Army of the United States

The Army of the United States is one of the four major service components of the United States Army (the others being the Regular Army, the United States Army Reserve and the United States National Guard),[1] but it has been inactive since the suspension of the draft in 1973 and the U.S. military's transition to a volunteer force.[2] Personnel serving in the United States Army during a major national emergency or armed conflict (either voluntarily or involuntarily) were enlisted into the Army of the United States, without specifying service in a component.

Not to be confused with the United States Army.

The term "Army of the United States" or "Armies of the United States" is also the legal name of the collective land forces of the United States, as prescribed by the United States Constitution.[3][4] In this concept, the term "Army of the United States" has been in use since at least 1841, as in the title General Regulations for the Army of the United States.

History

World War I

The original concept of a non-Regular Army component, existing to augment the standing military, can trace its origins to the United States Volunteers. State volunteer forces were used extensively to augment the Regular Army throughout the 19th and early 20th century. During World War I and dictated by the provisions of the National Defense Act of 1916, states contributed men to the "Volunteer Army" (more commonly known as the National Army).[5] During World War I, a standard practice developed for Regular Army officers to serve in higher positions within the National Army, and thus hold two ranks - a permanent rank and a temporary rank. This concept was related to the idea of the brevet rank, which had generally fallen into disuse by the time of the First World War. The National Army was suspended after World War I.

World War II

In September 1940, the United States reintroduced conscription in response to the increasing likelihood of entry into World War II. Personnel voluntarily enlisting into the United States Army could choose to voluntarily enlist into the Regular Army, National Guard of the United States, or Organized Reserve. On 14 May 1940, legislation provided that all voluntary enlistments in the United States Army during a time of national emergency or war were to be in the Army of the United States "without specification of any particular component or unit thereof." The "Army of the United States" as a service component was formally activated in February 1941.[6] It was legally considered the successor to the National Army.

The Army of the United States saw a major expansion following the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. On 13 December 1941, legislation provided that personnel inducted into the United States Army under the terms of the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 were, both retroactively and from that date on, considered to be serving in the Army of the United States.

The first commissioned officers serving in the Army of the United States were appointed from the Regular Army, generally southerners. The standard practice that these officers held a "permanent rank" within the Regular Army as well as a higher "temporary rank" while serving in the Army of the United States. A typical situation might be a colonel in the AUS holding the permanent rank of captain in the Regular Army. Another term for rank held in the Army of the United States was "theater rank."[7]

Promotions within the Army of the United States were sometimes very rapid, and some officers were promoted as many as four to five times in the space of just three to four years. Dwight D. Eisenhower, who served as General of the Army, rose from a colonel to five-star general in three years. However, rank in the AUS could be revoked just as easily, with senior commanders who were relieved reverting to their permanent Regular Army rank. This was known as "loss of theater rank", with some instances of generals returning to the United States in disgrace or at least under a cloud, as only colonels or majors.[8]

Divisions of the Army of the United States

Division	Date Activated	Campaign Participation Credit
11th Airborne Division	25 February 1942	New Guinea, Southern Philippines, Luzon
13th Airborne Division	15 August 1943	No combat
17th Airborne Division	15 April 1943	Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe
101st Airborne Division	15 August 1942	Normandy, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
5th Armored Division	10 October 1941	Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Central Europe
6th Armored Division	15 February 1942	Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
7th Armored Division	15 February 1942	Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
8th Armored Division	1 April 1942	Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
9th Armored Division	15 July 1942	Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
10th Armored Division	15 July 1942	Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
11th Armored Division	15 August 1942	Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
12th Armored Division	15 September 1942	Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
13th Armored Division	15 October 1942	Rhineland, Central Europe
14th Armored Division	15 November 1942	Rhineland, Central Europe
16th Armored Division	15 July 1943	Central Europe
20th Armored Division	15 March 1943	Central Europe
25th Infantry Division	1 October 1941	Central Pacific, Guadalcanal, Northern Solomons, Luzon
42nd Infantry Division	14 July 1943	Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe
63rd Infantry Division	15 June 1943	Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe
65th Infantry Division	16 August 1943	Rhineland, Central Europe
66th Infantry Division	15 April 1943	Northern France
69th Infantry Division	15 May 1943	Rhineland, Central Europe
70th Infantry Division	15 June 1943	Rhineland, Central Europe
71st Infantry Division	15 July 1943	Rhineland, Central Europe
75th Infantry Division	15 April 1943	Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
92nd Infantry Division	15 October 1942	North Apennines, Po Valley
93rd Infantry Division	15 May 1942	New Guinea, Northern Solomons, Bismarck Archipelago
102nd Infantry Division	15 September 1942	Rhineland, Central Europe
106th Infantry Division	15 March 1943	Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe
10th Mountain Division	15 July 1943	North Apennines, Po Valley

In 1946, with postwar demobilization, the Army of the United States was suspended, along with the draft. Officers from that point reverted to Regular Army rank and all enlisted personnel either were discharged from the Army of the United States and returned to civilian life, or accepted the offer to reenlist in the Regular Army. Units raised in the Army of the United States were deactivated; if the Army chose to activate them again permanently, they were allotted to the Regular Army.

Korean War and Vietnam War

The Army of the United States was demobilized in 1946, but still maintained as a component of the Army. Upon the outbreak of the Korean War, the Army of the United States consisted of conscripts in the Regular Army, with the National Guard and Army of the United States existing simultaneously in the same theater. The system of prefixes before service numbers was as follows:

• ER: Enlisted Reserve
• OR: Officer Reserve
• NG: National Guard
• RA: Regular Army
• US: Army of the United States

. The last use of the Army of the United States (AUS) was during the Vietnam War. It was disbanded in 1974.

Administrative usage

The Army Reserve (USAR) and Army National Guard (ARNG) remained separate components during the modern era of conscription, and their members continued to use their unique identifiers, except in those cases in which officers were appointed or commissioned into a higher grade of rank while on active duty serving in a Regular Army unit. For example, during the war in Vietnam, a graduate of Army ROTC, commissioned as a USAR 2d lieutenant and serving his initial active duty tour, could be promoted to 1st lieutenant, or even captain, with a "temporary", active duty (i.e., AUS) commission, while still holding the permanent, USAR rank of 2d lieutenant. Another example would be an ARNG officer serving on active duty, who might accept a commission in the Regular Army (RA), and then might be promoted one or two grades in the AUS above their RA grade. This possibility could result in situations in which an Army National Guard captain could be called to active duty and accept a commission as a Regular Army major, then be promoted in the AUS, holding a "temporary", active duty commission at a higher rank, and then could retire after 20 or more years of active duty as a lieutenant colonel or colonel, while actually only having met the time-in-grade requirements (and passed the promotion board selection screening process) for the "permanent", Regular Army rank of major.

Service equivalents

There is no equivalent to the Army of the United States in the Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard. During WWII, officers who joined one of these branches were typically commissioned into the "Naval Reserve," "Marine Corps Reserve," or "Coast Guard Reserve" respectively (the last of these being newly created in the run up to the war), with the understanding that their active service would be only for the duration of the hostilities. In 1948, for a very brief period, a component known as the "Air Forces of the United States" (AFUS) existed to augment Army Air Forces personnel, who held AUS ranks, into the newly created United States Air Force.[9]

References

1. United States Code, Title 32, Subtitle A, Chapter V, Subchapter F, Part 571 Subpart A, Section 571.1(c/3)
2. Bailey, Beth, "America's Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force", Belknap Press; (November 23, 2009)
3. U.S. Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1
4. United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001, 10 U.S.C. § 3001
5. • "The Draft Force of the United States Army", (Yarborough, William P., Lieutenant General, RA), Self Published, 1973
6. "Conscription Order #1", Office of the War Department, Records of the Personnel Division (G-1), U.S. National Archives Record Group 165
7. Bell, William G., "Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff", Center of Military History, United States Army, 1997
8. Haskew, Michael E., "West Point 1915: Eisenhower, Bradley, and the Class the Stars Fell On. Minneapolis", Quarto Publishing Group (2014)
9. United States National Archives, Archival service record of Curtis Lemay (Summary of Service), released Nov 2008