Reference ranges for blood tests

Reference ranges for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples.Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.

Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.[1]

Interpretation

A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval).[2] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.

Plasma or whole blood

In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:

• All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
• All values in Hematology – white blood cells
• Platelet count (Plt)

A few values are for inside red blood cells only:

• Vitamin B₉ (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Units

• Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.
• Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.[3]
• International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.
• Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden.[4]
• Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity.

Arterial or venous

If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid-base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.

Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid-base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).[5] Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.[5]

Usual or optimal

Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges.In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.

Variability

Further information: Reference range

References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,[6] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity.[7] Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.

Sorted by concentration

By units

Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.

A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.

By enzyme activity

White blood cells

Sorted by category

Ions and trace metals

Further information: Trace metal and Metals in medicine

Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit*	Comments
Sodium (Na)	135,[9] 137[4][10]	145,[4][10] 147[9]	mmol/L or mEq/L[9]	See hyponatremia or hypernatremia
	310,[11] 320[11]	330,[11] 340[11]	mg/dL
Potassium (K)	3.5,[4][9] 3.6[10]	5.0,[4][9][10] 5.1	mmol/L or mEq/L[9]	See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
	14[12]	20[12]	mg/dL
Chloride (Cl)	95,[9] 98,[13] 100[4]	105,[9] 106,[13] 110[4]	mmol/L or mEq/L[9]	See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia
	340[14]	370[14]	mg/dL
Ionized calcium (Ca)	1.03,[15] 1.10[4]	1.23,[15] 1.30[4]	mmol/L	See hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia
4.1,[16] 4.4[16]	4.9,[16] 5.2[16]	mg/dL
Total calcium (Ca)	2.1,[9][17] 2.2[4]	2.5,[4][17] 2.6,[17] 2.8[9]	mmol/L
8.4,[9] 8.5[18]	10.2,[9] 10.5[18]	mg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) – male	65,[19] 76[10]	176,[19] 198[10]	µg/dL	See hypoferremia or the following: iron overload (hemochromatosis), iron poisoning, siderosis, hemosiderosis, hyperferremia
11.6,[20][21] 13.6[21]	30,[20] 32,[21] 35[21]	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – female	26,[10] 50[19]	170[10][19]	µg/dL
4.6,[21] 8.9[20]	30.4[20]	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – newborns	100[19]	250[19]	µg/dL
18[21]	45[21]	µmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – children	50[19]	120[19]	µg/dL
9[21]	21[21]	µmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)	240,[19] 262[10]	450,[19] 474[10]	μg/dL
43,[21] 47[21]	81,[21] 85[21]	µmol/L
Transferrin	190,[22] 194,[4] 204[10]	326,[4] 330,[22] 360[10]	mg/dL
	25[23]	45[23]	μmol/L
Transferrin saturation	20[19]	50[19]	%
Ferritin – Males and postmenopausal females	12[24]	300[24][25]	ng/mL or µg/L
	27[26]	670[26]	pmol/L
Ferritin – premenopausal females	12[24]	150[24] – 200[25]	ng/mL or µg/L
	27[26]	330[26] – 440[26]	pmol/L
Ammonia	10,[27] 20[28]	35,[27] 65[28]	μmol/L	See hypoammonemia and hyperammonemia
	17,[29] 34[29]	60,[29] 110[29]	μg/dL
Copper (Cu)	70[18]	150[18]	µg/dL	See hypocupremia or hypercupremia
	11[30][31]	24[30]	μmol/L
Ceruloplasmin	15[18]	60[18]	mg/dL
	1[32]	4[32]	μmol/L
Phosphate (HPO4^2−)	0.8	1.5[33]	mmol/L	See hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia
Inorganic phosphorus (serum)	1.0[9]	1.5[9]	mmol/L
	3.0[9]	4.5[9]	mg/dL
Zinc (Zn)	60,[34] 72[35]	110,[35] 130[34]	μg/dL	See zinc deficiency or zinc poisoning
9.2,[36] 11[4]	17,[4] 20[36]	µmol/L
Magnesium	1.5,[18] 1.7[37]	2.0,[18] 2.3[37]	mEq/L or mg/dL	See hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia
0.6,[38] 0.7[4]	0.82,[38] 0.95[4]	mmol/L

• Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the US and elsewhere, they are not part of SI and are now considered redundant.

Acid-base and blood gases

If arterial/venous is not specified for an acid-base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.

Acid-base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.[5] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.[39]

Test	Arterial/Venous	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
pH	Arterial	7.34,[10] 7.35[9]	7.44,[10] 7.45[9]
	Venous	7.31[40]	7.41[40]
[H^+]	Arterial	36[9]	44[9]	nmol/L
		3.6[41]	4.4[41]	ng/dL
Base excess	Arterial & venous[40]	−3[40]	+3[40]	mEq/L
Oxygen partial pressure (pO2)	Arterial pO2	10,[9] 11[42]	13,[42] 14[9]	kPa
		75,[9][10] 83[18]	100,[10] 105[9]	mmHg or torr
	Venous	4.0[42]	5.3[42]	kPa
		30[40]	40[40]	mmHg or torr
Oxygen saturation	Arterial	94,[40] 95,[13] 96[18]	100[13][18]	%
	Venous	Approximately 75[13]
Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2)	Arterial PaCO2	4.4,[9] 4.7[42]	5.9,[9] 6.0[42]	kPa
		33,[9] 35[10]	44,[9] 45[10]	mmHg or torr
	Venous	5.5,[42]	6.8[42]	kPa
		41[40]	51[40]	mmHg or torr
Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO2)	Arterial	23[40]	30[40]	mmol/L
		100[43]	132[43]	mg/dL
Bicarbonate (HCO3^−)	Arterial & venous	18[18]	23[18]	mmol/L
		110[44]	140[44]	mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe)	Arterial & venous	21, 22[9]	27, 28[9]	mmol/L or mEq/L[9]
		134[44]	170[44]	mg/dL

Liver function

Further information: Liver function tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Total protein (TotPro)		60,[9] 63[10]	78,[9] 82,[10] 84[18]	g/L	See serum total protein Interpretation
Albumin		35[9][45]	48,[10] 55[9]	g/L	See hypoalbuminemia
		3.5[10]	4.8,[10] 5.5[9]	U/L
		540[46]	740[46]	μmol/L
Globulins		23[9]	35[9]	g/L
Total bilirubin		1.7,[47] 2,[9] 3.4,[47] 5[4]	17,[9][47] 22,[47] 25[4]	μmol/L
		0.1,[9] 0.2,[10] 0.29[48]	1.0,[9][18] 1.3,[10] 1.4[48]	mg/dL
Direct/conjugated bilirubin		0.0[9] or N/A[4]	5,[9] 7[4][47]	μmol/L
		0[9][10]	0.3,[9][10] 0.4[18]	mg/dL
Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT[4])		5,[49] 7,[10] 8[9]	20,[9] 21,[13] 56[10]	U/L	Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
	Female	0.15[4]	0.75[4]	µkat/L
	Male	0.15[4]	1.1[4]
Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT[4])	Female	6[50]	34[50]	IU/L	Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
		0.25[4]	0.60[4]	µkat/L
	Male	8[50]	40[50]	IU/L
		0.25[4]	0.75[4]	µkat/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)		0.6[4]	1.8[4]	µkat/L
	Female	42[49]	98[49]	U/L
	Male	53[49]	128[49]
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)		5,[49] 8[10]	40,[49] 78[10]	U/L
	Female		0.63[51]	µkat/L
	Male		0.92[51]	µkat/L

Cardiac tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Creatine kinase (CK)	Male	24,[52] 38,[10] 60[49]	174,[18] 320[49]	U/L or ng/mL
		0.42[53]	1.5[53]	µkat/L
	Female	24,[52] 38,[10] 96[18]	140,[18] 200[49]	U/L or ng/mL
		0.17[53]	1.17[53]	µkat/L
CK-MB		0	3,[10] 3.8,[4] 5[49]	ng/mL or μg/L[4]
Myoglobin	Female	1[54]	66[54]	ng/mL or µg/L
	Male	17[54]	106[54]
Cardiac troponin T			0.01[55]	ng/mL	99th percentile cutoff

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Interpretation	Range / Cutoff
Congestive heart failure unlikely	< 100 pg/mL[56][57]
"Gray zone"	100-500 pg/mL[56][57]
Congestive heart failure likely	>500 pg/mL[56][57]

NT-proBNP -more detailed ranges in NT-proBNP article
Interpretation	Age	Cutoff
Congestive heart failure likely	< 75 years	> 125 pg/mL[58]
	>75 years	>450pg/mL[58]

Lipids

Further information: Blood lipids

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Therapeutic target
Triglycerides	10–39 years	54[18]	110[18]	mg/dL	< 100 mg/dL[59] or 1.1[59] mmol/L
		0.61[60]	1.2[60]	mmol/L
	40–59 years	70[18]	150[18]	mg/dL
		0.77[60]	1.7[60]	mmol/L
	> 60 years	80[18]	150[18]	mg/dL
		0.9[60]	1.7[60]	mmol/L
Total cholesterol		3.0,[61] 3.6[9][61]	5.0,[4][62] 6.5[9]	mmol/L	< 3.9 mmol/L[59]
		120,[10] 140[9]	200,[10] 250[9]	mg/dL	< 150 mg/dL[59]
HDL cholesterol	Female	1.0,[63] 1.2,[4] 1.3[61]	2.2[63]	mmol/L	> 1.0[63] or 1.6[61]  mmol/L 40[64] or 60[65] mg/dL
		40,[64] 50[66]	86[64]	mg/dL
HDL cholesterol	Male	0.9[4][63]	2.0[63]	mmol/L
		35[64]	80[64]	mg/dL
LDL cholesterol (Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		2.0,[63] 2.4[62]	3.0,[4][62] 3.4[63]	mmol/L	< 2.5 mmol/L[63]
		80,[64] 94[64]	120,[64] 130[64]	mg/dL	< 100 mg/dL[64]
LDL/HDL quotient		n/a	5[4]	(unitless)

Tumour markers

Test	Patient type	Cutoff	Unit	Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)		44[10]	ng/mL or µg/L	Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer
Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG)	In males and non-pregnant females	5[10]	IU/l or mU/mL	choriocarcinoma
CA19-9		40[10]	U/mL	Pancreatic cancer
CA-125		30,[67] 35[68]	kU/L or U/mL
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)	Non-smokers, 50 years	3.4,[4] 3.6[69]	μg/L
	Non-smokers, 70 years	4.1[69]
	Smokers	5[70]
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)	40–49 years	1.2 - 2.9[71]	μg/L[4][10] or ng/mL[18]	More detailed cutoffs in PSA - Serum levels
	70–79 years, non-African-American	4.0 - 9.0[71]
	70–79 years, African-American	7.7 - 13[71]
PAP		3[18]	units/dL (Bodansky units)
Calcitonin		5,[72] 15[72]	ng/L or pg/mL	Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer[72] More detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin article

Endocrinology

Thyroid hormones

Further information: Thyroid function tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)	Adults – standard range	0.3,[4] 0.4,[10] 0.5,[18] 0.6[73]	4.0,[4] 4.5,[10] 6.0[18]	mIU/L or μIU/mL
	Adults – optimal range	0.3,[74] 0.5[75]	2.0,[75] 3.0[74]
	Infants	1.3[76]	19[76]
Free thyroxine (FT4) -more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article	Normal adult	0.7,[77] 0.8[10]	1.4,[77] 1.5,[10] 1.8[78]	ng/dL
		9,[4][79] 10,[80] 12[81]	18,[4][79] 23[81]	pmol/L
	Child/Adolescent 31 d – 18 y	0.8[77]	2.0[77]	ng/dL
		10[79]	26[79]	pmol/L
	Pregnant	0.5[77]	1.0[77]	ng/dL
		6.5[79]	13[79]	pmol/L
Total thyroxine		4,[80] 5.5[10]	11,[80] 12.3[10]	μg/dL
		60[80][81]	140,[80] 160[81]	nmol/L
Free triiodothyronine (FT3)	Normal adult	0.2[80]	0.5[80]	ng/dL
		3.1[82]	7.7[82]	pmol/L
	Children 2-16 y	0.1[83]	0.6[83]	ng/dL
		1.5[82]	9.2[82]	pmol/L
Total triiodothyronine		60,[10] 75[80]	175,[80] 181[10]	ng/dL
		0.9,[4] 1.1[80]	2.5,[4] 2.7[80]	nmol/L
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)		12[10]	30[10]	mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg)		1.5[80]	30[80]	pmol/L
		1[80]	20[80]	μg/L

Sex hormones

Further information: Sex steroid

The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH.

Levels of estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle.[84]

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Dihydrotestosterone	adult male	30	85	ng/dL
Testosterone	Male, overall	8,[85] 10[86]	27,[85] 35[86]	nmol/L
		230,[87] 300[88]	780[87] – 1000[88]	ng/dL
	Male < 50 years	10[4]	45[4]	nmol/L
		290[87]	1300[87]	ng/dL
	Male > 50 years	6.2[4]	26[4]	nmol/L
		180[87]	740[87]	ng/dL
	Female	0.7[86]	2.8[86] – 3.0[4]	nmol/L
		20[88]	80[88] – 85[87]	ng/dL
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone	male	0.06[18]	3.0[18]	mg/L
		0.18[89]	9.1[89]	µmol/l
	Female (Follicular phase)	0.2[18]	1.0[18]	mg/L
		0.6[89]	3.0[89]	µmol/l
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)	Prepubertal	<1[90]	3[90]	IU/L
	Adult male	1[90]	8[90]
	Adult female (follicular and luteal phase)	1[90]	11[90]
	Adult female (Ovulation)	6[90] 95% PI (standard)	26[90] 95% PI)
		5[91] 90% PI (used in diagram)	15[91] (90% PI)
	Post-menopausal female	30[90]	118[90]
Luteinizing hormone (LH)	Female, peak	20[91] 90% PI (used in diagram)	75[91] (90% PI)	IU/L
	Female, post-menopausal	15[92]	60[92]
	Male aged 18+	2[93]	9[93]
Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article	Adult male	50[94]	200[94]	pmol/L
		14[95]	55[95]	pg/mL
	Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase, and luteal phase)	70[94]	500,[94] 600[94]	pmol/L
		19[95]	140,[95] 160[95]	pg/mL
	Adult female – free (not protein bound)	0.5[96]	9[96]	pg/mL
		1.7[96]	33[96]	pmol/L
	Post-menopausal female	N/A[94]	< 130[94]	pmol/L
		N/A[95]	< 35[95]	pg/mL
Progesterone -more detailed ranges in Progesterone article	Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21-23)	17,[91] 35[97]	92[97]	nmol/L
		6,[91] 11[98]	29[98]	ng/mL
Androstenedione	Adult male and female	60[92]	270[92]	ng/dL
	Post-menopausal female		< 180[92]
	Prepubertal		< 60[92]
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate -more detailed ranges in DHEA-S article	Adult male and female	30[99]	400[99]	µg/dL
SHBG -more detailed ranges in SHBG article	Adult female	40[100]	120[100]	nmol/L
	Adult male	20[100]	60[100]
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) -more detailed ranges in AMH article	13–45 years	0.7[101]	20[101]	ng/mL
		5[102]	140[102]	pmol/l

Other hormones

Further information: Hormones

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)		4.4[103]	18,[104] 22[103]	pmol/L
		20[10]	80,[105] 100[10]	pg/mL
Cortisol	09:00 am	140[106]	700[106]	nmol/L
		5[107]	25[107]	μg/dL
	Midnight	80[106]	350[106]	nmol/L
		2.9[107]	13[107]	μg/dL
Growth hormone (fasting)		0	5[9]	ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation)		7[9]	n/a	ng/mL
IGF-1 -more detailed ranges in IGF-1 article	Female, 20 yrs	110[108]	420[108]	ng/mL
	Female, 75 yrs	55[108]	220[108]
	Male, 20 yrs	160[108]	390[108]
	Male, 75 yrs	48[108]	200[108]
Prolactin -more detailed ranges in Prolactin article	Female	71,[109] 105[109]	348,[109] 548[109]	mIU/L
		3.4,[109] 3.9[109]	16.4,[109] 20.3[109]	µg/L
	Male	58,[109] 89[109]	277,[109] 365[109]	mIU/L
		2.7,[109] 3.3[109]	13.0,[109] 13.5[109]	µg/L
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)		10,[110] 17[111]	65,[110] 70[111]	pg/mL
		1.1,[4] 1.8[112]	6.9,[4] 7.5[112]	pmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) – Standard reference range		8,[18][113] 9[113]	40,[113] 80[18]	ng/mL
		20,[114] 23[115]	95,[115] 150[114]	nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol – Therapeutic target range		30,[116] 40[117]	65,[117] 100[116]	ng/mL
		85,[59] 100[117]	120,[59] 160[117]	nmol/L
Plasma renin activity		0.29,[118] 1.9[119]	3.7[118][119]	ng/(mL·h)
		3.3,[120] 21[121]	41[120][121]	mcU/mL
Aldosterone -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone article	Adult		19,[120] 34.0[120]	ng/dL
			530,[122] 940[122]	pmol/L
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone/renin ratio article	Adult		13.1,[123] 35.0[123]	ng/dl per ng/(mL·h)
			360,[123] 970[123]	pmol/liter per µg/(L·h)

Vitamins

Also including the vitamin B₁₂)-related amino acid homocysteine.

Test	Patient type	Standard range		Optimal range		Unit
		Lower limit	Upper limit	Lower limit	Upper limit
Vitamin A		30[18]	65[18]			µg/dL
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) – Serum	Age > 1 year	3.0[124]	16[124]	5[125]		ng/mL or μg/L
		6.8[126]	36[126]	11[126]		nmol/L
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells		200[124]	600[124]			ng/mL or μg/L
		450[126]	1400[126]			nmol/L
	Pregnant			400[124]		ng/mL or μg/L
				900[124]		nmol/L
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)		130,[127] 160[128]	700,[127] 950[128]			ng/L
		100,[129] 120[4]	520,[129] 700[4]			pmol/L
Homocysteine -more detailed ranges in Homocysteine article		3.3,[130] 5.9[130]	7.2,[130] 15.3[130]		6.3[59]	μmol/L
		45,[131] 80[131]	100,[131] 210[131]		85[59]	μg/dL
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)		0.4[18]	1.5[18]	0.9[59]		mg/dL
		23[132]	85[132]	50[59]		μmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)		8,[18][113] 9[113]	40,[113] 80[18]	30,[116] 40[117]	65,[117] 100[116]	ng/mL
		20,[114] 23[115]	95,[115] 150[114]	85,[59] 100[117]	120,[59] 160[117]	nmol/L
Vitamin E				28[59]		μmol/L
				1.2[59]		mg/dL

Toxins

Test	Limit type	Limit	Unit
Lead	Optimal health range	< 20[13] or 40[18]	µg/dL
Blood ethanol content	Limit for drunk driving	0,[133] 0.2,[133] 0.8[133]	‰ or g/L
		17.4[134]	mmol/L

Hematology

Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Hemoglobin (Hb)	male	2.0,[135] 2.1[9][136]	2.5,[135] 2.7[9][136]	mmol/L	Higher in neonates, lower in children.
		130,[4] 132,[10] 135[9]	162,[10] 170,[4] 175[9]	g/L
	female	1.8,[135] 1.9[9][136]	2.3,[135] 2.5[9][135][136]	mmol/L	Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
		120[4][9][10]	150,[4] 152,[10] 160[9][18]	g/L
Hemoglobin subunits (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin")	male	8.0,[137] 8.4[137]	10.0,[137] 10.8[137]	mmol/L	4 per hemoglobin molecule
	female	7.2,[137] 7.6[137]	9.2,[137] 10.0[137]
Hemoglobin in plasma		0.16[9]	0.62[9]	μmol/L	Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
		1	4	mg/dL
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)	< 50 years	3.6[4]	5.0[4]	% of Hb
	> 50 years	3.9[4]	5.3[4]
Haptoglobin	< 50 years	0.35[4]	1.9[4]	g/L
	> 50 years	0.47[4]	2.1[4]
Hematocrit (Hct)	Male	0.39,[4] 0.4,[10] 0.41,[9] 0.45[18]	0.50,[4] 0.52,[10] 0.53,[9] 0.62[18]	L/L
	Female	0.35,[4] 0.36,[9] 0.37[10][18]	0.46,[4][9][10] 0.48[18]	L/L
	Child	0.31[10]	0.43[10]	L/L
Mean cell volume (MCV)	Male	76,[18] 82[10]	100,[18] 102[10]	fL	Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
	Female	78[10]	101[10]	fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)		11.5[10]	14.5[10]	%
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)		0.39[9]	0.54[9]	fmol/cell
		25,[9] 27[4][18]	32,[18] 33,[4] 35[9]	pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)		31,[10] 32[4][18]	35,[10] 36[4][18]	g/dL or %[note 1]
		4.8,[138] 5.0[138]	5.4,[138] 5.6[138]	mmol/L
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC)	male	4.2,[18] 4.3[4][9][10]	5.7,[4] 5.9,[9] 6.2,[10] 6.9[18]	x10^12/L or mln/mm^3
	Female	3.5,[9] 3.8,[10] 3.9[4]	5.1,[4] 5.5[9][10]
	Infant/Child	3.8[10]	5.5[10]
Reticulocytes	Adult	26[4]	130[4]	x10^9/L
	Adult	0.5[9][10]	1.5[9][10]	% of RBC
	Newborn	1.1[10]	4.5[10]	% of RBC
	Infant	0.5[10]	3.1[10]	% of RBC

White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)	Adult	3.5,[4] 3.9,[139] 4.1,[10] 4.5[9]	9.0,[4] 10.0,[139] 10.9,[10] 11[9]	x10^9/L x10^3/mm^3 or x10^3/μL
	Newborn	9[140]	30[140]
	1 year old	6[140]	18[140]
Neutrophil granulocytes (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)	Adult	1.3,[4] 1.8,[139] 2[140]	5.4,[4] 7,[139] 8[140]	x10^9/L
		45-54[9]	62,[9] 74	% of WBC
	Newborn	6[140]	26[140]	x10^9/L
Neutrophilic band forms	Adult		0.7[140]	x10^9/L
		3[9]	5[9]	% of WBC
Lymphocytes	Adult	0.7,[4] 1.0[139][140]	3.5,[139] 3.9,[4] 4.8[140]	x10^9/L
		16-25[9]	33,[9] 45	% of WBC
	Newborn	2[140]	11[140]	x10^9/L
Monocytes	Adult	0.1,[4] 0.2[141][142]	0.8[4][140][142]	x10^9/L
		3,[9] 4.0	7,[9] 10	% of WBC
	Newborn	0.4[140]	3.1[140]	x10^9/L
Mononuclear leukocytes (Lymphocytes + monocytes)	Adult	1.5	5	x10^9/L
		20	35	% of WBC
CD4^+ T cells	Adult	0.4,[10] 0.5[13]	1.5,[13] 1.8[10]	x10^9/L
Eosinophil granulocytes	Adult	0.0,[4] 0.04[142]	0.44,[142] 0.45,[140] 0.5[4]	x10^9/L
		1[9]	3,[9] 7	% of WBC
	Newborn	0.02[140]	0.85[140]	x10^9/L
Basophil granulocytes	Adult	40[139]	100,[4][142] 200,[140] 900[139]	x10^6/L
		0.0	0.75,[9] 2	% of WBC
	Newborn		0.64[140]	x10^9/L

Coagulation

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt)	140,[10] 150[4][9]	350,[4][18] 400,[9] 450[10]	x10^9/L or x1000/µL
Mean platelet volume (MPV)	7.2,[143] 7.4,[144] 7.5[145]	10.4,[144] 11.5,[145] 11.7[143]	fL
Prothrombin time (PT)	10,[13] 11,[9][146] 12[10]	13,[13] 13.5,[146] 14,[10] 15[9]	s	PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised
INR	0.9[4]	1.2[4]		The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)	18,[10] 30[4][13]	28,[10] 42,[4] 45[13]	s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT)	11	18	s
Fibrinogen	1.7,[10] 2.0[4]	3.6,[4] 4.2[10]	g/L
Antithrombin	0.80[4]	1.2[4]	kIU/L
	0.15,[147] 0.17[148]	0.2,[147] 0.39[148]	mg/mL
Bleeding time	2	9	minutes
Viscosity	1.5[149]	1.72[149]	cP

Immunology

Acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)	Male	0	Age÷2[150]	mm/h	ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[151]
	Female		(Age+10)÷2[150]
C-reactive protein (CRP)			5,[4][152] 6[153]	mg/L
			200,[154] 240[154]	nmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)		20,[155] 22[156]	38,[156] 53[155]	μmol/L
		89,[157] 97[4]	170,[4] 230[157]	mg/dL
Procalcitonin			0.15[158]	ng/mL or μg/L

Isotypes of antibodies

Further information: Antibody

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
IgA	Adult	70,[4] 110[159]	360,[4] 560[159]	mg/dL
IgD		0.5[159]	3.0[159]
IgE		0.01[159]	0.04[159]
IgG		800[159]	1800[159]
IgM		54[159]	220[159]

Autoantibodies

For clinical associations, see Autoantibody.

Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.

Test	Negative	Equivocal	Positive	Unit
anti-SS-A (Ro)	< 1.0[160]	n/a	≥ 1.0[160]	Units (U)
anti-SS-B (La)	< 1.0[161]	n/a	≥ 1.0[161]
Anti ds-DNA	< 30.0[162]	30.0–75.0[162]	> 75.0[162]	International Units per millilitre (IU/mL)
Anti ss-DNA	< 8[163]	8–10[163]	> 10[163]	Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Anti-histone antibodies	< 25[163]	n/a[163]	> 25[163]
Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA)	< 20[163]	21–30[163]	> 30[163]
Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)	< 5[163]	n/a	> 5[163]
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA)	< 0.1[164]	0.1-0.9[164]	≥ 1.0[164]	Units (U)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)	< 20	20–30	> 30[10]	Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in preschoolers			> 100
ASOT at school age			> 250[10]
ASOT in adults			> 125[10]

Test	Negative	Low/weak positive	Moderate positive	High/strong positive	Unit
Anti-phospholipid IgG	< 20[163]	20–30[163]	31–50[163]	> 51[163]	GPLU/ml[163]
Anti-phospholipid IgM	< 1.5[163]	1.5–2.5[163]	2–9.9[163]	> 10[163]	MPL /ml[163]
Anti-phospholipid IgA	< 10[163]	10–20[163]	21–30[163]	> 31[163]	arb U/ml[163]
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies	< 20[163]	20–39[163]	40–59[163]	> 60[163]	EU[163]

Other immunology

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Serum free light chains (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio	0.26[165]	1.65[165]	(unitless)

Other enzymes and proteins

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Serum total protein	60,[9] 63[10]	78,[9] 82,[10] 84[18]	g/L	Further information: Serum total protein § Interpretation
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	50[18]	150[18]	U/L
	0.4[49]	1.7[49]	μmol/L
	1.8[4]	3.4[4]	µkat/L	< 70 years old[4]
Amylase	25,[9] 30,[10] 53[18]	110,[10] 120,[166] 123,[18] 125,[9] 190[49]	U/L
	0.15[4]	1.1[4]	µkat/L
	200[154]	240[154]	nmol/L
D-dimer -more detailed ranges in D-dimer article	n/a	500[167]	ng/mL	Higher in pregnant women[168]
		0.5[4]	mg/L
Lipase	7,[10] 10,[18] 23[49]	60,[10] 150,[18] 208[49]	U/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	23[49]	57[49]	U/L
Acid phosphatase		3.0[49]	ng/mL
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)	2.3[4]	16[4]	µg/L

Other electrolytes and metabolites

Electrolytes and metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Osmolality		275,[9] 280,[18] 281[4]	295,[9] 296,[18] 297[4]	mOsm/kg	Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity		Slightly less than osmolality		mOsm/L	Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea		3.0[169]	7.0[169]	mmol/L	BUN – blood urea nitrogen
		7[9]	18,[9] 21[10]	mg/dL
* Uric acid[10]		0.18[9]	0.48[9]	mmol/L
	Female	2.0[18]	7.0[18]	mg/dL
	Male	2.1[18]	8.5[18]	mg/dL
Creatinine	Male	60,[4] 68[170]	90,[4] 118[170]	μmol/L	May be complemented with creatinine clearance
		0.7,[171] 0.8[171]	1.0,[171] 1.3[171]	mg/dL
	Female	50,[4] 68[170]	90,[4] 98[170]	μmol/L
		0.6,[171] 0.8[171]	1.0,[171] 1.1[171]	mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio		5[18]	35[18]	–
Plasma glucose (fasting)		3.8,[9] 4.0[4]	6.0,[4] 6.1[172]	mmol/L	See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology)
		65,[10] 70,[9] 72[173]	100,[172] 110[18]	mg/dL
Full blood glucose (fasting)		3.3[4]	5.6[4]	mmol/L
		60[173]	100[173]	mg/dL
Random glucose		3.9[174]	7.8[174]	mmol/L
		70[175]	140[175]	mg/dL
Lactate (Venous)		4.5[18]	19.8[18]	mg/dL
		0.5[176]	2.2[176]	mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial)		4.5[18]	14.4[18]	mg/dL
		0.5[176]	1.6[176]	mmol/L
Pyruvate		300[18]	900[18]	μg/dL
		34[177]	102[177]	μmol/L
Ketones			1[178]	mg/dL
			0.1[178]	mmol/L

Medication

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Digoxin	0.5[179]	2.0[179]	ng/mL	Narrow therapeutic window
	0.6[179]	2.6[179]	nmol/L
Lithium	0.4,[180] 0.5,[181][182] 0.8[183]	1.3[181][182]	mmol/L	Narrow therapeutic window
Paracetamol		30[184]	mg/L	Risk of paracetamol toxicity at higher levels
		200[184]	µmol/L

See also

• Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
• Comprehensive metabolic panel
• Medical technologist
• Reference range

Notes

1. The MCHC in g/dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in % are numerically identical in practice, assuming a RBC density of 1g/mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma.

References

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11. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1
12. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1
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21. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1
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23. Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
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29. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
30. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1
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32. Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
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35. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
36. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
37. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
38. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
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41. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1
42. Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
43. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
44. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
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46. Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
47. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
48. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
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61. Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
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64. Derived from values in mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
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78. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
79. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
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82. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
83. Cioffi M, Gazzerro P, Vietri MT, et al. (2001). "Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 14 (9): 1635–9. doi:10.1515/jpem.2001.14.9.1635. PMID 11795654. INIST:13391788.
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85. Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis
86. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
87. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
88. MedlinePlus > Testosterone Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
89. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol
90. reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
91. Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R (2006). "Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 44 (7): 883–87. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.160. PMID 16776638. S2CID 524952.
92. New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
93. Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum Archived 2016-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved December 2012
94. GPNotebook – reference range (oestradiol) Retrieved on September 27, 2009
95. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
96. Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G (August 1976). "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43 (2): 436–45. doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. PMID 950372.
97. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
98. Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 Pg 350-352
99. Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum Archived 2018-03-14 at the Wayback Machine at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012
100. Unit Code 91215 Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011
101. Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.
102. Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in:
     • Hampl R, Šnajderová M, Mardešić T (2011). "Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) not only a marker for prediction of ovarian reserve". Physiological Research. 60 (2): 217–23. doi:10.33549/physiolres.932076. PMID 21114374.
103. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 4540g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
104. "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal". WebMD. 09-03-2006. Retrieved 2008-11-09. Check date values in: |date= (help)
105. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 4540g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
106. Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
107. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
108. Friedrich N, Alte D, Völzke H, et al. (June 2008). "Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)". Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 18 (3): 228–37. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005. PMID 17997337.
109. Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 in: Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP (October 2008). "Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms". Clinical Chemistry. 54 (10): 1673–81. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312. PMID 18719199.
110. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
111. Table 2 in: Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK (2006). "Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone". Endocr Pract. 12 (2): 137–44. doi:10.4158/ep.12.2.137. PMC 1482827. PMID 16690460.
112. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
113. Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
114. Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80388-5. Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
115. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, et al. (September 2004). "Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or &#61;60 y". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 (3): 752–58. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.3.752. PMID 15321818.
116. Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population". Horm. Metab. Res. 41 (5): 402–07. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. PMID 19241329.
117. Vasquez A, Cannell J (July 2005). "Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy". BMJ. 331 (7508): 108–09, author reply 109. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b. PMC 558659. PMID 16002891.
118. Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
     • New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine University of
     Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
119. Pratt RE, Flynn JA, Hobart PM, Paul M, Dzau VJ (March 1988). "Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (7): 3137–41. PMID 2893797.
120. New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
121. Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
     • New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine University of
     Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
122. Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol
123. Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC, et al. (January 2005). "The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 (1): 72–78. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.117.5182. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1149. PMID 15483077.
124. Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9, 2009
125. University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
126. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
127. GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
128. Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
129. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
130. The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine
131. Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
132. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
133. For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country
134. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
135. Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–19. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. PMID 11160049. S2CID 15468862.
136. Normal Lab Values Archived 2014-12-16 at the Wayback Machine at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013
137. molar concentration as given for hemoglobin above, but multiplied by 4, according to: Lodemann P, Schorer G, Frey BM (February 2010). "Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values-a longstanding error that should be corrected". Annals of Hematology. 89 (2): 209. doi:10.1007/s00277-009-0791-x. PMID 19609525. S2CID 3091357.
138. Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–519. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. PMID 11160049. S2CID 15468862.. Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
139. lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
140. Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.
141. Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
142. gpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range) Retrieved on May 14, 2009
143. Demirin H, Ozhan H, Ucgun T, Celer A, Bulur S, Cil H, Gunes C, Yildirim HA (2011). "Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: Insight from a large epidemiologic study". Thromb. Res. 128 (4): 358–60. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.05.007. PMID 21620440.
144. Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010
145. Lozano M, Narváez J, Faúndez A, Mazzara R, Cid J, Jou JM, Marín JL, Ordinas A (1998). "[Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population]". Med Clin (Barc) (in Spanish). 110 (20): 774–77. PMID 9666418.
146. MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: 003652
147. Antithrombin III at eMedicine
148. Antithrombin CO000300 in Coagulation Test Handbook at Massachusetts General Hospital. In turn citing:
     • Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327-358.
149. Retrieved on November 20, 2009
150. Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (January 1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". British Medical Journal. 286 (6361): 266. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. PMC 1546487. PMID 6402065.
151. Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J. 2 (5544): 85–87. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. PMC 1841240. PMID 6020854.
152. "C-reactive protein". GPnotebook.
153. 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
154. Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
155. Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 25 (3): 274–75. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. PMID 12621252.
156. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
157. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
158. "Procalcitonin, Serum". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
159. The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins Archived 2009-10-15 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
160. "SSA - Clinical: SS-A/Ro Antibodies, IgG, Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
161. "SSB - Clinical: SS-B/La Antibodies, IgG, Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
162. "ADNA - Clinical: DNA Double-Stranded Antibodies, IgG, Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
163. chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges Retrieved on April 29, 2010
164. "AMA - Clinical: Mitochondrial Antibodies (M2), Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
165. Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, et al. (August 2005). "Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Blood. 106 (3): 812–17. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038. PMC 1895159. PMID 15855274.
166. "Reference range (amylase)". GPnotebook.
167. Ageno W, Finazzi S, Steidl L, et al. (2002). "Plasma measurement of D-dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes". Archives of Internal Medicine. 162 (22): 2589–93. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.22.2589. PMID 12456231.
168. Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed". Clinical Chemistry. 51 (5): 825–29. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. PMID 15764641.
169. Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 33 (4): 380–85. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMC 1146084. PMID 7400337.
170. Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 37 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373. S2CID 35866310.
171. Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
172. MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Glucose tolerance test
173. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
174. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol
175. "Diabetes – Prevention". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2016-06-23. Last revised 1/15/2013
176. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
177. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
178. Ketones at eMedicine
179. Page 700 in:
     Richard C. Dart (2004). Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins=year=2004. ISBN 9780781728454.
180. The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4–0.8 mmol/l plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illness Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011
181. Amdisen A. (1978). "Clinical and serum level monitoring in lithium therapy and lithium intoxication". J. Anal. Toxicol. 2 (5): 193–202. doi:10.1093/jat/2.5.193.
182. R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851–54.
183. One study (Solomon, D.; Ristow, W.; Keller, M.; Kane, J.; Gelenberg, A.; Rosenbaum, J.; Warshaw, M. (1996). "Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 153 (10): 1301–07. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.10.1301. PMID 8831438.) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4–0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8–1.0 mmol/l. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data (Perlis, R.; Sachs, G.; Lafer, B.; Otto, M.; Faraone, S.; Kane, J.; Rosenbaum, J. (2002). "Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: A reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (7): 1155–59. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1155. PMID 12091193. S2CID 12103424.) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levels
184. John Marx; Ron Walls; Robert Hockberger (2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455749874.

External links

• Descriptions at amarillomed.com
• Values at lymphomation.org

Further reading

• Rappoport, n.; Paik, P.; Oskotsky, B.; Tor, R.; Ziv, E.; Zaitlen, N.; Butte, A. (4 November 2017). "Creating ethnicity-specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data". bioRxiv 10.1101/213892.