Relief Line (Toronto)

The Relief Line (formerly the Downtown Relief Line or DRL) was a proposed rapid transit line for the Toronto subway system, intended to provide capacity relief to the Yonge segment of Line 1 and Bloor–Yonge station and extend subway service coverage in the city's east end in the first phase.

Relief Line
Overview
Type	Rapid transit
System	Toronto subway
Status	Cancelled[1]
Locale	Toronto, Ontario
Termini	Pape, Osgoode
Stations	8
Website	reliefline.ca
Operation
Operator(s)	Toronto Transit Commission
Route map proposed extension north Pape Lakeshore East line Gerrard Carlaw Broadview Don Valley Parkway Don River Richmond Hill line Sumach Sherbourne Queen–Yonge Osgoode potential extension west

In April 2019, the Government of Ontario under Doug Ford announced that a new Ontario Line would be built instead of the Relief Line. Thus, in June 2019, TTC and City staff suspended further planning work on the Relief Line.[2]

Several plans for an east–west downtown subway date back to the early 20th century, most of which ran along Queen Street.[3] Since the early 21st century, studies propose a line that would run south from Line 2 Bloor–Danforth at a point east of the Don River, before bending westward along Queen Street into Downtown Toronto.[4][5]

The Relief Line is included in the regional transportation plan The Big Move and is one of Metrolinx's top 15 transit priorities.[6][7] In August 2018, an alignment was approved by the Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation, and Parks.

In October 2019, Toronto City Council voted 22–3 to support the Ontario Line plan in place of the Relief Line, effectively cancelling it.[1]

Purpose

Bloor–Yonge station during a service disruption on Line 1 Yonge–University

The purpose of the Relief Line is to help reduce current and projected congestion in downtown Toronto.[8] In 2012, it was becoming apparent to the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) and Metrolinx that even with proposed improvements, Line 1 Yonge–University – and particularly Bloor–Yonge station, the main interchange with Line 2 Bloor–Danforth – were facing significant capacity constraints.[9] In 2011, Line 1 was officially over capacity between St. Clair and College stations. After fully converting the line's fleet to higher capacity Toronto Rocket trains the section between St. Clair and Bloor–Yonge stations was no longer officially over capacity.[10] However, since 2015, Line 1 still operates 11% over its capacity south of Line 2 during the morning rush hour.[11] The future implementation of automatic train control will help further increase the capacity of Line 1 to 33,000 ppl/hr/dir.[10] Other factors are expected to reduce demand such as the extension of the University portion of Line 1 into Vaughan, and other local transit improvements. However, after factoring in population and employment growth and the proposed extension of Line 1 north into Richmond Hill, Metrolinx projects it will be at 96% of its capacity by 2031 even with committed improvements.[11] The Relief Line will provide an alternate route for commuters heading downtown by allowing them to bypass the most congested segment of Line 1 and avoid transferring at Bloor–Yonge Station.

Significant growth is also planned adjacent to the downtown core and throughout the Greater Toronto Area. Population and employment in Toronto's downtown core are projected to increase by 83% and 28%, respectively, by 2031. This is expected to increase future transit demand into the downtown core by 55%.[8] On top of the projected congestion on Line 1 and at Bloor–Yonge station, the increase in the downtown population will put pressure on the congested 504 King and 501 Queen streetcars (two of the TTC's busiest surface transit routes).[8][12] Metrolinx in a separate report projects that with the implementation of GO Transit's Regional Express Rail service, passenger traffic at Union Station will double or triple 2005 volumes by 2031. This could lead to a significant capacity shortfall for Union Station beyond 2031, potentially requiring a modified Relief Line with connections to auxiliary GO Transit stations to "offload" demand at Union Station.[13]

Route

Toronto city staff are still studying the route of the Relief Line, and this is the proposed route as of April 2017: the line will begin at Pape station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, heading south under Pape Avenue, then veering west between Riverdale Avenue and Gerrard Street. It will continue south under Carlaw Avenue to south of Queen Street East. The line then will curve westward, running approximately along Eastern Avenue to Sumach Street and King Street East, where the line would veer northwest until about Parliament Street and Queen Street. The line would then continue westward under Queen Street to terminate at University Avenue.[14][15]

Stations

Stations along the first phase (Relief Line South), from the existing Osgoode station to the existing Pape station, would be:[14][15]

• Osgoode station at Queen Street and University Avenue with connection to the University segment of Line 1 Yonge–University.
• Queen station, an existing station at Queen Street and Yonge Street with connection to the Yonge segment of Line 1 Yonge–University.
• Sherbourne station[16] at Sherbourne Street and Queen Street East, serving the Regent Park and Moss Park neighbourhoods.
• Sumach station, at Sumach Street and King Street East, with connections to the 504 King streetcar.
• Broadview station,[16] at Broadview Avenue and Eastern Avenue, connecting to a proposed East Harbour GO station along the Lakeshore East and Stouffville GO rail corridors.[17]
• Carlaw station,[18] north side of Queen Street East at Carlaw Avenue, with connection to the 501 Queen streetcar.
• Gerrard station, north side of Gerrard Street between Pape Avenue and Carlaw Avenue, with connections to the 506 Carlton streetcar and possibly the 505 Dundas streetcar and also to a proposed GO station along the Lakeshore East and Stouffville GO rail corridors.[17]
• Pape station with connection to Line 2 Bloor–Danforth.

History

1910–1944: The underground streetcar

Early precursors to the Relief Line in 1910 and 1944[3]

As opposed to underground trains used in many modern subway systems, early 20th century rapid transit proposals such as the Relief Line were for underground streetcars as premetros.[19]

On August 25, 1910, the first serious proposal for the Relief Line was made by Jacobs & Davies, a New York City‐based firm of consulting engineers, with The Report on Transit to the Mayor and Council of the City of Toronto.[20] An underground streetcar formed a rough U-shape from today's Broadview station, along the waterfront to Spadina Avenue, and then following Spadina Avenue, College Street, Dovercourt Road, Bloor Street and Dundas Street to the West Toronto Diamond.[3]

Plans from 1911 and 1944 also called for the Queen streetcar to be underground. When the original Yonge line was built in 1954, Queen station was built with roughed-in infrastructure for the proposed underground streetcar platform. Most of this unfinished portion of the station is inaccessible to the public; it is sometimes referred to as Lower Queen.[3]

In June 1968, one month after Bloor–Danforth extensions to Warden and Islington opened and a few months before construction of the Eglinton to Finch portion of the system was started, the TTC made clear that a Queen subway from Roncesvalles to Donlands station should be the next priority. The Toronto Star reported on June 12, 1968, that the 17-station, 12.5-kilometre (7.8 mi) line would cost between $150 million and $200 million. The TTC acquired land for the corridor on the west side of Greenwood Yard and still holds the Oakvale Greenspace. By mid-1969, the line was considered to be ready for construction, but was soon considered a lower priority than the Spadina line at the suburban-dominated Metro Council.

1980s: A new subway line

In the 1980s, the TTC, Metropolitan Toronto and the Government of Ontario did several analyses of forecasted urban growth and alternative transportation scenarios for the downtown to Bloor area. In 1982, the Accelerated Rapid Transit Study considered multiple options for a "radial line", connecting Dundas West and Donlands stations with a U-shape through downtown. This planning continued into 1985, with downtown alignments following King Street, Queen Street, Front Street and the railways to and from Union Station.[21]

The TTC released the Network 2011 plan in 1985, and a Relief Line was one of the three routes proposed.[22] As part of the 2011 Network plan, the Relief Line was proposed to run between Pape station on the Bloor–Danforth line, south to Eastern Avenue, and then west to Union Station, the Rogers Centre (then known as the SkyDome) and Spadina Avenue.[23]

Three possible alignments were considered for the westward extension. The least expensive would follow the railway right-of-way past the Exhibition GO Station and up to the Galt-Weston railway corridor, taking it to Dundas West station. Another alternative would go west of Strachan Avenue along the Oakville Subdivision rail lines to Roncesvalles Avenue, where it would turn north to connect to the Bloor line at Dundas West. The third alignment considered ran along an elevated guideway on Parkside Drive at the eastern edge of High Park to Keele station.[23]

The Relief Line disappeared from transit plans soon after the province delayed approving Metropolitan Toronto's Network 2011 plan. The provincial government was alarmed over the construction cost and withdrew political support for the new line. There were no serious plans for the Relief Line for the next two decades.

2008–2019: Planning revival

In 2008, Metrolinx published The Big Move, the regional transportation plan for the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area. The plan called for a Relief Line extending in a U-shape from Pape, through Queen and Osgoode stations to Dundas West within 25 years. Metrolinx Chair Rob MacIsaac stated in 2008 that the line is unlikely to be brought forward from its projected 2020 start date but deemed it of "regional significance".[24][25] In 2009, Toronto City Council expressed support for this plan.[25] By late 2011, there was renewed interest in the proposal among mainstream media and the general populace.[26]

In March 2012, TTC Chief Executive Office (CEO) Andy Byford stated there is great need for additional subway capacity with the increasing population of Toronto, and capacity issues along Line 1 Yonge–University: "The downtown relief line has got to be looked at and has got to be talked about right now." Metrolinx officials stated that capacity issues may allow the Relief Line to be given higher priority in the regional transportation plan, The Big Move.[27] Metrolinx CEO Bruce McCuaig stressed that the Downtown Relief Line should be prioritized and completed in 15 years, as part of Metrolinx's "next wave" of projects in The Big Move transit expansion plan.[28] In February 2013, the Metrolinx Board approved changes to The Big Move that re-prioritized the eastern segment of the Relief Line to the 15-year plan, and made it one of the 15 top priority projects in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area.[7]

The Downtown Rapid Transit Expansion Study (DRTES) was completed by the TTC in 2012, which examined four alternative Relief Line configurations between Pape and St. Andrew, with varying extensions north to Science Centre station (at Don Mills and Eglinton) and west to Dundas West station.[29][30][31] The TTC's 2015 DRL study identified four potential corridors, which involved combinations beginning at Line 2 at Broadview or Pape, and going through downtown via King or Queen Streets.[5] On March 31, 2016, Toronto City Council approved a Relief Line corridor between Pape station and Toronto City Hall, via Pape Avenue and Queen Street.[32] The study is ongoing and examining potential alignments.[33]

On June 1, 2016, the provincial government announced $150 million funding for Metrolinx to plan and design the Relief Line. Metrolinx would collaborate with the TTC and the City in the design. Mayor John Tory estimated the line could be operational within 12 to 15 years (2028–2031).[34] In late June of the same year, a Toronto Star article reported the estimated cost of Phase 1 with eight stops to be $6.8 billion; the project was unfunded.[35]

On April 16, 2018, it was announced that the 120-day Transit Project Assessment Process (TPAP) under the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act had begun for the 7.5-kilometre (4.7 mi) Relief Line South from Osgoode to Pape stations.[18][36] This study was completed on October 24, 2018.[37] In January 2019, it was announced that the project could open by 2029.[38]

In April 2019, Ontario premier Doug Ford announced that a new Ontario Line would be built instead of the Relief Line. Thus, in June 2019, TTC and City staff suspended further planning work on the Relief Line.[2] At the time of project suspension, design work on the Relief Line was 15% complete,[39] and construction was expected to start in 2020 with completion in 2029.[40]

Ontario Line

Main article: Ontario Line

First proposed in April 2019, the Ontario Line will replace the Relief Line project. The Ontario Line will run from Science Centre station in the north to Exhibition Place in the south roughly following the Relief Line route between Pape and Osgoode stations with some differences in routing. While the Relief Line would have been completely tunneled, the Ontario Line would use a mix of elevated and tunneled right-of-way, would take advantage of a railway right-of-way south of Pape station, and would use different rail technology.[39][41]

After negotiations, the Governments of Toronto and Ontario reached a tentative agreement in October 2019 to build the Ontario Line, with the Ontario government agreeing to pay for the City's share of the costs.[42] Toronto City Council ratified the deal the following week.[1]

Comparison of Relief Line and Ontario Line features (as of July 2019)

	Relief Line	Ontario Line
Route length[41]	7.4 km (4.6 mi)	15.5 km (9.6 mi)
Number of stations[40]	8	15
Estimated cost[39]	$8–$9.2 billion	$10.4–$12 billion
Expected completion[40]	2029	2027
Train type[41]	Heavy rail	Light metro
Train length[41]	138 m (453 ft)	100 m (330 ft)
Passenger capacity per train[43]	1,458 (designed) 1,100 (observed)	850 (assumed)
Train frequency[41]	2 minutes 20 seconds	90 seconds
Daily boardings[39]	206,000	389,000
Percentage reduction of Line 2 crowding[40]	12%	17%
Number of low-income residents served[40]	19,000	34,000

Comparison of Relief Line and Ontario Line station sites (as of July 2019)[43]

Relief Line station[lower-alpha 1]	Ontario Line station	Ontario Line station type[lower-alpha 2]	Notes
Science Centre	Science Centre	Above ground	Stations for a "Relief Line North" were proposed as part of phase 2, but are all included in the Ontario Line proposal.
Flemingdon Park	Flemingdon Park	Above ground
Thorncliffe Park	Thorncliffe Park	Above ground
Cosburn	Cosburn	Underground
Pape	Pape	Underground	Terminus for Relief Line South (phase 1); through-station for the Ontario Line.
Gerrard	Gerrard	Above ground	The Ontario Line station will be along GO Transit's Lakeshore East/Stouffville rail corridor, while the Relief Line station would have been underground.
Carlaw	Leslieville	Above ground	Located along GO Transit's Lakeshore East/Stouffville rail corridor, Leslieville station's site is east of the Relief Line's Carlaw station site.
Broadview	East Harbour	Above ground	Located along GO Transit's Lakeshore East/Stouffville rail corridor, the East Harbour station site is south of the Relief Line's Broadview station site.
Sumach	Corktown	Underground	The Corktown station site is west of the Relief Line's Sumach station site.
Sherbourne/Queen	Moss Park	Underground	Moss Park and Sherbourne/Queen stations are at the same location.
Queen	Queen	Underground
Osgoode	Osgoode	Underground	Terminus for Relief Line South (phase 1); through-station for the Ontario Line.
Spadina/Queen	Queen/Spadina	Underground	Relief Line West (phase 3) also had a station proposed for Queen & Spadina.
N/A	King/Bathurst	Underground	These stations were never part of any Relief Line proposal.
N/A	Exhibition / Ontario Place	Above ground

1. All Relief Line stations were planned to be built underground.
2. For the Ontario Line, the station type "above ground" means the station could be either at-grade or elevated.

Potential extensions

Potential extensions could be made northward from the Relief Line's Line 2 connection in the east, as well as westward and northward from downtown to form a wide U-shape.[5]

While Metrolinx, the TTC and the City have historically considered the Relief Line exist south of Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue, Metrolinx, the City of Toronto, York Region and the TTC also partnered on the Yonge Relief Network Study (YRNS) in 2015. This was a more detailed benefits case analysis that examined three different options for providing relief on Line 1:[44]

• Option 1: RER Plus Network, providing enhanced service on GO Transit's Richmond Hill and Stouffville lines.
• Option 2: Relief Line, a fully grade separated subway line
  • Option 2A: Relief Line Short, between Danforth and Downtown
  • Option 2B: Relief Line Long, between Sheppard and Downtown
  • Option 2C: Relief Line U, between Danforth and Bloor, via Downtown
• Option 3: Surface LRT, between Sheppard and Downtown

The YRNS found that Option 2B (Relief Line Long) would provide the most effective relief on Line 1.[44]

North extension

Relief Line North
Don Mills Highway 401 East Don River York Mills Richmond Hill line Lawrence Canadian Pacific Railway Science Centre Flemingdon Park West Don River Thorncliffe Park Richmond Hill line Lower Don River Don Valley Parkway Cosburn Pape to Osgoode

Originally, The Big Move had called for the DRL to terminate at Danforth Avenue, and for the Don Mills LRT to continue north to Sheppard Avenue and Highway 7.[6] However, planning studies have examined potential extension of the Relief Line northward, serving the former borough of East York, and an eastern portion of North York. From Danforth Avenue, the extension would proceed north on Pape Avenue through Pape Village, across the Don Valley to Leaside; east on Overlea Boulevard through Thorncliffe Park; and north again on Don Mills Road to Sheppard Avenue and Don Mills station.[44] As of January 2019, an environmental assessment of this possible extension is being performed.[45] This extension is incorporated into the Ontario Line proposal.

West extension

Relief Line West
To Sherbourne Queen Osgoode Spadina  510  Strachan Dufferin Roncesvalles  501  504  High Park Dundas West Bloor GO/UP

The Big Move has called for the Relief Line to continue west of Osgoode and connect with Line 2 in the west.[6] From downtown, this extension would proceed west on Queen Street West and north on Roncesvalles Avenue and Dundas Street to Dundas West station.[44]

Name

Although the name Downtown Relief Line was used in planning discussions since at least 1985, there was debate about use of the name. While it will be geographically located to serve downtown, local transit observers have pointed out the line will have benefits for transit riders located in the outer suburbs of Toronto. Given political sensitivity over transit planning in Scarborough during the tenure of former mayor Rob Ford, who was the brother of Doug Ford, using the word "downtown" in a future subway line's name was perceived to be negative from the perspective of Rob Ford's suburban base.[46] In early 2013, TTC chair Karen Stintz said, "There is a general view that that line needs to get renamed."[47]

Planning undertaken by the City of Toronto referred to the proposed line simply as the "Relief Line".[48] According to the 2018–2022 TTC Corporate Plan, the Relief Line was being tentatively designated as Line 3 and coloured blue, matching the existing line number and colouring of Line 3 Scarborough, as that existing rapid transit line was intended to be replaced by an extension of Line 2 by the time the Relief Line was projected to be complete.[49]

See also

• Eglinton West line
• Line 5 Eglinton, the successor of the Eglinton West line
• Scarborough Subway Extension
• SmartTrack, a proposed regional express rail line serving the same corridor as the Relief Line

References

1. Freeman, Joshua (2019-10-29). "Council votes to approve transit expansion deal with the province". CP24. Bell Media. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
2. Spurr, Ben (2019-06-18). "TTC hits pause on relief line work amid provincial transit plans". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2019-07-26.
3. James, Royson (2015-02-27). "Toronto Downtown Relief Line: 105 years of wishing and waiting". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 2015-02-28. The concept of a rapid transit line looping down from Bloor through downtown has been around a lot longer than the politicians debating it.
4. Moore, Oliver (27 July 2017). "City proposes Queen Street route for Toronto's downtown relief line". The Globe and Mail.
5. "Potential Corridors". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
6. "The Big Move" (PDF). Metrolinx. 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
7. "Approved Changes to The Big Move" (PDF). Metrolinx. 14 February 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
8. "TTC Report: Downtown Rapid Transit Expansion Study – Phase 1 Strategic Plan" (PDF). 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
9. Kalinowski, Tess (2013-09-06). "Metrolinx studies relief line to ease TTC crowding". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
10. "Managing Crowding on Line 1 Yonge-University" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-03-26.
11. "Yonge Relief Network Study - Report for June 25th Metrolinx Board Meeting" (PDF). 2015-07-25. Retrieved 2015-07-23.
12. "Surface Ridership 2012". www.ttc.ca.
13. "Union Station 2031 and Related Planning Studies" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-11-13.
14. "Relief Line Project Assessment" (PDF). City of Toronto. 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2017-04-14. Slides 4,8&9 of presentation.
15. Powell, Betsy (2017-04-12). "Downtown relief line subway will now run under Carlaw Ave". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
16. "Notice of Completion – Notice of Completion of Environmental Project Report Relief Line South, City of Toronto and Metrolinx Transit Project Assessment Process". Relief Line. City of Toronto. 2018-08-14. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
17. Munro, Steve (2017-03-20). "How Many SmartTrack Stations Will Survive? (II) (Updated)". Retrieved 2017-04-14.
18. "Notice of Commencement – Transit Project Assessment Process and Public Meetings– Relief Line South". Relief Line. City of Toronto. 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
19. Levy, Ch. 2.0
20. Levy, Ch. 1.3
21. Levy, Ch. 12.1
22. "Network 2011 – To think of what could have been". Transit Toronto. 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
23. English, Jonathan (2006-11-10). "The Downtown Relief Line Proposal". Transit Toronto. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
24. Hertz, Barry (2008-09-04). "New subway line still a way's off, Metrolinx head says". National Post. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
25. Vincent, Donovan (2009-01-29). "City favours relief line over subway". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
26. Kalinowski, Tess (2011-11-24). "Metrolinx confirms downtown relief line is still on the map". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
27. Alcoba, Natalie (2012-03-23). "TTC chief: Subway expansion for downtown relief line has to be discussed 'right now'". National Post. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
28. O'Toole, Megan; Alcoba, Natalie (2012-11-30). "Downtown and North York Relief lines need to be bumped up, completed in 15 years: Metrolinx". National Post. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
29. "Downtown Rapid Transit Expansion Study" (PDF). Toronto Transit Commission. September 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
30. Alcoba, Natalie (2012-10-18). "Downtown Toronto needs a relief line to ease transit traffic: Study". National Post. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
31. Kalinowski, Tess (2012-10-18). "TTC makes the case for downtown relief line". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
32. "City Council considerations for March 31, 2016 - Developing Toronto's Transit Network Plan: Phase 1". app.toronto.ca.
33. "Potential Alignments". reliefline.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-02-27.
34. Spurr, Ben (1 June 2016). "Preferred route of Downtown Relief Line revealed". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
35. Spurr, Ben; Pagliaro, Jennifer (26 June 2016). "Mayor John Tory's transit priorities face financial, political challenge: analysis". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
36. "Relief Line Subway Project Advancing". Relief Line. City of Toronto. 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
37. http://www.metrolinx.com/en/docs/pdf/relief-line-epr/Ministers-Notice-to-Proceed.pdf
38. "Longtime subway relief line fantasy lurches closer to reality". thestar.com. January 17, 2019.
39. Moore, Oliver (2019-07-24). "'A greater potential for disruption': Confidential business case details plans for proposed Ontario Line subway project". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2019-07-26.
40. Spurr, Ben (2019-07-22). "Ontario Line would run on just 3 kilometres of city's relief line route, confidential plans show". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2019-07-27.
41. Spurr, Ben (2019-07-25). "Experts cast doubt on deadline, budget in Ontario Line business case". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2019-07-26.
42. Spurr, Ben (2019-10-16). "Mayor John Tory throws support behind Ontario Line as province drops subway upload". Toronto Star. Torstar. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
43. "Ontario Line Initial Business Case – July 2019" (PDF). Metrolinx. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
44. "Yonge Relief Network Study (YRNS) - Report for June 25th Metrolinx Board Meeting" (PDF). Metrolinx. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
45. "Relief Line North". relieflinenorth.ca. Metrolinx. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
46. "Should it be called the "downtown relief" subway line?". Spacing. 2012-04-09.
47. Spurr, Ben (2013-03-05). "Let's rename the Downtown Relief Line". Now Magazine. Retrieved 2013-03-25. In an interview Friday, Stintz said she expects that by the time an environmental assessment of the project is concluded in 12 to 14 months, commission staff will come forward with a new name. By that time there could be a tentative alignment for the route, so we'll know what streets it will run under, which is typically the main consideration in naming TTC lines.
48. "City of Toronto | Linking the Network Together". reliefline.ca. City of Toronto and TTC. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
49. "2018–2022 TTC Corporate Plan" (PDF). TTC.ca. Toronto Transit Commission. pp. 61–62. Retrieved 2018-06-11.

• Levy, Edward J. (2013-03-19). "Rapid Transit in Toronto: A Century of Plans, Progress, Politics and Paralysis". Archived from the original on 2015-07-25. Retrieved 2015-07-24.

External links

• Official planning website