RMS Etruria

RMS Etruria was a transatlantic ocean liner built by John Elder & Co. of Glasgow, Scotland in 1884 for the Cunard Line. Etruria and her sister ship Umbria were the last two Cunarders that were fitted with auxiliary sails.[1] Both ships were among the fastest and largest liners then in service. Etruria was completed in March 1885, twelve weeks later than Umbria and quickly entered service on the Liverpool to New York route.

Not to be confused with SS Etruria.

RMS Etruria
History
United Kingdom
Name:	RMS Etruria
Owner:	British & North American Royal Mail Packet Company (Cunard Line)
Port of registry:	Glasgow, Scotland
Ordered:	1883
Builder:	John Elder & Co., Glasgow
Yard number:	286
Launched:	20 September 1884
Completed:	March 1885
Maiden voyage:	25 April 1885
Out of service:	August 1908
Fate:	Scrapped in 1910 Thos W Ward Preston
Notes:	One of the last steamers to be fitted with auxiliary sails.
General characteristics
Class and type:	Ocean liner
Tonnage:	7,718 gross tons
Length:	158.2 m (519 ft)
Beam:	17.43 m (57.2 ft)
Decks:	5
Installed power:	9 double-ended boilers 6 three-crank compound engines
Propulsion:	single propeller
Speed:	19 knots (35 km/h)
Capacity:	1885-1892: 550 First Class 800 Second Class 1892-1909: 500 First Class 160 Second Class 800 Third Class

Etruria had many distinguishing features that included two enormous funnels that gave an impression of huge power. She also had three large steel masts which when fully rigged had an extensive spread of canvas. Another innovation on Etruria was that she was equipped with refrigeration machinery, but it was the single screw propulsion that would bring the most publicity later in her career.

The ship epitomized the luxuries of Victorian style. The public rooms in First Class were full of ornately carved furniture and heavy velvet curtains hung in all the rooms, and they were cluttered with bric-a-brac that period fashion dictated. These rooms, and the First Class cabins, were situated on the Promenade, Upper, Saloon and Main Decks. There was also a Music Room, Smoke Room for gentlemen, and separate dining rooms for First and Second Class passengers. By the standard of the day, Second Class accommodation was moderate, but spacious and comfortable. RMS Etruria's accommodation consisted of 550 First Class, and 800 Second Class passengers. However late in 1892 this changed to 500 First Class, 160 Second Class, and 800 Third Class (Steerage) passengers.

Service on the Atlantic

Front cover of a passenger list for a voyage of the RMS Etruria

RMS Etruria was to start her regular service to New York from Liverpool, but the clouds of crisis were looming, and by the New Year of 1885 a crisis involving Russia's threat to invade Afghanistan was coming to a head. This was to bring Etruria's North Atlantic service to a halt temporarily, before she had even made her maiden voyage. On 26 March, Etruria, and RMS Umbria, found themselves chartered to the Admiralty. With the dispute reaching a settlement, Etruria was released from Admiralty service within a few days, although her sister was retained for six months.

1891 Illustration of Etruria

On 25 April 1885, Etruria finally made her maiden voyage under the command of Captain McMicken. She made the Atlantic crossing calling at Queenstown (Cobh). On her very next crossing, westbound (Liverpool to New York), she won the prestigious Blue Riband (see the table below) and proudly flew the pennant for Cunard.

Later in the year Etruria was involved in a collision. On 20 September 1885, she was outward bound from New York and in Lower New York Bay, at anchor due to dense fog. The 4,276-ton cargo ship Canada, owned by the National Steamship Company of Limerick, collided with Etruria, on her starboard side. Canada scraped alongside Etruria, ripping away a portion of her rigging, but there were no casualties. Both ships continued on their voyages.

Winston Churchill

In November 1895, 20-year-old Winston Churchill, a lieutenant in the 4th Hussars, secured a few weeks' leave from his regiment to visit Cuba, with the aim of observing the Cuban Revolutionary War against Spain.

Getting there involved travelling by way of New York via Liverpool and Queenstown on Etruria. Thus, on 9 November, Winston Churchill arrived in New York harbour aboard Etruria, and first set foot in his mother's homeland and the city where she had been born and brought up. Three days later he travelled on to Cuba. Churchill returned to Britain early in 1896 travelling again on Etruria.

On 8 August, 1896 she sank steam elevator Ceres ( United States) in a collision in New York Bay.[2]

On 10 December 1897 Etruria rescued the crew of the steamer SS Milfield which was foundering in heavy seas about 140 miles west of Fastnet Rock.[3]

On 6 January 1900, Etruria left Liverpool, and one week later she arrived in New York. On the 13th engineers were inspecting the ship, and on examination of the propeller shaft, they found cracks that were not there when the ship left Liverpool. Her running mate had suffered a failure of her propeller shaft at sea in 1893, and to avoid the same fate Etruria was confined to her pier until a replacement shaft was shipped over from Britain. After this was done, and the new shaft had been fitted in New York, she departed on 17 February for the homeward bound service. In 1900 Etruria remained on the North Atlantic service whilst Umbria was requisitioned to carry troops to and from South Africa during the Boer War. By July 1900 both sisters were back on the North Atlantic service.

A year to forget

Etruria under sail

In 1901 Etruria and her running mate were fitted with wireless, putting her at the forefront of this new technology. On 22 February 1902, Etruria left New York and was due to arrive in Queenstown on 1 March. On 26 February she radioed Umbria to pass on messages to one of her passengers. However, that evening her propeller shaft fractured, leaving her drifting helplessly. She tried with no success to radio Umbria again to report her predicament. In the days before the Titanic disaster, radio operators did not man their sets 24 hours a day. Eventually she managed to attract the attention of the Leyland ship William Cliff, by firing distress rockets. William Cliff stood alongside in an hour and stayed with her during the night whilst attempts were made to repair her. Etruria then made sail and William Cliff took her in tow; the ships headed for Horta, in the Azores, which were 500 miles to the south-east of her stricken position.

She arrived in the Azores on Sunday, 9 March, and on the 15th her passengers and mail were transferred onto the steamship Elbe, which had been chartered for the task on the 10th. It was summer 1902 before Etruria was repaired and back in service, but in October, after a particularly rough Atlantic crossing, her propeller shaft again showed serious cracks and she was taken out of service and waited in New York for yet another new shaft to be sent over and installed. It was 1 November before she set sail for home again; 1902 had been a very bad year for the ship.

More bad luck

On 28 February 1903, Etruria was leaving New York when she ran aground on sand and mud in the entrance to Gedney Channel. After she was refloated later the same day there was no damage found and she set off on her voyage to Liverpool.

On 10 October 1903, Etruria was only four hours out of New York when at 2:30 pm the ship was struck by a rogue wave. The wave was reported to be at least 50 feet (15 meters) high, and struck the ship on the port side. The wave carried away part of the fore bridge and smashed the guardrail stanchions. A number of first-class passengers were sitting in deck chairs close to the bridge, and they caught the full force of the water. One passenger, a Canadian, was fatally injured, and several other passengers were hurt.

In January 1907 two of Etruria's crew were killed as they tried to secure the lashings of the starboard anchor in very rough weather, during a westbound crossing.

The end of Etruria's career

The two 23-year-old vessels were now getting to the point where technical progress had overtaken them. RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauretania were under construction, and due to enter service in late 1907.

On Wednesday 26 August 1908, RMS Etruria was moving astern from her pier in Liverpool to anchor opposite the Princes' Landing Stage, where her passengers would embark. A hopper crossing the Mersey came too close to Etruria and was violently rammed by her. Etruria's rudder and propeller were thrust deep into the hopper, almost severing it in two. However, being impaled on Etruria's propeller prevented the hopper from sinking. Both vessels drifted helplessly in the Mersey, and the hopper was violently crushed against the landing stage. This not only spelt the end for the hopper, but finished the career of Etruria as well. Her propeller, rudder and steering gear were seriously damaged, forcing the cancellation of her sailing to New York. Etruria's passengers were put up in hotels and then caught Umbria later in the week. Etruria was taken into dock, where temporary repairs were made.

She would not cross the Atlantic again, and after spending time laid up[4] at Birkenhead, she was finally sold for £16,750 in October 1909. On 10 October 1910, the Mersey tug Black Cock towed Etruria to her final destination of Preston, Lancashire, where she was scrapped. Her sale for scrap was announced in mid November 1909.[5] In January 1911 it was reported that over the past two years Thos W Ward alone had broken up five Cunarders: Lucania, Etruria, Aleppo, Saragosssa and Cherbourg and had five P & O boats in their yards during 1910.[6]

Popular culture

The Etruria is the ocean liner in the opening sequences of Thomas Edison's produced, Edwin S. Porter directed, 1904 film The European Rest Cure.[7]

Prices of passage aboard Etruria, May 1895
From Pier 40, North River, foot of Clarkson Street, City of New York
Every Saturday, New York–Queenstown–Liverpool
1st Class	1st Class	1st Class	1st Class Return	1st Class Return	1st Class Return	2nd Class Cabin	2nd Class Cabin	2nd Class Cabin Return	2nd Class Cabin Return	Under 1 Year old
$75	$90	$175	$125	$150	$315	$40	$45	$75	$85	Free outward

The Blue Riband

Records of RMS Umbria & RMS Etruria
The Blue Riband of the North Atlantic
Westbound
Steamer	Date	Line	From	To	Nautical Miles	Days/Hours/Minutes	Knots
RMS Etruria	1885 (16/8- 22/8)	Cunard	Queenstown	Sandy Hook	2801	6/5/31	18.73
RMS Umbria	1887 (29/5-4/6)	Cunard	Queenstown	Sandy Hook	2848	6/4/12	19.22
RMS Etruria	1888 (27/5-2/6)	Cunard	Queenstown	Sandy Hook	2854	6/1/55	19.56
Eastbound
Steamer	Date	Line	From	To	Nautical Miles	Days/Hours/Minute	Knots
Etruria	1885 (1/8-7/8)	Cunard	Sandy Hook	Queenstown	2822	6/9/0	18.44
Etruria	1888 (7/7-14/7)	Cunard	Sandy Hook	Queenstown	2981	6/4/50	19.36

References

1. RMS Umbria information Archived 30 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
2. "Annual report of the Supervising Inspector-general Steamboat-inspection Service, Year ending June 30, 1897". Washington: Government Printing Office. 1897. p. 22. Retrieved 20 March 2020 – via Haithi Trust.
3. "The Fleets of the Mail Lines: The Cunard Line". The Marine Engineer. Vol. XIX. 1 January 1898. pp. 363–364.
4. RMS Etruria information Archived 30 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
5. Launch Of A Liner. The Times, Monday, 15 Nov 1909; pg. 6; Issue 39117
6. A review of Lloyd's Register, The Times, Wednesday, 11 Jan 1911; pg. 21; Issue 39479
7. Edison Company; The European Rest Cure, c.1904(youtube) Retrieved 19 March 2017

External links

• Cunard Heritage site
• MaritimeQuest RMS Etruria Photo Gallery
• (SS Etruria, 1885-1909 ; 7,718 tons)

Records
Preceded by Oregon	Blue Riband (Eastbound record) 1885–89	Succeeded by City of Paris
	Blue Riband (Westbound record) 1885–87	Succeeded by Umbria
Preceded by Umbria	Blue Riband (Westbound record) 1888–89	Succeeded by City of Paris