.S. Army's only forward-deployed Airborne brigade, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team, stationed in EUCOM, was supplied with new communications materiel — Integrated Tactical Networks (ITN) in 2018.[399] New ground combat vehicles, the Infantry Carrier Vehicle - Dragoon (ICVD) are being supplied to 2nd Cavalry Regiment. ICVDs are Strykers with an unmanned turret and 30 mm autocannon (CROWS), and an integrated commander's station, upgraded suspension and larger tires.[399][400][401] The Army brigades of EUCOM have been in position for testing materiel, as its elements engaged in a 2018 road march through Europe, training with 19 ally and partner nations in Poland in 2018.[399]

Dynamic force employment

2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT), 1st Armored Division (2/1AD) element in a snap deployment from Fort Bliss to Drawsko Pomorskie training area, Poland, 29 March 2019

This initiative, designed by then-DoD-Secretary James Mattis, exercises the ability of selected BCTs to rapidly surge combat-ready forces into a theater,[56] such as EUCOM, on short notice.[402] In several such cases, at the direction of the Secretary of Defense in March 2019, troops were rapidly alerted, recalled and deployed to a forward position, under (simulated) emergency conditions, to prove a capability (such as an ABCT, and a THAAD battery)[403][404][405] against near-peers.[406] The ABCT element next participated in a joint live-fire exercise with Polish troops of the 12th Mechanized Brigade, 12th Mechanised Division (Poland) in Drawsko Pomorskie Training Area, Poland.[407] (A Mission Command element of TRADOC served in the role of echelon-above-brigade for the maneuver and interoperability of the joint multi-national armored brigades.)[407] In September 2018, the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment had already assumed a forward deployment in Poland.[408][409] Poland and the US are planning for regular rotations going forward.[410][411][412][413][414] Similar initiatives are planned for other alliances.[231][14] In August 2020 Poland agreed to pay almost all costs associated with US presence in the country;[415] a forward command post for V Corps in Poland has been codified in an Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement between the US and Poland.[416] [417][418]

FORSCOM exercised its Emergency deployment readiness exercises (EDREs) in 2019 by sending 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division to the Joint Readiness Training Center in Fort Polk LA by sealift, simultaneously exercising the logistics planners at Fort Drum, the seaports in Philadelphia PA, and Port Arthur TX as well as 2nd BCT.[59] Through the EDRE program, 20 of the ports have been exercised to ready them for sealift deployments.[59] A division-sized move of 20,000 pieces of equipment from the US to Europe began a month-long process in January 2020.[235][236][240][231] In 2020 the pre-COVID-19 plan was "wide-spanning maneuvers will focus on the Baltic States, Poland, and Georgia" (at the time) which would have involved 36,000 troops from 11 countries ranging from the Baltic to the Black Seas,[238] a number still in flux.[222] A number of the Defender-2020 objectives were met in 2020, despite a 60-day travel ban by DoD.

Force size and unit organization

Overall, the Army would end up with 71 brigade combat teams and 212 support brigades, in the pre-2013 design. The Regular Army would move from 33 brigade combat teams in 2003 to 43 brigade combat teams together with 75 modular support brigades, for a total of 118 Regular Army modular brigades. In addition the previously un-designated training brigades such as the Infantry Training Brigade at Fort Benning assumed the lineage & honors of formerly active Regular Army combat brigades. Within the Army National Guard, there would be 28 brigade combat teams and 78 support brigades. Within the Army Reserve, the objective was 59 support brigades.(Chief of Staff Mark Milley credits a previous Chief, Creighton Abrams, for placing most of the support brigades in the reserve and national guard, in order to insure that the nation would use the total army, rather than only the active army alone, in an extended war involving the entire nation.)[98]^{:minute 42:30}

In the post-2013 design, the Regular Army is planned to reduce to 32 BCTs after all the BCTs have been announced for inactivation.[419] The Reserve component will be playing an increased role.[56]

Army commands

• United States Army Forces Command headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
• United States Army Futures Command headquarters in Austin, Texas
• United States Army Materiel Command headquartered at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
• United States Army Training and Doctrine Command headquartered at Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Virginia

Army service component commands

• Geographic commands
  • United States Army Africa / Ninth Army[420] headquartered at Vicenza, Italy
  • United States Army Central / Third Army headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina
  • United States Army North / Fifth Army headquartered at Joint Base San Antonio, Texas
  • United States Army South / Sixth Army headquartered at Joint Base San Antonio, Texas
  • United States Army Europe / Seventh Army headquartered at Wiesbaden, Germany
  • United States Army Pacific headquartered at Fort Shafter, Hawaii
• Functional commands
  • United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command headquartered at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
  • United States Army Special Operations Command headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
  • Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois
  • United States Army Cyber Command headquartered at Fort Gordon, Georgia

Army direct reporting units

• United States Army Reserve Command headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
• United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM)
• United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) headquartered at Fort Belvoir, Virginia
• United States Army Corps of Engineers
• United States Military Academy
• United States Army Military District of Washington (MDW) headquartered at Fort McNair, District of Columbia
• United States Army Criminal Investigation Command (USACIDC) headquartered at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia
• United States Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC)

Field armies

• First US Army, headquartered at Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois (A component of FORSCOM; responsible for training the reserve components when mobilized for overseas deployment)
• Eighth US Army, headquartered at Camp Humphreys, South Korea (component of United States Forces Korea)

Army corps

• I Corps headquartered at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington
• III Corps headquartered at Fort Hood, Texas
• V Corps headquartered at Fort Knox, Kentucky (to be active in autumn of 2020)[29]
• XVIII Airborne Corps headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina

Divisions and brigades

Note: these formations were subject to change, announced in 2013 reform[421]

The 2018 budget will further reduce 40,000 active-duty soldiers from 490,000 in 2015 to 450,000 by 2018 fiscal year-end. Thirty installations will be affected; six of these installations will account for over 12,000 of those to be let go.

In early 2015, the plan was to cut entire BCTs; by July 2015, a new plan, to downsize a BCT (4,500 soldiers) to a maneuver battalion task force (1,032 soldiers, with the possibility of upsizing if need be) was formulated. In 2015, a plan was instituted to allow further shrinking of the Army, by converting selected brigades to maneuver battalion task forces.[422] A maneuver battalion task force includes about 1,050 Soldiers rather than the 4,000 in a full BCT.[423] This 9 July 2015 plan, however, would preclude rapid deployment of such a unit until it has been reconstituted back to full re-deployable strength. This is being addressed with the #"Associated units" training program from the Reserve and Guard, and the #Sustainable Readiness Model (SRM).[381][35] Funding has been allocated for two (out of six planned) Security Force Assistance Brigades (SFABs)[424] composed of 529 senior officers and senior NCOs (a full chain of command for a BCT).[425] The changes announced so far affect:[426]

• FORSCOM
  • Every HHBN (2-star, and higher, headquarters battalion) reduces by 10%[422]
  • 3rd ABCT, 3rd Infantry Division, Fort Benning[426]
  • 2nd SBCT, 25th Infantry Division, Schofield Barracks[422]
  • 3rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command relocates from Fort Knox to Fort Bragg[422]
  • 1st Theater Sustainment Command relocates from Fort Bragg to Fort Knox[422][214]
• ARNG
  • 81st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 40th Infantry Division to become an associated unit (SBCT) of 7th Infantry Division (81st's armor assets to be pre-positioned in Europe).
• 1st Armored Division, at Fort Bliss (Texas), regionally aligned with Central Command (CENTCOM)[427]
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion[428]
  • 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, converted from Stryker BCT on 20 June 2019[429][430][431][432]
  • 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team
  • 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team
  • 1st Armored Division Artillery
  • Combat Aviation Brigade deploys to Afghanistan early 2019[433][434]
  • 1st Armored Division Sustainment Brigade[435]
• 1st Cavalry Division, at Fort Hood (Texas), regionally aligned with European Command (EUCOM)[436]
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
  • 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team
  • 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team[437]
  • 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team
  • 1st Cavalry Division Artillery
  • Combat Aviation Brigade
  • 1st Cavalry Division Sustainment Brigade
• 1st Infantry Division, at Fort Riley, (Kansas)
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
  • 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team
  • 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, regionally aligned with African Command (AFRICOM)[438]
  • 1st Infantry Division Artillery
  • Combat Aviation Brigade
  • 1st Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade
• 2nd Infantry Division, at Camp Humphreys, (South Korea)
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
  • 1x Rotation Armored Brigade Combat Team, at Camp Casey, Camp Hovey, and Camp Humphreys, South Korea
  • Combat Aviation Brigade, at Camp Humphreys and K-16 Airfield, South Korea
  • 2nd Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade, at Camp Carroll, Camp Stanley, and Camp Humphreys, South Korea
• 3rd Infantry Division, at Fort Stewart, (Georgia)
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
  • 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team
  • 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team
  • 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Georgia Army National Guard)[439]
  • Task Force 1-28: 1st Battalion 28th Infantry Regiment, at Fort Benning, Georgia[423][440]
  • 3rd Infantry Division Artillery
  • Combat Aviation Brigade, at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia
  • 3rd Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade
• 4th Infantry Division, at Fort Carson, (Colorado), regionally aligned with European Command (EUCOM)[441]
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
  • 1st and 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Teams[431][442]
  • 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team [443]
  • 4th Infantry Division Artillery
  • Combat Aviation Brigade
  • 4th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade
• 7th Infantry Division (Headquarters only), at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)[444][445]
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
  • 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division
  • 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division
  • 81st Stryker Brigade Combat Team (Washington Army National Guard)[446][447]
  • 2nd Infantry Division Artillery
• 10th Mountain Division, at Fort Drum, (New York)
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
  • 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team
  • 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team[448]
  • 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Vermont Army National Guard)[449]
  • 10th Mountain Division Artillery
  • Combat Aviation Brigade
  • 10th Mountain Division Sustainment Brigade
• 25th Infantry Division, at Schofield Barracks, (Hawaii)
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
  • 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, at Fort Wainwright, (Alaska)
  • 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team
  • 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team
  • 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, (Alaska)
  • 25th Infantry Division Artillery
  • Combat Aviation Brigade
  • 25th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade
• 82nd Airborne Division, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
  • 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne)
  • 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne)
  • 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne)
  • 82nd Airborne Division Artillery
  • Combat Aviation Brigade
  • 82nd Airborne Division Sustainment Brigade
• 101st Airborne Division, at Fort Campbell, (Kentucky)
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
  • 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault)
  • 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault)[450]
  • 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault)
  • 101st Airborne Division Artillery
  • Combat Aviation Brigade[433] rotates stateside early 2019
  • 101st Airborne Division Sustainment Brigade
• 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Stryker BCT), in Vilseck, (Germany)[418]
• 3rd Cavalry Regiment (Stryker BCT), at Fort Hood, (Texas)
• 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 36th Infantry Division (Associated Unit Program) at Fort Polk, (Louisiana)
• 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team, in Vicenza, (Italy)

Active-duty division:

• 11 division headquarters (one division headquarters stationed overseas in South Korea)

Active-duty combat brigades: 31 at the end of 2017

• 11 Armored Brigade Combat Teams
  • 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ABCT at Fort Bliss (Texas), part of 1st Armored Division at Fort Bliss (Texas)
  • 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ABCT at Fort Hood (Texas), part of 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Hood (Texas)
  • 1st and 2nd ABCT at Fort Riley (Kansas), part of 1st Infantry Division at Fort Riley (Kansas)
  • 1st and 2nd ABCT at Fort Stewart (Georgia), part of 3rd Infantry Division at Fort Stewart (Georgia)
  • 3rd ABCT at Fort Carson (Colorado), part of 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson (Colorado)
• 7 Stryker Brigade Combat Teams
  • 1st and 2nd SBCTs at Fort Carson (Colorado), part of 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson (Colorado)
  • 1st SBCT at Fort Wainwright (Alaska), administratively part of 25th Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks (Hawaii), but operationally under US Army Alaska at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson (Alaska)
  • 1st and 2nd SBCT at Fort Lewis (Joint Base Lewis–McChord) (Washington), administratively under the 2nd Infantry Division at Camp Humphreys (South Korea), operationally under the 7th Infantry Division HQ at Joint Base Lewis–McChord (Washington)
  • 2nd Cavalry Regiment (SBCT) at Rose Barracks in Vilseck (Germany), independent SBCT under US Army Europe at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne Barracks (Germany)
  • 3rd Cavalry Regiment (SBCT) at Fort Hood (Texas), independent SBCT under III Corps at Fort Hood (Texas)
• 5 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Light)[451]
  • 1st and 2nd IBCT at Fort Drum (New York), part of 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum (New York)
  • 2nd and 3rd IBCT at Schofield Barracks (Hawaii), part of 25th Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks (Hawaii)
  • 3rd IBCT at Fort Polk (Louisiana), a regular army brigade under the Army National Guard's 36th Infantry Division at Austin (Texas)
• 5 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Airborne)
  • 1st, 2nd and 3rd IBCT (Airborne) at Fort Bragg (North Carolina), part of 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg (North Carolina)
  • 4th IBCT (Airborne) at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson (Alaska), administratively part of 25th Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks (Hawaii), but operationally under US Army Alaska at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson (Alaska) [452]
  • 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team at Caserma Ederle Barracks in Vicenza (Italy), independent brigade under US Army Europe at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne Barracks (Germany)
• 3 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Air Assault)
  • 1st, 2nd and 3rd IBCT (Air Assault) at Fort Campbell (Kentucky), part of 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell (Kentucky)

Support brigades

Active-duty Support Brigades (with reserve-component numbers in parenthesis: ARNG/USAR)

• 12 Combat Aviation Brigades (12/2):
  • 12th Combat Aviation Brigade, in Katterbach, (Germany)
  • 16th Combat Aviation Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
  • 10 Combat Aviation Brigades as part of active army divisions
• 3 Military Intelligence Brigades (Expeditionary) (2/3):
  • 201st Military Intelligence Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
  • 504th Military Intelligence Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
  • 525th Military Intelligence Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
• 5 Field Artillery Brigades (8/0):
  • 17th Field Artillery Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis–McChord, (Washington)
  • 18th Field Artillery Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
  • 41st Field Artillety Brigade, at Grafenwoehr, (Germany)
  • 75th Field Artillery Brigade, at Fort Sill, (Oklahoma)
  • 210th Field Artillery Brigade, at Camp Casey, (South Korea)
• 6 Air Defense Artillery Brigades (3/0):
  • 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Fort Bliss, (Texas)
  • 31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Fort Sill, (Oklahoma)
  • 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Osan Air Base, (South Korea)
  • 38th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Sagami Depot, (Japan)
  • 69th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
  • 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
• 4 Engineer Brigades (7/4):
  • 20th Engineer Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
  • 36th Engineer Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
  • 130th Engineer Brigade, at Schofield Barracks, (Hawaii)
  • 555th Engineer Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
• 12 Sustainment Brigades (10/9):
  • 16th Sustainment Brigade, in Bamberg, (Germany)
  • 528th Sustainment Brigade (Special Operations) (Airborne), at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
  • Ten Sustainment Brigades as part of active army divisions
• 5 Military Police Brigades (4/4):
  • 8th Military Police Brigade, at Schofield Barracks, (Hawaii)
  • 16th Military Police Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
  • 18th Military Police Brigade, in Grafenwöhr, (Germany)
  • 42nd Military Police Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
  • 89th Military Police Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
• 1 Transportation Brigade (0/5):
  • 7th Transportation Brigade, at Fort Eustis, (Virginia)
• 5 Security Force Assistance Brigades (1/0) planned, 1st in 2017:
  • 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Benning, (Georgia)
  • 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
  • 3rd Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
  • 4th Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Carson, (Colorado)
  • 5th Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
• 5 Medical Brigades (0/10):
  • 1st Medical Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
  • 30th Medical Brigade, in Sembach, (Germany)
  • 44th Medical Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
  • 62nd Medical Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
  • 65th Medical Brigade, at Camp Humphreys, (South Korea)
• 8 Signal Brigades (2/2):
  • 1st Signal Brigade, at Camp Humphreys, (South Korea)
  • 2nd Signal Brigade, in Wiesbaden, (Germany)
  • 11th Signal Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
  • 35th Signal Brigade, at Fort Gordon, (Georgia)
  • 93rd Signal Brigade, at Fort Eustis, (Virginia)
  • 106th Signal Brigade, at Fort Sam Houston, (Texas)
  • 160th Signal Brigade, at Camp Arifjan, (Kuwait)
  • 516th Signal Brigade, at Fort Shafter, (Hawaii)
• 1 Chemical Brigade (1/1):
  • 48th Chemical Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)

See also

• Transformation of the Army National Guard
• Revolution in Military Affairs
• Network-centric warfare

Notes

1. The capabilities as prioritized by the Chief of Staff, will use subject matter experts in the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment, using Cross Functional Teams (CFTs) for:
   1. Improved long-range precision fires (artillery):—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG John Rafferty ... PEO Ammunition (AMMO)
   2. Next-generation combat vehicle—(Detroit Arsenal, Warren, Michigan) Lead: BG Ross Coffman ... PEO Ground Combat Systems (GCS)
   3. Vertical lift platforms—(Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: BG Wally Rugen ... PEO Aviation (AVN)
   4. Mobile and expeditionary (usable in ground combat) communications network (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland)
      1. Network Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence— Lead: MG Pete Gallagher ... PEO Command Control Communications Tactical (C3T)
      2. Assured Position Navigation and Timing— (Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: William B. Nelson, SES
   5. Air and missile defense—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG Brian Gibson, ... PEO Missiles and Space (M&S)
   6. Soldier lethality
      1. Soldier Lethality—(Fort Benning, Georgia) Lead: BG David M. Hodne ... PEO Soldier
      2. Synthetic Training Environment —(Orlando, Florida) Lead: MG Maria Gervais ... PEO Simulation, Training, & Instrumentation (STRI)
   • Above, 'dotted line' relationship (i.e., coordination) is denoted by a ' ... '
2. One consequence of a standardized BCT is that actions performed by one BCT can be made in behalf of a successor BCT. Thus pre-positioned stocks can aid in the rapidity of deployment: Army Prepositioned Stocks site in the Netherlands was established 15 Dec 2016, which will store and service about 1,600 U.S. Army vehicles.
   • U.S. military equipment to arrive in Germany, 6-9 Jan 2017
   • Tank Brigade (3ABCT/4th ID) sets quick pace moving to Europe
   • Soldiers Journal: Rolling Into Europe (3ABCT/4th ID)
3. The Army is introducing drones in its combat aviation brigades in order to increase its reconnaissance capability.
4. In the 2013 reform, the active duty brigades are deactivating by 2015, leaving only the National Guard's, and the Reserve's, maneuver enhancement brigades.

Ready Army

1. Perkins discusses operationalizing the Army Operating Concept (AOC) AOC="Win in a Complex World"
2. Steve DeVane and Rachael Riley (Jan. 4, 2020) Fort Bragg community in North Carolina on edge as soldiers head to Middle East 82nd Airborne (with 18,000 troops) has an 18-hour readiness status (after the first phone call).—Secretary of Defense Mark Esper
3. "Ready Army is a proactive campaign to increase Army community resilience and enhance force readiness by informing Soldiers, their Families, Army Civilians and contractors of relevant hazards, and encouraging them to
   • Be Informed,
   • Make A Plan,
   • Build a Kit and
   • Get Involved." see: DEFCON

References

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21. Thomas Brading, Army News Service (October 16, 2019) People are centerpiece of the Army, not 'interchangeable parts,' says CSA IPPS-A, ATAP October 16, 2019: In the next two years the Army plans to field a new mobile short-range air defense system, an integrated visual augmentation system, the next generation squad weapon, precision strike missile, extended-range cannon, and the first hypersonic weapon battery"—Gen McConville
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39. 2017 DoD Posture Defense Statement
40. Mission of the U.S. Army Army.mil, accessdate=2016-09-11
41. Army Warfighting Challenges (AWFCs) accessdate=2016-10-25
42. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ARMY WARFIGHTING ASSESSMENT
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46. [A RIC-U might be used by a coalition partner to encrypt their individual networks, when interoperating with a US Army voice network.]
47. ASA(ALT) Weapon System Handbook (2018) Transportable Tactical Command Communications (T2C2)
48. Communications in Motion: Spc. Matthew Marcellus, 1st Armored Division (15 May 2019) Iron Soldiers train on inflatable satellite communications system T2C2
49. Mark Pomerleau (March 23, 2018) The Army’s newest satellite antenna is remarkably simple
50. Mr. Joe Welch, Lt. Col. Jack "Shane" Taylor and Mr. Michael Beery (July 12, 2016) Network Marketplace: Open for Business and Growing
51. Knapp, Brandon (January 18, 2018). "The Army makes it easier for first responders to connect to tactical networks". C4ISRNET. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
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54. ""We are going to have to empower [and] decentralize leadership to make decisions and achieve battlefield effects in a widely dispersed environment where subordinate leaders, junior leaders ... may not be able to communicate to their higher headquarters, even if they wanted to," Milley said."C. Todd Lopez May 5, 2017 Army News Service Future warfare requires 'disciplined disobedience,' Army chief says accessdate=2017-05-05
55. Army, Marine leaders bring multi-domain concept closer to reality accessdate=2017-02-16
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56. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.(April 03, 2019) How Army’s Multi-Domain Overhaul May Impact The National Guard
    • 'In 2009, the Army officially replaced “command and control” with “mission command” ..'
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57. "Brigade combat teams cut at 10 posts will help other BCTs grow | Article | The United States Army". Army.mil. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
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59. Arpi Dilantsian and Matthew Howard (April 1, 2019) Plan, prepare, practice: An interview with Lt. Gen. Laura Richardson
60. "Future of deployments: surge-ready and rotationally-focused | Article | The United States Army". Army.mil. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
61. Big BCT changes mapped out for 2015 By: Michelle Tan, February 9, 2015, armytimes.com.
62. Army Announces Force Structure, Stationing Decisions, DoD News, July 9, 2015.
63. (23 April 2018) Army Secretary Esper, senior NCO Dailey discuss modernization, recruiting, retention
64. Sydney J Freedberg Jr (May 20, 2019) Army Can Manage Both Mideast & Great Powers: Sec. Esper
65. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (May 28, 2019) South Korean exercises being revised amid peace talks Abrams USFK assessment
66. Joseph Lacdan (22 January 2020) Army updates Law of Land Warfare doctrine to increase guidance, clarity
67. US Army FM 6-27, C1 (20 September 2019) THE COMMANDER'S HANDBOOK ON THE LAW OF LAND WARFARE 208 page handbook. The Department of Defense Law of War Manual (June 2015, updated December 2016) remains the authoritative statement
68. Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (March 28, 2018) CHIPS Articles: Army Secretary defines goals for coming decade — modernization, Futures Command
69. Jeff Martin (15 October 2018) How did the Army find $25 billion for new equipment? video
70. Daniel Goure (October 18, 2018) Can Trump Rebuild The Military As Deficits Balloon?
71. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (October 26, 2018) Joint Experiments Will Pick Budget Winners & Losers: Dunford Task is to cut $33 Billion from 2020 budget
72. Youtube: What will $716 Billion Buy You? US Defense Budget 2019 Weapons
73. Michael J. Meese (23 Dec 2016) Chapter 4 : The American Defense Budget 2017–2020 Note Fed chart 1970-2026
74. Paul McLeary (October 26, 2018) Trump Orders DoD To Take Surprise $33B Budget Cut 2020 DoD budget cut from $733 billion to $700 billion
75. Paul McLeary (November 14, 2018) The Pentagon’s First-Ever Audit: A Big Disappointment?
76. Wesley Morgan (09 December 2018) Trump reverses course, tells Pentagon to boost budget request to $750 billion
77. Army Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (February 26, 2019) FY20 budget proposal realigns $30 billion
78. Sydney J Freedberg Jr (May 24, 2019) Defense Spending Will Bust BCA Caps: Mark Cancian
79. Sydney J Freedberg Jr (May 29, 2019) Army Big 6 Gets $10B More Over 2021-2025
80. Field Manual No. 3-96 (8 October 2015) Brigade Combat Team FM 3-96
81. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-03-30. Retrieved 2015-03-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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82. "Cavalry Brigade Combat Team assumes new design, transition nearly complete". U.S. Army. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
83. Lt. Col. Mike Hammond (July 18, 2019) In Search of Synchronized Tactical Logistics The BSB Commander is responsible for "field trains command post (FTCP) and combat trains command post (CTCP) operations". —Army Field Manual 3-96
84. "Ft Hood's 615th ASB trains at McGregor Range", Fort Bliss Monitor 6/26/2013
85. 3rd Squadron, 6th Cavalry, in Iraq Army.mil, accessdate=2016-03-18
86. 2008 White Paper requesting DIVARTY
87. "DIVARTY - Division Artillery". Retrieved 19 October 2016.
88. Spc. Matthew Marcellus, 1st Armored Division (MAY 15, 2019) Agile and lethal: 4-27 Field Artillery conducts Table XVIII gunnery training May 7 accessdate=2019-08-11
89. Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (March 13, 2019) FY20 budget to boost air & missile defense
90. Joe Lacdan (October 22, 2018) Army to fuse laser technology onto air defense system
91. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2014-09-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
92. Lt. Col. Fenicia L. Jackson, Capt. Karina Cuenca, and Chief Warrant Officer 3 Daniel Austin (October 1, 2019) Early results testing the new CASL at NTC improves readiness
93. Lt. Col. Charles L. Montgomery (April 1, 2019) Deploying an SSA's CASL for an armored brigade combat team
94. (31 May 2018) Additional supply system focus boosts student knowledge of new technology
95. PB 700–20–03 Headquarters, Department of the Army (July-September 2020) Army Sustainment Army Sustainment Professional Bulletin (ASPB) Vol. 52, Issue 3
96. "USA TODAY: Latest World and US News - USATODAY.com". Archive.militarytimes.com. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
97. 204th Military Intelligence Battalion to join Aerial Intelligence Brigade, Fortblissbugle.com, accessdate=2015-05-21
98. Priorities for Our Nation's Army with General Mark A. Milley (23 Jun 2016)
99. "CSA explains how skeletal advisory brigades could regenerate force". Retrieved 19 October 2016.
100. (16 October 2017) First security force assistance brigade training for deployment
101. Lolita C. Baldor (4 May 2017) Associated Press Uncle Sam: We want you... to train others! $5K bonus offered accessdate=2017-05-05
102. Security force assistance brigades to free Brigade combat teams from advise, assist mission
103. Army Moves Closer to Establishing First Security Force Assistance Brigade
104. 1st SFAB promotes first Soldiers to sergeant under new policy
105. Jaffe and Ryan (21 January 2018), Washington Post Up to 1,000 more U.S. troops could be headed to Afghanistan this spring
106. Jared Keller Task & Purpose (22 Jan 2018) The 1st SFAB’s Afghan Deployment Is A Moment Of Truth For The Global War On Terror for 2018, with subsequent SFABs after the year
107. Security Force Assistance Brigade (2 May 2018) ATP 3-96.1 152 pages
108. Capt. John May (November 27, 2017) Military Advisor Training Academy prepares 1st SFAB as combat advisors
109. Jared Serbu (August 24, 2018) Army experimenting with SOF-tested equipment while building long-term tactical network plan
110. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (July 18, 2019) Futures Command showcases efforts ahead of upcoming FOC ITN for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd SFABs
111. Kimberly Underwood (20 August 2018) U.S. Army Fields Inflatable Satellite Antenna
112. (December 21, 2017) Equipping SFABs: A 'Rubik's Cube' of logistics over 5,000 pieces of equipment
113. Bridget Lynch & Greg Hall, PEO C3T Public Affairs (September 5, 2018)
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114. AUSA (16 October 2017) AUSA Video clip, Warriors corner #9: All things Security Force Assistance Brigade (SFAB), part of the article, "First security force assistance brigade training for deployment"
115. (6 December 2017) Eyes in the Sky with 1st SFAB
116. "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade: Who we are and why You should volunteer" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-22. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
117. Army creates Security Force Assistance Brigade and Military Advisor Training Academy at Fort Benning accessdate=2017-02-24
118. (9 February 2018) 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade holds activation ceremony
119. U.S. Army Public Affairs (January 11, 2018) Department of the Army announces upcoming deployment of the 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade
120. Army announces activation of second Security Force Assistance Brigade at Fort Bragg
121. CSM, 1st Battalion, 2nd SFAB identified
122. Bridget Lynch & Greg Hall, PEO C3T Public Affairs (September 5, 2018) Network Support Continues for Army's SFABs
123. U.S. Army Office of the Chief of Public Affairs (18 May 2018) Army announces the stationing of three Security Force Assistance Brigades
124. Indiana National Guard to stand up new assistance brigade
125. SOF News (January 30, 2019) 54th Security Force Assistance Brigade
126. C. Todd Lopez (May 8, 2019) Success of first SFAB in Afghanistan proves 'Army got it right,' commander says
127. Force Assistance Command Public Affairs (December 3, 2018) Security Force Assistance Command, 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade activate at Fort Bragg
128. Fort Bragg will be home to Security Force Assistance Command
129. (4 April 2018) General Officer Assignments
     • Mark Landes to be Security Force Assistance Director, G3/5/7 at Fort Bragg
130. Maj. Matthew Fontaine (August 18, 2018) 1st SFAB Commander earns 1st Star and Promotion to Brigadier General
131. (7 September 2018) 2nd SFAB commander earns first star
132. Todd South (8 May 2019) The next Army SFAB deployments might look a whole lot different from recent ones
133. U.S. Army Public Affairs (18 October 2018) Department of the Army announces upcoming 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade unit rotation to Afghanistan Spring 2019
134. Kyle Rempfer (16 July 2019) 3rd Security Force Assistance Brigade activates, preps for Mideast missions
135. U.S. Army Public Affairs (August 16, 2019) Army announces upcoming 3rd Security Force Assistance Brigade unit rotation
136. Kari Hawkins (AMCOM) (September 16, 2009) Security Assistance Command plants its flag
137. Megan Cotton (June 6, 2019) Ensuring Readiness for Strategic Support: Strategic Power Projection
138. Col. Rodney H. Honeycutt, Richard A. Bezold, and Robin T. Dothager (September 5, 2017) Establishing Europe's Army pre-positioned stocks
139. Justin Graff, 401st AFSB Public Affairs (December 16, 2017) AMC deputy commander assesses APS-5 readiness, combat configuration
140. Headquarters, Dept of the Army (July 2019) ADP 6-0 Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces 4 chapters. See also ADP 3-0; ADP 6-22; FM 6-22; ADP 1-1; and ADP 5-0
141. David B. Larter (9 Oct 2018) The US Army is preparing to fight in Europe, but can it even get there?
142. Capt. Richard Foote, 593rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) (April 21, 2017) Putting the expeditionary in ESC
143. Maj. Daniel J. N. Belzer (January 2, 2019) Command relationships between corps and ESCs ESC = (Expeditionary Support Command); TSC = (Theater Support Command)
144. See, for example Francis J.H. Park (November/December 2007) "The strategic plans and policy officer in the modular division"
145. The 29th Division (National Guard) headquarters is deployed as Intermediate Command for ARCENT in Kuwait
146. Two National Guard division headquarters are deployed simultaneously for the first time since the Korean war
147. "We need two command posts. We need to be able to shut one down and move it while the other is still in the fight." —MG Pat White, CG 1st Armored Division Army senior leaders meet at Bliss for command post huddle accessdate=2017-01-26
     • Abigail Meyer, Fort Bliss Public Affairs Office (01.18.2017) Army senior leaders meet at Bliss for command post huddle
148. Amy Walker, PEO C3T/PM Tactical Network Public Affairs (January 11, 2018) Army pushing to get Secure Wi-Fi on battlefield to gain strategic edge over enemies
     • Devon L. Suits (July 26, 2018) "CERDEC unveils more than a dozen new technologies for mission command"
     • Kathryn Bailey, Communication-Electronics PAO (June 28, 2018) Command post modernization vision - first, make it mobile
     • Justin Eimers (PEO C3T) (October 1, 2019) U.S. Army 'mission complete' on mission command software reduction CPCE upgrades for upwards compatibility with system future versions. Remove redundant servers.
149. Staff Sgt. Samuel Northrup (April 1, 2019) New Army vehicles being developed to counter modern threats to Command Post Directed Requirement Pilot Program of prototypes
150. Army improves mobility, readiness with new secure wireless systems accessdate=2017-06-09
151. Maj. Jeremy Horton and Col. Ted Thomas, Mission Command Center of Excellence (27 May 2020) Adapt or Die: Command Posts - Surviving the Future Fight
152. Todd South (June 4, 2019) How changes to mission command will mean soldiers taking risks and taking charge on complex battlefields
153. John Cogbill and Eli Myers (5 August 2020) Decentralizing the Fight: Re-imagining the Brigade Combat Team's Headquarters Using 3rd BCT, 101st Airborne Division "Rakkasans" Headquarters March 2019 at JRTC, "maintained a dual-capable satellite/4G LTE GRRIP system at each location for redundancy, and a SMART-T at the rear and main command posts" for 99% uptime
154. AUSA (27 March 2018) Army not ready to announce Futures Command home
155. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (13 Sep 2018) Futures Command Won’t Hurt Oversight, Army Tells Congress
156. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (July 19, 2019) In first year, Futures Command grows from 12 to 24,000 personnel
157. Army Futures Command Task Force (28 March 2018) "Army Futures Command"
158. Austin American-Statesman (12 July 2018) Report: Austin selected as site of Army’s new Futures Command center
159. (7 Nov 2017) Army Directive 2017-33 (Enabling the Army Modernization Task Force)
160. USArmy tweet: Futures Command will have the overarching objective to achieve clear overmatch in future conflicts, making Soldiers and units more lethal to win the nation's wars, then return home safely.
161. Long-range, short term
162. Picatinny Arsenal, PEO (AMMO)
163. First unit with TRILOS
164. Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO) note PNT capability
165. Army Will Field 100 Km Cannon, 500 Km Missiles: LRPF CFT
166. Vergun, David. "US Army Futures Command to reform modernization, says secretary of the Army". www.army.mil. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
167. (13 July 2018) University of Texas System to serve as home base for U.S. Army Futures Command
168. Stripes.com: Army’s new Futures Command to set up headquarters at University of Texas
169. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (August 15, 2018) Army Futures Command aims to tap into innovative culture in Austin and beyond
170. DVIDs video, 24 August 2018 press conference
171. Ryan McCarthy (06 October 2017) Army Directive 2017-24 (Cross-Functional Team Pilot In Support of Materiel Development)
172. (12 Sep 2017) Army Directive 2017-22 (Implementation of Acquisition Reform Initiatives 1 and 2)
173. 3 Pillars of AFC
174. Breaking Defense (26 March 2018) Army Outlines Futures Command; Org Chart In Flux
175. AUSA (14 June 2018), "Authority Transfers Begin to Army Futures Command"
176. Reference for Department of the Army General Order No. 2018-10. (4 June 2018)
177. ARL Public Affairs (October 5, 2018) Officials announce new senior executive at Army Research Laboratory
     • ARL Public Affairs (September 14, 2018) Army taps researcher for senior science position
178. Army General order G.O.2018-10
179. Ms. Audra Calloway (Picatinny) (September 19, 2018) With new Army Futures Command, senior acquisition leader discusses role of Program Executive Offices
180. David Vergun, Army News Service (October 10, 2018) Army Futures Command to become 'global command,' says its leader
181. Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard (April 1, 2019) The number one priority: An interview with Gen. Mark Milley: Readiness (both current and future)
182. ASA(ALT) Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) (Friday, October 4, 2019) Army Advanced Manufacturing Initiative
     • Ryan McCarthy (18 September 2019) Army Directive 2019-29 (Enabling Readiness and Modernization Through Advanced Manufacturing) This directive is to be implemented by Materiel Command and Futures Command; the proponent will be ASA(ALT)
     • Mark Esper (07 Dec 2018) Army Directive 2018-26 (Enabling Modernization Through the Management of Intellectual Property)
     • Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (October 23, 2019) Army’s 3D Printing Hub Will Be Rock Island: Gen. Perna The 10 Active Army divisions each have a deployable 3D printer as part of the Metal Working & Machining Shop Set (MWMSS), in expandable mobile containers. The 3D designs are downloaded from an interim digital repository developed in-house by Army Futures Command, the Repository for Additive Parts for Tactical and Operational Readiness (RAPTOR).
     • Industry Week Staff (May 21, 2019) Additive Manufacturing Center of Excellence Opens at Army Center Rock Island Arsenal (RIA)
     • Sgt. Travis M. O'Brien (January 4, 2016) Advanced shop sets for Soldiers' advanced skill sets MWMSS for MOS 91Es
     • Thomas Brading (December 5, 2019) Advanced manufacturing techniques set to cut costs, timelines
     • Thomas Brading (19 February 2020) Army scientists develop cutting-edge, durable 3D printing technology
183. Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (10 February 2020) AMC evaluating power-projection capabilities in Defender-Europe 2020 Defender Pacific 2021 is in planning stage. To support readiness, 3-D printing rights are under negotiation.
184. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (10 March 2020) Soldier-centered approach helping lead ground modernization efforts FY2021 planning in the top six priorities for modernization
     • $9 billion was realigned using the "night court review" of items in the Army's budget over the next 5 fiscal years; $63 billion is now allocated for modernization in that 5 year period
     • For Soldier lethality:
       • Enhanced Night Vision Goggle-Binocular was defined and fielded in 18 months
       • Similarly, a software system for mission command, the Command Post Computing Environment has now been fielded
     • In Long range precision fires, successful tests have occurred in:
       • ERCA (Extended range cannon artillery) has demonstrated accurate hits (within 1 meter) at over 40 miles range
       • PrSM (Precision strike missile) has demonstrated 150 mile range within its expected accuracy and instrumentation in an overhead detonation
185. Gen. David G. Perkins, U.S. Army (November-December 2017) Military Review III "Multi-Domain Battle The Advent of Twenty-First Century War"
186. David Vergun (05.31.2017) Multi-domain battle has immediate applications, says Gen. Perkins
187. (Sep 16, 2015) Perkins discusses operationalizing the Army Operating Concept
188. Maj. Richard W. Gibson (October 1, 2018) Applying Multi-Domain Concepts Against Counter-Space Threats
189. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (24 Jan 2019) Hack, Jam, Sense & Shoot: Army Creates 1st Multi-Domain Unit an MDO Battalion for Targeting, I Corps.
190. Adm. Harry B. Harris Jr., U.S. Pacific Command (May 25, 2016) LANPAC Symposium 2016: “Role of Land Forces In Ensuring Access To Shared Domains”
191. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 September 2018) Trump Eases Cyber Ops, But Safeguards Remain: Joint Staff
192. Mark Pomerleau (8 May 2019) New authorities mean lots of new missions at Cyber Command
193. PEO C3T May 30, 2018
194. Justin Eimers, PEO C3T (October 3, 2018) Network Cross-Functional Team, acquisition partners experimenting to modernize tactical network
195. Theresa Hitchens (November 14, 2019) OSD & Joint Staff Grapple With Joint All-Domain Command Joint Chiefs of Staff#Joint Staff buy-in
196. Theresa Hitchens (December 02, 2019) Hey SDA, AFRL Boosts Space-Based Internet Tests
197. Amy Walker, PM Tactical Network, PEO C3T public affairs (December 4, 2019) Global network design unifies Army modernization efforts GAIT will be used in Defender 2020
198. U.S. Army (April 30, 2019) Profile: Program Executive Office for Command, Control and Communications-Tactical (PEO C3T)
199. Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (October 25, 2018) Interoperability a key focus in building the Army's future network
200. DoD (May 16, 2018) Army Officials Testify on FY 2019 Budget Request
201. Mark Pomerleau (April 1, 2019) How the Army will sustain its tactical network of the future ITN to take advantage of Tobyhanna depot
202. Mark Pomerleau (21 Jan 2020) What a deployment to the Middle East means for testing a new Army network An operational deployment begun 1 Jan 2020, which won't be instrumented, will provide some Soldier feedback, but instrumented testing is deferred until after redeployment.
     • Mark Pomerleau (25 September 2019) How the Army will test its new battlefield network
203. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (3 April 2019) Multi-Domain Networks: The Army, The Allies & AI: Incremental ITN Capability sets '21, '23, '25
204. Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (June 21, 2019) New tech, accessibility to improve Army tactical networks
205. DEFENDER-EUROPE 20 videos, images and stories
206. By Matthew Dalton (29 February 2020) Unmanning a Twenty-Second Century Navy "America's principal national defense strategy: deterrence in peacetime"
207. Lt. Col. Travis Dettmer (9 February 2020) U.S. Army Futures and Concepts Center teaches Multi-Domain Operations to NATO Allied Land Command MDO
208. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (January 13, 2020) Infinite Games & War By Other Means: Ryan McCarthy: "We must be engaged in constant competition, versus an episodic engagement strategy" —Secretary Ryan McCarthy
209. Kyle Mizokami (8 Mar 2020) The Air Force’s New Weapon Is…Shipping Containers? "Drone maker Kratos Defense is proposing inserting its new XQ-58A Valkyrie drone in a modified shipping container" into selected Indo-Pacific locations as pre-positioned stock for quick armed response to threats. Hundreds of containers could be deployed but not all need be occupied with Valkyries.
     • Garrett Reim (3 Mar 2020) Why the US Air Force might use ‘deception’ and UAVs hidden in shipping containers to fight China
210. Amy Walker and Justin Eimers, PEO C3T Public Affairs (April 8, 2019) Multinational exercises aim to improve coalition data sharing
211. Shawn Nesaw (March 20, 2019) Latest sensor upgrades boost recon vehicle capabilities NBCRV
212. Spc. Miguel Ruiz, Joint Modernization Command (MAY 8, 2019) Back to the future: US, partner nations assess future warfighting capabilities at JMC-sponsored JWA 19
213. Maj. Gen. Rodney D. Fogg, Brig. Gen. Douglas M. McBride Jr., and Maj. Graham Davidson (July 18, 2019) Focus:Sustaining the Future Fight LSCO compared to Patton's 3rd Army
214. Capt. Matthew Miller (July 18, 2019) Multi-Domain Intelligence Support for Sustainment Risks of non delivery
215. Gen. Gustave "Gus" Perna (July 18, 2019) AMC Commander: Battlefield Sustainment Requires Intuition
216. Lt. Gen. Michael Lundy, Col. Richard Creed, and Lt. Col. Scott Pence (July 18, 2019) Feeding the Forge: Sustaining Large-Scale Ground Combat Operations
217. Kyle Rempfer (September 20, 2019) Army’s new chief looks to prep the force for large-scale combat 40th CSA mulls deployments for Large-Scale Combat Operations — LSCO
218. The Indo-Pacific Theater is "our priority theater"—Mark Esper. Aaron Mehta (27 August 2019) Esper calls for new basing investments in the Pacific Sites to be determined
219. Todd South (10 Jan 2020) The Pacific must mean more than Korea rotations for the Army to counter China —Secretary McCarthy
220. Todd South (May 8, 2019) The Pacific push: New rotation, thousands more soldiers heading to the region as the Army readies for a new kind of fight
221. Jen Judson (4 February 2020) US Army wants to expand pre-positioned stock in Pacific APS Preparation for 2021: Test of the 24-hour/7-days a week operations center, and Army sealift capability in Pacific, just as Defender 2020 is a "test of the rails and roads in Europe"
222. Headquarters, United States European Command (11 March 2020) Exercise Defender-Europe 20 update Troop reduction
223. Theresa Hitchens (13 March 2020) COVID-19: WH Relocates Space Council Meet; Space Symposium Postponed
224. U.S. Army (16 March 2020) DEFENDER-Europe 20 modified in size and scope
225. Kevin Baron (17 March 2020) Attacks on DOD Networks Soar As Telework Inflicts ‘Unprecedented’ Loads
226. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (October 11, 2018) Second phase of Multi-Domain Task Force pilot headed to Europe
227. Paul McLeary (16 December 2019) From The Baltic To Black Seas, Defender Exercise Goes Big, With Hefty Price Tag
228. Jen Judson (8 September 2019) US Army’s multidomain force emerges in Europe
229. Jacob Kriss, CECOM Public Affairs (October 16, 2019) CECOM Empowering Strategic Support Area Readiness: Strategic Power Projection Pre-positioned stocks "with enough equipment for an entire brigade or division, up to 15,000"
230. Joe Lacdan (September 25, 2019) More joint efforts likely as the Army prepares for multi-domain operations Combined Resolve XII; 10th Mountain Div for Atlantic Resolve; 2/1CD & Cab/3ID to Eucom; AR to : Immediate Response (hosted by Croatia and Slovenia), Saber Guardian (in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania), and Swift Response; Operation Cobra Gold (hosted by Thailand). A speedup in tempo by CFTs is needed.
231. Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (June 13, 2019) Poland Deal Lays Groundwork For Division-Strength Deployment: A division-scale exercise next year in Europe, Defender 2020, will be the largest in a quarter-century. Establishes 7 major elements going forward beyond 2020.
232. U.S. Army Public Affairs (October 7, 2019) Army exercise largest in 25 years Test the ability to deploy 20,000 Soldiers to Europe
233. Lt. Gen. Stephen Twitty (October 1, 2019) Logistics Important to Shaping the European Theater
234. Major Bradley Cooper, U.S. Army (September 2019) Precision Logistics: Sustainment for Multi-Domain Operations LSCO
235. U.S. Army Public Affairs (21 January 2020) Army begins movement for Defender-Europe 20 exercise
236. Sgt. 1st Class Kelvin Ringold (16 January 2020) 'Wolfpack' prepares for DEFENDER mission 13th Expeditionary Sustainment Command (ESC)
237. Christopher Woody (Oct 16, 2019) The US Army is worried about a potential showdown with Russia, and it's practicing a new way to get to a fight in Europe
238. Roger N. McDermott (03 February 2020) Moscow Reacts Warily to NATO’s Largest Military Exercise in 25 Years "The wide-spanning maneuvers are to focus on the Baltic States, Poland and Georgia, involving more than 36,000 personnel from 11 countries (Lenta.ru, January 26, 2020)"
239. US Army (October 15, 2019) Army Guard improves readiness, supports National Defense Strategy "is in the process of realigning eight full National Guard divisions for the Army"
240. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (October 15, 2019) Defender exercise to deploy 20,000 Soldiers to project power in Europe
241. JOHN VANDIVER (January 6, 2020) Middle East crisis could mean adjustments to Europe’s largest military exercise in decades "The Army will adapt as needed, USAREUR officials said."
     • Task Force White Devil —82nd Airborne Division (20 February 2020) Nearly 800 Soldiers return home after Middle East deployment 1/82nd Airborne's 2nd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment (2-504th PIR), serving as Immediate Response Battalion (IRB) for Central command, as well as 3-73rd Cavalry Regiment, and 3-319th Field Artillery redeploys to home station
       • Troops returning from the deployment of 1/82ndAB BCT have been ordered to quarantine for two weeks without any flu-like symptoms, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic —Kyle Rempfer (19 March 2020) This is Fort Bragg’s FOB-style quarantine. (The specific action was possible because the deploying soldiers have a known PULHES Factor from their Readiness profile)
242. Aaron Mehta (15 Mar 2020) Estonia’s top military officer on putting aside national interests for regional defense
243. Spc. Elliott Page (3 February 2020) Coleman Barracks Army Prepositioned Stock Site DEFENDER-Europe 20 Movement
244. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (24 October 2019) TITAN system being developed to tie 'deep sensing' to long-range fires For use in I2CEWS battalion of a Multi-domain task force
245. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (7 February 2020 Vice chief of staff: Speed of modernization no longer at 'glacial pace'
246. BREAKING DEFENSE STAFF (17 October 2019) Mind the Gap: The Army Looks to a New Assault Bridge for Heavy Armor Maneuvers in Europe
247. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (06 February 2020) OMFV: The Army’s Polish Bridge Problem Optionally manned fighting vehicle (OMFV) is a modernization project. The 11-meter Joint Assault Bridge is short for a major European river. Abrams tanks are heavier than typical Eastern European bridges' weight limits.
248. Office of the Chief of Public Affairs (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - The Art, Science, and Challenges of River Crossing (USACE)
249. ART 1.2.8.1 Conduct Forward Passage of Lines
250. (2020) DEFENDER Europe Trifold
251. Paul McCleary (4 September 2019) Major War Game To Jolt 4 Services, Force Decisions
252. Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (January 14, 2020) Army Chief Seeks ‘Minimally Manned’ Vehicles, Joint C2 LRPF, ITN, IBCS, FARA, FLRAA, and "We need a joint command and control system" —Army Chief of Staff James C. McConville
253. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (November 22, 2019) SecArmy’s Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from TRADOC pam 525-3-1
254. Dan Gouré (May 24, 2019) A New Joint Doctrine for an Era of Multi-Domain Operations MDO- MDC2- Distributed Maritime Operations- Marine Corps Operating Concept- "distributed lethality to connect ships, submarines, aircraft and satellites in networks for sensing, commanding and shooting"
255. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (September 12, 2019) Army Multi-Domain Wargame Reveals C2 Shortfalls MDC2 software improvements needed
     • Theresa Hitchens (November 12, 2019) Navy, Air Force Chiefs Agree To Work On All Domain C2 Change nomenclature: from MDC2 to JADC2
256. Lt. Gen. David Perkins (June 18, 2013) Understanding Mission command is beyond C2
257. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 Feb 2020) Army Ramps Up Funding For Laser Shield, Hypersonic Sword In FY2021 HELs funding is up 209 percent; LRHW funding is up 86 percent. RCCTO spending is $1 billion in 2021.
258. Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (17 Sep 2019) Target, Kaliningrad: Air Force Puts Putin On Notice
     • Charlie Gao (May 25, 2018) NATO's Worst Nightmare: Russia's Kaliningrad Is Armed to the Teeth
     • Reuters Reporting by Jack Stubbs; Editing by Andrew Osborn (FEBRUARY 5, 2018) Russia deploys Iskander nuclear-capable missiles to Kaliningrad: RIA RIA news agency
259. CRS Insight (IN11019) (January 17, 2019) The U.S. Army and Multi-Domain Operations
     • Todd South (11 August 2019) This 3-star Army general explains what multi-domain operations mean for you "think, assess and employ all domains when necessary"— General Wesley
260. Todd South (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-domain ops "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"
261. Office of the Chief of Public Affairs, US Army (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities The Army is the largest user of Space
     • 1. Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing
       2. Tactical Space: SDA is structuring a multi-layer satellite system:
          1. Backbone layer for data transport downward to the long-range precision fires
          2. Custody layer for missiles' trajectories, whether friendly or threat
          3. Tracking layer for hypersonic glide vehicles which represent threats to the multi-layer satellite system
          4. Space situational awareness for cis-lunar trajectories,
       3. NavWar
262. Colin Clark (18 Feb 2020) Gen. Hyten On The New American Way of War: All-Domain Operations
     • "A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
       • "forces from satellites to foot soldiers to submarines sharing battle data at machine-to-machine speed"
     • "it’s the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"—Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
       • All-Domain Operations use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense"
263. Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (22 July 2020) Milley Assigns Service Roles In All-Domain Ops Concept
264. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (22 Jan 2020) ABMS Can’t Be ‘Sole Solution’ For Joint C2, Army Tells Air Force — Exclusive Scaling sensors, shooters, land-based C2, and JADC2
265. David Larter and Carl Pinze (September 15, 2019) Armed with a new missile, the LCS comes of age
266. Paul Birch, Ray Reeves and Brad DeWees (19 February 2020) How To Build JADC2 To Make It Truly Joint "Any sensor should be able to link to any shooter and any command and control node"
267. Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service (October 21, 2019) AFC deputy: Combined capabilities make military might more lethal
268. Loren Thompson (4 February 2020) Pentagon Aims To Build Vast Space Sensor Layer
269. Jay Koester(23 April 2020) JADC2 ‘Experiment 2’ provides looking glass into future experimentation Army's Joint Modernization Command (JMC) JADC2 Experiments 1 and 2
270. Justin Lee (November 21, 2019) MILCOM 2019 HIGHLIGHTS URGENT NEED FOR JOINT ALL-DOMAIN COMMAND AND CONTROL
271. Lauren C. Williams (NOV 13, 2019) Air Force gears up for first 'connect-a-thon'
272. "Finding and engaging high-value relocatable ground systems within rapid timelines" is the Air Force's operational objective in this JADC2 exercise —Eliahu Norwood, Greg Grant, and Tyler Lewis (December 2019) A new battle command architecture for multi-domain operations: countering peer adversary power projection
273. Theresa Hitchens (6 Dec 2019, updated 5:21pm) First Multi Domain C2 Exercise Planned: ABMS Onramp
274. Theresa Hitchens (21 Jan 2020) ABMS Demos Speed New Capabilities To Warfighters connections: C130 to LEO Starlink; F22 to F35;
275. Theresa Hitchens (December 23, 2019) OSD, Services Get First Look At Air Force Multi-Domain Chops
276. Theresa Hitchens (5 May 2020) The Key To All-Domain Warfare Is ‘Predictive Analysis:’ Gen. O’Shaughnessy
277. Theresa Hitchens (3 March 2020) Attack On US Satellites Focus Of Next ABMS Test: Goldfein Joint Chiefs will attend the next ABMS test, which will span bases from Eglin AFB to Nellis AFB; Yuma Proving Ground to White Sands Missile Range. All the joint chiefs plan to be there
278. Theresa Hitchens (14 May 2020) MDA: All-Domain C2 Key To Countering Hypersonic Missiles
279. Theresa Hitchens (10 June 2020) CQ Brown Brings Pacific Focus; Keen Interest In Joint Ops Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Brown
280. Theresa Hitchens (4 Aug 2020) Army IBCS Critical To JADC2: STRATCOM’s Adm. Richard
281. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 May 2020) Army Invites Air Force ABMS To Big Network Test: Project Convergence
282. Theresa Hitchens (6 August 2020) AF Tests F-35, Stealth Fleet For Integrated Electronic Warfare
283. Paul McLeary (2 April 2020) EXCLUSIVE Indo-Pacom Chief’s Bold $20 Billion Plan For Pacific; What Will Hill Do?
284. Thomas Brading, Army News Service (21 May 2020) Talent management key to filling future specialized MDO units I2CEWS battalion needs to be filled using the Assignment Interactive Module 2.0 (AIM 2.0)
285. Kyle Rempfer (30 May 2020) Final SFAB activates with upcoming missions in Asia, as Army plans a Pacific Pathways restart "5th SFAB has hired 90 percent of its required troops"
286. Theresa Hitchens (10 Aug 2020) Spacepower Is ‘Catastrophically Decisive’ In War: New Space Force Doctrine —Gen. Jay Raymond,
     1. "Orbital Warfare,
     2. Space Electromagnetic Warfare,
     3. Space Battle Management,
     4. Space Access and Sustainment,
     5. Military Intelligence,
     6. Cyber Operations, and
     7. Engineering/Acquisitions".
287. Aaron Mehta (14 Aug 2020) ‘No lines on the battlefield’: Pentagon’s new war-fighting concept takes shape
288. Morgan Dwyer (10 July 2020) Making the most of the Air Force’s investment in Joint All Domain Command and Control
289. Sydney J Freedberg Jr (13 Mar 2020) ‘No Timeout’ In Future Wars: Army Gen. Murray EXCLUSIVE
290. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 April 2020) COVID-19: Army Futures Command Takes Wargames Online
291. Headquarters DCS, G3-5-7 (July 23, 2018) U.S. Army Allies and Partners: 9 lines of effort
292. An example exercise —Spc. Joseph Knoch, 5th Public Affairs Detachment (July 11, 2019) Guard units join US Army and Hungarian forces in exercise: 3rd 197th Artillery Battalion from the Ohio and New Hampshire National Guards working alongside Hungarian Defense Forces (HDF)
293. Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (July 12, 2019) Relationship with allies key to maintaining competitive edge, says SF commander From the perspective of Special Forces
294. "Interoperability is huge for our Army; we fight as a coalition..."—Lt. Gen. Jim Richardson Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (April 4, 2019) Allies to join Army Futures Command
295. Lt. Col. Edward A. Fraser and Command Sgt. Maj. Robert V. Abernethy (April 1, 2019) Strong Europe: A continental-scale combat sustainment laboratory includes Euler diagram of European alliances, partners, competitors
296. Sgt. LaShic Patterson (August 6, 2019) 2/2CR unloads vehicles at the Poti port for AS19 Agile Spirit 19: Vaziani Military Base, Tbilisi, Georgia
297. Maj. Kevin Sandell, U.S. Army Central Public Affairs (June 26, 2019) U.S. physician teaches Steppe Eagle 19 medical participants to 'race the Reaper'
298. Wendover Productions (27 August 2019) The US' Overseas Military Base Strategy Estimates 800 current DoD bases, but some of them are transitory. Video clip.
299. Eric Schmitt The New York Times (14 July 2019) "Rehearsing for a Shadow War Against a Foe Embraced by Trump" pp. A1, A10.
300. Reuters (11 Jan 2020) Minister says Britain must reduce military dependence on U.S.: report
301. National Guard Bureau (January 2019) State Partnership Program.
302. BRADLEY BOWMAN and THOMAS PLEDGER (10 August 2020) Modernize The National Guard’s State Partnership Program
303. Sgt. Christopher Stewart (April 8, 2019) Germany's 1st Armored Division Spearheads Allied Spirit X
304. Spc. Yon Henderson (April 17, 2019) Exercise brings American firepower to European partners
305. Sgt. Thomas Mort (April 23, 2019) 2-34 Intel team proves invaluable during Allied Spirit X
306. Capt. Jay Beeman, 5th Battalion, 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade (April 30, 2019) Combat advisor teams sharpen skills in multinational exercise
307. Sgt. Sean Harding (25 February 2020) 3rd SFAB and Kurdish Peshmerga work side by side to defeat threats; Peshmerga refers to the Iraqi Kurdish Army.
308. Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (July 19, 2019) Building relationships, interoperability through exchange program
309. Paul McLeary and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 July 2020) US & UK Ink Pact On Next-Gen Aircraft, Long-Range Missiles
310. Thomas Brading, Army News Service (13 January 2020) More deployments, stronger presence set for Pacific, says SecArmy
311. GEN Charles C. Campbell (June 2009), "ARFORGEN: Maturing the Model, Refining the Process". Army Magazine, AUSA.org
312. "Allyn outlines keys to readiness under pressure | Article | The United States Army". Army.mil. 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
313. Thomas Brading, Army News Service (October 22, 2019) Half of BCTs now at highest level of readiness, as Army looks to add more
314. Mark Cancian and Adam Saxton (14 February 2020) 2021 Budget Spells The End of US Force Expansion Reduced topline $740.5 billion; Army remains at 31 BCTs, 5 SFABs, and 11 CABs.
315. Thomas Brading, Army News Service (19 February 2020) Army leaders save $1.2 billion to fund modernization push After a set of 'Night court' cuts
316. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (August 8, 2019) Former Army Ranger helps save man on commercial jet
317. David Vergun (October 9, 2018) Army readiness, lethality increasing amid troubled world, says chief of staff
318. Mark Cancian (25 March 2019) 2020 Budget: One Half Step Towards A Great Power Strategy: Notes Army's difficulty reaching end-strength objectives.
319. Sgt. LaShawna Custom, 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command (March 27, 2019) OC/Ts improved readiness during Roving Sands 19 Observer-Coach/Trainer
320. Army Times (17 Nov 2018) The Army is extending recruiters orders by two months
321. Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (May 13, 2019) Large cities see jump in recruits
322. ‘ AUSA (October 26, 2018) Atrophied’ Recruiting Strategy Being Overhauled surge operation in 22 cities, 3 other actions
323. Army Directive 2018-22 (8 Nov 2018) Retention Policy for Non-Deployable Soldiers
     • Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (November 15, 2018) Non-deployable directive to help Army work toward more 'lethal' force
     • Laven2 (20 November 2018) Non-deployable directive to help Army work toward more lethal force
324. U.S. Army Center for Initial Military Training Staff (May 20, 2019) Army to conduct assessment of alternate ACFT events
325. Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management Friday, (August 16, 2019) Soldier and Family Readiness Groups
326. Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (June 12, 2019) Army making improvements to Family Readiness Groups
327. Devon L. Suits (October 17, 2018) Study reveals impact of Army Families on retention, recruiting: When spouses favor Army life, 93% of Soldiers stay; but when spouses do not, 44% stay in the Army.
328. The US Army (Aug 9, 2019) Change of Responsibility Ceremony: Army Chief of staff and sergeant major of the Army
329. Strangers as family 32nd AAMDC helps Soldier, family, in need
330. US Army (6 March 2019) US Military plans release of Tenant bill of rights
331. (6 Feb 2019) Senior leaders discuss upcoming moves to ease family concerns Army to receive authorization for direct hires of personnel, e.g., childcare workers
332. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (June 11, 2019) Army lengthens tours for Soldiers in Europe, Japan
333. But moves in summertime cause satisfaction ratings to drop from 95% down to 80%. The Military Moves Hundreds of Thousands of Families Each Summer. Many of Them Don't Go Well
334. Winifred Brown (20 May 2020) Retiring Camp Zama teacher reflects on 33 years of service
335. Terri Moon Cronk, Defense.gov (10 February 2020) DOD vows to help Exceptional Family Member Program
336. Devon Suits, Army News Service (11 August 2020) New Army Digital Garrison app serves as guide to on-post services 60 installations are currently on the app, which runs on iPhone or Android.
337. aerhq.org, Did you know ..." example notice —p.2A, lower right-hand corner
338. Chaplain (Capt.) Calvin Park (20 June 2019) Count the cost page 5b
339. Army.mil Stand-to: Headquarters, U.S. Army Surgeon General (Friday, 24 January 2020) Transfer of Army Medical Treatment Facilities (MTFs) to Defense Health Agency (DHA), no later than (NLT) 21 October 2021.
340. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (6 December 2019) Surgeon general reaffirms promise of quality care during DHA transfer
341. Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (15 August 2019) Army makes changes to Total Army Sponsorship Program
342. Army News Service (11 Feb 2019) Installation Management Command to realign under Army Materiel Command
     • "We are deeply troubled by the recent reports highlighting the deficient conditions in some of our family housing. It is unacceptable for our families who sacrifice so much to have to endure these hardships in their own homes."—Secretary of the Army, Dr. Mark T. Esper and Chief of Staff of the Army, Gen. Mark A. Milley "US Army statement on military housing". U.S. Army. 13 February 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
343. (2019 summary) Reuters special report on military housing
344. Army Public Affairs (2 October 2019) Army senior leaders discuss progress in reforming the Military Privatized Housing Initiative
     • U.S. Army Public Affairs (27 September 2019) Lt. Gen. Jason Evans confirmed as Army's new Deputy Chief of Staff, G-9 'DCS, G-9' was formerly known as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management (ACSIM)
345. Kari Hawkins, AMC (21 January 2020) Army focuses on making installations number one choice for military families
346. U.S. Army Public Affairs (6 February 2020) Army Secretary Ryan D. McCarthy, other service secretaries, meet with housing executives Lists 7 measures
347. Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (March 4, 2020) DOD working to add key provisions to tenant bill of rights 3 more provisions sought: "a dispute resolution process, the right to withhold rent until a dispute is resolved, and access to a building's maintenance history before the move-in date"
348. Sgt. Audrey Hayes (October 17, 2018) Army Reserve preparing to fight on a new battlefield
349. Sgt. Bethany Huff (October 23, 2018) U.S. Army Reserve pilots Deployment Assistance Teams for RFX units
350. Capt. Joselyn Sydnor, 653rd Regional Support Group (July 17, 2019) Bliss MSF ROC drill tests MFGI capabilities Mobilization Support Force (MSF).
351. Laven2 (20 Nov 2018) 210th Regional Support Group (RSG) Soldiers provide support for civilians of Mobilization & Demobilization (MaD) Brigade S1/transition
352. AUSA (8 October 2018) ARMY UPDATES MOBILIZATION MODEL
353. Sgt. 1st Class Brent Powell (September 26, 2019) Reserve brigade marks historic first with multi-state field training exercise
     • Capt. Joselyn Sydnor (October 2, 2019) 30th ABCT mobilization identifies challenges, successes of expansion 653rd Regional Support Group was mobilized as the Fort Bliss Mobilization Brigade; the mobilization of 30th ABCT was used to test out the mobilization process of the reserve component of the Army.
354. Army.mil, Department of the Army Announces Associated Units Pilot accessdate=2016-03-22
355. 36th ID making Guard history in Afghanistan
356. Total Army Force leaders plan three-year 'Associated Units' Pilot Army.mil, accessdate=2016-06-01
357. Myers, Meghann (2016-03-22). "army-pilot-links-active-guard-and-reserve-units-training-deployments". Armytimes.com. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
358. https://www.army.mil/article/196318/associated_units_concept_improving_readiness_says_mg_jarrard
359. http://www.multibriefs.com/briefs/ncnga/AssociatedUnits2.pdf
360. Capt. Matthew Pargett (March 25, 2019) Squad tactics tested on new virtual marksmanship trainer
361. Sgt. Brandon Banzhaf (April 24, 2019) Focus on teamwork, education helps build a squad of infantrymen
362. Franklin Fisher (August 22, 2019) Army overhauls small arms training with tougher standards, combat-like rigor
363. Joanna Bradley, CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (April 18, 2019) Aviation, Missile Center teams develops Stryker simulator
364. Juliet Van Wagenen (October 10, 2014) Lockheed Martin Delivers Digital Air Ground Integration Range to US Army
365. Eric Pilgrim, Fort Knox News (July 22, 2019) Army to break ground on Digital Air-Ground Integration Range this fall
366. Sundt Orogrande (2013 est.) Digital Air Ground Integration Range (DAGIR)
367. Mark Price (27 February 2020) Elaborate unconventional warfare exercise set for undisclosed sites in North Carolina JFK Special Warfare school: acting as guerrilla freedom fighters
368. Mario J. Hoffmann (October 1, 2018) Modernizing the Army's OPFOR program to become a near-peer sparring partner
369. Todd South (7 Aug 2020) New Army soldier facility combines tech to sharpen soldier-squad lethality
370. Patti Bielling, Synthetic Training Environment CFT (June 11, 2019) 1st SFAB Soldiers hone close combat skills on Army's newest virtual trainer
371. Spc. William Griffen (20 February 2020) HHBN masters the fundamentals of convoy escort
372. Ms. Elvia E Kelly (IMCOM) (26 February 2020) 'Machine Gun University' keeps Soldiers ready for real-world missions Squad Advanced Marksmanship Training at Fort Bragg's Virtual Training Center, 20 Feb. 2020
373. Dr. Charles K. Pickar, Naval Postgraduate School (October 29, 2019) An exercise to experience Experential learning
374. Army ALT Magazine (January 29, 2019) Then And Now: Training for the Future —Retired Gen. Peter W. Chiarelli, 32nd vice chief of staff of the Army: "I believe that a training environment .. should be a maneuver trainer, and it should be a gunnery trainer."
375. Maj. Anthony Clas, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division Public Affairs (10/31/2019) Regulars’ battalion masters the fundamentals during squad live-fire exercise
376. Army rebuilding short-range air defense Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (July 2, 2019) Army rebuilding short-range air defense Manpads training for 14P MOS using synthetic training environment (STE)
377. Army ALT Magazine (January 29, 2019) Then And Now: Training for the Future
378. Army Regulation AR 10–87 Glossary (11 December 2017) "Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands, and Direct Reporting Units" p.53
379. Sean Kimmons (October 11, 2018) Second phase of Multi-Domain Task Force pilot headed to Europe
380. Office of the Chief of Public Affairs (Wednesday, October 4, 2017) Readiness 2017
381. "STAND-TO! Army Readiness Guidance, Army G-3/5/7 (Thursday, May 19, 2016)". Retrieved 19 October 2016.
382. Capt. Clare Saxton and 1st Lt. Getoar Luzha (November 20, 2017) 2nd Cavalry Regiment Stryker common chassis course
383. CSA Mark Milley (20 Jan 2016) Army Readiness Guidance, 2016/2017
384. ASA(ALT) Weapon Systems Handbook 2018 update Page 32 lists how this handbook is organized. 440 pages.
     • By Modernization priority
     • By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely — °Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support
     • ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404
385. HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES. UNITED STATES SENATE, ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS,FIRST SESSION (MARCH 25, 2015) THE CURRENT STATE OF READINESS OF U.S.FORCES IN REVIEW OF THE DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION REQUEST FOR FISCAL YEAR 2016 AND THE FUTURE YEARS DEFENSE PROGRAM
386. Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (April 17, 2019) Army Tells Shoddy Suppliers: Shape Up
387. Miles Brown (April 18, 2019) AMCOM transforming to support multi-domain operations Bill Marriott: the aviation LCMC is responsible
388. JOHN VANDIVER, STARS AND STRIPES (January 18, 2018) ‘Big Red One’ deploying division headquarters for Europe mission
389. (2008) Army Prepositioned Stocks: Indispensable to America’s Global Force-projection Capability
390. (19 Sep 2018) New G-8 embraces streamlining tech acquisition
391. Paul McLeary (3 July 2019) US Upgrades Ukrainian Ports To Fit American Warships Maritime Operations Centers at Ochakiv and Mykolaiv
392. ASC Public Affairs release (9 September 25, 2012) Army strategic flotilla
393. (17 February 2019) Reforming for Readiness: CECOM brings AMC up to speed
394. Ellen Crown, U.S. Army Medical Materiel Agency Public Affairs (August 9, 2018) Army Tests Readiness of Medical Prepositioned Stocks
395. Justin Graff, 401st AFSB Public Affairs (July 13, 2018) Largest ever equipment issue from APS-5 to support Operation Spartan Shield
396. Kyle Rempfer (2 April 2018) US air defense artillery brigade begins new European mission for first time since Cold War
397. (26 September 2018) U.S. Pulling Some Missile-Defense Systems Out of Mideast
398. Michael Bachner (26 September 2018) US said to pull Patriot air-defense systems from Mideast as threats shift
399. Spc. Kelsey VanFleet (September 28, 2018) US Army Europe: Modernizing at the tip of the spear
400. Jeff Martin (2019/10/22) Video: 30mm cannons and a new network: Here's what the Stryker brigade of the future will look like Video interview, Col. William Venable
401. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 June 2020) Army Reassures Anxious Industry Over Stryker Cannon Competition Competition to up-gun Stryker to 30mm autocannon
402. John Vandiver, Defense Media Activity (27 March 2019) Soldiers head to Europe: Pentagon sends Fort Bliss troops on snap deployment
403. David Burge (20 March 2019) B-2 THAAD deploys to Israel: 11th ADA Bde. unit participates in joint rapid deployment exercise
404. Capt. Robert N Durr 10th AAMDC (March 14, 2019) U.S. Deploys THAAD to Israel
405. Capt. Aaron Smith, 174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (17 April 2019) USEUCOM concludes 11th ADA, THAAD task force deployment to Israel
406. Sgt. 1st Class Jason Epperson (May 22, 2019) US deploys THAAD anti-missile system in first deployment to Romania
     • Defence Blog (7 September 2019) U.S. redeploys highly advanced anti-missile defense system from Romania —10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command news release. (10th AAMDC provided mission command for the exercise)
407. Spc. Christina Westover, 24th TPASE (April 10, 2019) Eurovision 2nd ABCT Soldiers, Polish 12th Mech. display might
408. Sgt Sarah Kirby 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Tennessee Army National Guard (September 2018) Tenn. Army National Guard Assumes Responsibility of NATO’s eFP Battle Group Poland!
409. Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (May 6, 2019) New capabilities, rotations to bolster Army presence in Eastern Europe
410. WSJ (12 June 2019) US plans new military deployment in Poland
411. Lolita C. Baldor, The Associated Press (11 June 2019) Officials: US to send about 1,000 more troops to Poland
412. U.S. Army Sgt. Kyle Larsen, 5th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment (June 27, 2019) 174th ADA and NATO demonstrate lethality over 16-day span Tobruq Legacy 2019 (TOLY19) Ustka, Poland
413. Paul McLeary (December 13, 2019) Defense Chief: With Giant Exercise Looming, Poland Looks To Lead Central Europe
414. Paul McLeary (24 June 2020) Poland Talks New Bases As Duda Meets At White House
415. Paul McLeary (3 August 2020) Poland Agrees To Pay Almost All Costs of US Troop Presence
416. Kyle Rempfer (4 Aug 2020) Army’s resurrected V Corps will go to Poland 5500 US troops now authorized for Poland. Rotational forces of 200 troops from V Corps will staff the forward command post, out of a 630-member HHBN based at Fort Knox Kentucky.
     • Meghann Myers and Kyle Rempfer (4 Aug 2020) With the Germany withdrawal, Poland is set to be hosting a lot more US troops
417. Meghann Myers , Aaron Mehta , and Sebastian Sprenger (29 Jul 2020) Thousands of troops are coming home from Germany, but some of them could be going right back
418. Paul McLeary (31 July 2020) Poland Wraps Deal For Permanent US Troops, Drones, Special Ops In addition,
     • "4,500 members of the Second Cavalry Regiment in Germany will return to the US, and then begin rotations in the Black Sea region"
     • 2000 troops to relocate from Stuttgart to Mons
     • On hold: 2000 Airmen were due to deploy from UK to Germany
     • An F-16 squadron will move from UK to Italy
419. Congressman Pete Gallego announces statement by Chief of Staff of the Army, Jun 26, 2013: by 2019, the Regular Army is planned to be 490,000 troops, down from 570,000 in 2012. Archived 2014-09-13 at the Wayback Machine Gallego.house.gov, accessdate=2014-09-03
     • Brigade combat teams cut at 10 posts will help other BCTs grow Army.mil, accessdate=2014-09-03
420. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-24. Retrieved 2012-06-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
421. "Army outlines plan to inactivate 7 brigade combat teams | Army Times". armytimes.com. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
422. Army to re-align brigades, Army.mil, accessed 2015-07-10
423. "3rd Brigade Combat Team transitions into task force". Retrieved 19 October 2016.
424. (15 June 2017) Department of the Army announces force structure decisions for fiscal year 2017
425. (18 May 2017) Security force assistance brigades to free brigade combat teams from advise, assist mission
426. Army to cut 40,000 Soldiers, 17,000 civilians, Army.mil, accessed 2015-07-10
427. Mission Command in the Regionally Aligned Division Headquarters p.5, Usacac.army.mil, accessed 2015-10-16
428. 1st AD Headquarters was deployed to Iraq, 12 July 2017 —1ST AD TAKES ON MISSION accessdate=2017-07-22
429. David Burge (12 June 2019) ‘Ready First’ gets an A: 1st SBCT to become 1st ABCT June 20, infantry battalions to reflag
430. 1st Armored Division Public Affairs Office (September 20, 2018) Fort Bliss-based 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team to be converted to an Armored Brigade
431. (20 September 2018) Army to transition two brigades to add heavy firepower as it prepares for near-peer conflict
432. Staff Sgt. Kris Bonet, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division (SEPTEMBER 4, 2019) M1A2 SEP V2 arrive ‘Ready First’ receives tanks following armor conversion
433. U.S. Army Public Affairs (October 18, 2018) Department of the Army announces upcoming 1st Armored Division Combat Aviation Brigade unit rotation
434. Laven2 (24 Oct 2018) ‘Heavy Cav’ prepares for CAB deployment FARPs, Live fire, and AAI RQ-7 Shadow training
435. Roeder, Tom (2015-05-12). "Sustainment Brigade Changes Name, Gets Ready to Deploy to Afghanistan". Military.com. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
436. Combined Resolve IV Archived 2015-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 2015-05-23
437. 2nd ABCT deploys to South Korea in the summer of 2017 —Department of the Army announces 1st Cavalry Division deployment accessdate=2017-07-22
438. "'Dagger' brigade readies for AFRICOM missions". Retrieved 19 October 2016.
439. Army to pair National Guard, Reserve units with active-duty units, Stars and Stripes, by Corey Dickstein, dated 22 March 2016, last accessed 27 November 2016
440. "Army lays out plan to cut 40,000 soldiers". Armytimes.com. 2015-07-10. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
441. Media Operations Division. "4th Infantry Division to support Operation Atlantic Resolve | United States European Command". Eucom.mil. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
442. Staff Sgt. Neysa Canfield (15 June 2020) New Beginnings: Fort Carson infantry brigade converts to Stryker brigade
443. In May 2017, during their rotation to EUCOM, Combined Resolve VIII, 3rd ABCT/4th ID combined with land and aviation forces from six partner nations, Albania, Finland, Hungary, Kosovo, Romania and the Ukraine. The combined team will operate within 3rd ABCT's combined arms structure. The scenario is to defend a European nation from attack. in a NATO Article V incident. —(31 May 2017) 3/4 ID evolves into multinational brigade at Combined Resolve VIII accessdate=2017-07-18
444. "7th ID reorganizing to be deployable, Army announces". Armytimes.com. 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
445. Archived May 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
446. http://www.stripes.com/news/army-to-pair-national-guard-reserve-units-with-active-duty-units-1.400570
447. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2016-12-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
448. 2nd IBCT/10th MD is to deploy to Iraq, Fall 2017 —Department of the Army announces 10th Mountain Division deployment
449. https://vt.public.ng.mil/About-Us/Units/86th-Infantry-Brigade-Combat-Team-Mountain-/
450. Soldiers of the 2nd BCT/101st Airborne Division served as the first rotational brigade during NIE 17.2 in July 2017 at Fort Bliss. 1st Battalion 502nd Infantry Regiment served as their opposing force. —David Burge (16 July 2017) "Fort Campbell soldiers travel to Bliss for modernization mission" El Paso Times
451. Spartan Brigade to become Army's newest armored brigade accessdate=2016-12-02
     • MICC supporting Army's efforts for newest armored brigade (24 March 2017) accessdate=2017-03-30. The 10th in the Active component, but the 15th ABCT in the total force.
452. "4th Brigade Combat Team (Airborne)". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2018-01-08.

External links

• Feickert, Andrew. "U.S. Army's Modular Redesign: Issues for Congress" (PDF). Updated May 5, 2006. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-28. Retrieved 2017-06-30. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• 2007 Army Modernization Plan
• Moran, Michael (2007-09-14). "U.S. Army Force Restructuring, "Modularity," and Iraq". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
• GlobalSecurity.org article about current transformation
• GlobalSecurity.org article about Force XXI
• Addendum D: Naming Convention for Headquarters and Forces
• John Gordon, "Transforming for What? Challenges Facing Western Militaries Today", Focus stratégique, Paris, Ifri, November 2008.
• ARFORGEN — Army Force Generation Graphic showing the three stages before deployment, discussion, ARFORGEN from Warrant Officer viewpoint, and example of training for deployment