Reticulocyte

Reticulocyte
	Reticulocytes
	Erythrocytes (mature cells)
Details
Gives rise to	Red blood cells
Location	Bone marrow (most), blood (some)
Identifiers
Latin	reticulocytus
MeSH	D012156
TH	H2.00.04.1.01007
FMA	66785
	Anatomical terms of microanatomy;

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells (RBCs). In the process of erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation), reticulocytes develop and mature in the bone marrow and then circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red blood cells. Like mature red blood cells, in mammals, reticulocytes do not have a cell nucleus. They are called reticulocytes because of a reticular (mesh-like) network of ribosomal RNA that becomes visible under a microscope with certain stains such as new methylene blue and Romanowsky stain.

Clinical significance

To accurately measure reticulocyte counts, automated counters use a combination of laser excitation, detectors and a fluorescent dye that marks RNA and DNA (such as titan yellow or polymethine).[1] Reticulocytes can be distinguished from other circulating cells because they emit a signal that is neither strong (like lymphocytes) nor weak (like red blood cells).[2]

Reticulocytes appear slightly bluer than other red cells when looked at with the normal Romanowsky stain. Reticulocytes are also relatively large, a characteristic that is described by the mean corpuscular volume.

Supravital stain of a smear of human blood from a patient with hemolytic anemia. The reticulocytes are the cells with the dark blue dots and curved linear structures (reticulum) in the cytoplasm.

The normal fraction of reticulocytes in the blood depends on the clinical situation but is usually 0.5% to 2.5% in adults and 2% to 6% in infants. A reticulocyte percentage that is higher than "normal" can be a sign of anemia, but this depends on the health of a person's bone marrow. Calculating the reticulocyte production index is an important step in understanding whether or not the reticulocyte count is appropriate to the situation. This is often a more important question than whether the percentage is in the normal range; for instance, if someone is anemic but has a reticulocyte percentage of only 1%, the bone marrow is likely not producing new blood cells at a rate that will correct the anemia.

The number of reticulocytes is a good indicator of bone marrow activity because it represents recent production and allows for the determination of reticulocyte count and the reticulocyte production index. These values can be used to determine whether a production problem is contributing to the anemia and can also be used to monitor the progress of treatment for anemia.

When there is an increased production of red blood cells to overcome chronic or severe loss of mature red blood cells, such as in a haemolytic anemia, there is often a markedly high number and percentage of reticulocytes. A very high number of reticulocytes in the blood can be described as reticulocytosis.

Abnormally low numbers of reticulocytes can be attributed to chemotherapy, aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, bone marrow malignancies, problems of erythropoietin production, various vitamin or mineral deficiencies (iron, vitamin B₁₂, folic acid), disease states (anemia of chronic disease) and other causes of anemia due to poor RBC production.

Development

The development begins with the extrusion of the normoblast nucleus and ends when the reticulocyte has lost its organelles.

Research

Reticulocytes are a valuable tool for biologists who study protein translation. Reticulocytes are unusual among cells in that they contain all of the machinery necessary to translate proteins but lack a nucleus. Since a cell's nucleus contains many components that make studying translation difficult, these cells are quite useful. Scientists can collect reticulocytes from animals such as rabbits and extract the mRNA and translation enzymes to study protein translation in a cell-free, in vitro system, allowing greater control over the environment in which proteins are being synthesized.[3][4]

gollark: There is not actually any memory.

gollark: `r0` to `rf` and a program counter.

gollark: Its virtual machine has 17 registers, because sticking to sensible numbers is for other people.

gollark: PotatOS not-really-machine-code™ 0.0.0.1 is here, and it has one instruction, which prints "hello world".

gollark: What are they saying, "can y"?

References

Davis BH, Bigelow NC (1994). "Reticulocyte analysis and reticulocute maturity index". In Darzynkiewicz Z, Crissman HA (eds.). Flow cytometry. Methods in Cell Biology. 42. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 263–74. ISBN 0-12-203052-4.
http://www.medicaldesign.com/articles/ID/532%5B%5D
http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/References/Ambion-Tech-Support/large-scale-transcription/general-articles/the-basics-in-vitro-translation.html%5B%5D
Woodward, William R.; Ivey, Joel L.; Herbert, Edward (1974). "[67a] Protein synthesis with rabbit reticulocyte preparations". Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Part F. Methods in Enzymology. 30. pp. 724–731. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(74)30069-9. ISBN 9780121818937. PMID 4853925.

External links

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[1] Davis BH, Bigelow NC (1994). "Reticulocyte analysis and reticulocute maturity index". In Darzynkiewicz Z, Crissman HA (eds.). Flow cytometry. Methods in Cell Biology. 42. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 263–74. ISBN 0-12-203052-4.

[2] ttp://www.medicaldesign.com/articles/ID/532%5B%5D

[3] ttp://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/References/Ambion-Tech-Support/large-scale-transcription/general-articles/the-basics-in-vitro-translation.html%5B%5D

[4] Woodward, William R.; Ivey, Joel L.; Herbert, Edward (1974). "[67a] Protein synthesis with rabbit reticulocyte preparations". Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Part F. Methods in Enzymology. 30. pp. 724–731. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(74)30069-9. ISBN 9780121818937. PMID 4853925.