RMS Carpathia

The RMS Carpathia was a Cunard Line transatlantic passenger steamship built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson in their shipyard in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.

RMS Carpathia
History
United Kingdom
Name: RMS Carpathia
Owner: Cunard Line
Port of registry: Liverpool, U.K.
Route:
  • Transatlantic: Liverpool–Queenstown–Boston
  • Transferred to Liverpool–Queenstown–New York summers
  • Trieste–Fiume–New York winters
Builder: C.S. Swan & Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne[1]
Yard number: 274
Laid down: 10 September 1901
Launched: 6 August 1902
Completed: February 1903
Maiden voyage: 5 May 1903
In service: 1903–1918
Identification:
  • Official Number 118014
  • Radio call sign "MPA"
Fate: Torpedoed southeast of Ireland and west of the Isles of Scilly by the Imperial German Navy submarine U-55, 17 July 1918
General characteristics
Type: Cunard Line transatlantic ocean liner
Tonnage: 13,555 GRT
Length: 558 ft (170 m)
Beam: 64 ft 6 in (19.66 m)
Draught: 34 ft 7 in (10.54 m)
Decks: 7
Propulsion:
  • 2 × Wallsend Slipway Co. quadruple expansion steam engines
  • Twin propellers
Speed:
  • 15.5 kn (17.8 mph; 28.7 km/h) (planned trial speed)
  • 14 kn (16 mph; 26 km/h) (service)
Capacity:
  • 1,704 passengers; after 1905, 2,550:
    • 1st-class: 100
    • 2nd-class: 200
    • 3rd-class: 2,250

The Carpathia made her maiden voyage in 1903 from Liverpool to Boston, and continued on this route before being transferred to Mediterranean service in 1904. In April 1912, she became famous for rescuing survivors of the rival White Star Line's RMS Titanic after the latter struck an iceberg and sank with a loss of between 1,490 and 1,635 lives in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Carpathia navigated the ice fields to arrive two hours after the Titanic had sunk, and the crew rescued 705 survivors from the ship's lifeboats.

The Carpathia was sunk on 17 July 1918 after being torpedoed thrice by the German submarine U-55 off the southern Irish coast with a loss of five crew members.

The name of the ship comes from the mountain range of the Carpathians.[2]

Background

Around 1900, the Cunard Line faced tight competition from the British White Star Line and the German lines Norddeutscher Lloyd (North German Lloyd) and Hamburg America Line (HAPAG). Cunard's largest liners as of 1898, the RMS Campania and RMS Lucania, had a reputation for size and speed, both being of 12,950 gross register tons (GRT) and having held the "Blue Riband" for the fastest crossing of the Atlantic Ocean.[3] However, Norddeutscher Lloyd's new liner SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Große had taken the Blue Riband from them in 1897, while the White Star Line was planning to place a new 17,000-GRT liner, the RMS Oceanic, into service. Cunard also updated its fleet during this time, ordering the construction of three new liners, the SS Ivernia, RMS Saxonia, and the Carpathia.[4]

Rather than attempting to fully regain prestige by spending the additional money necessary to order liners that were fast enough to win back the Blue Riband from the German Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse or large enough to rival the Oceanic in size, Cunard tried to maximize their profitability in order to remain solvent enough to fend off any takeover attempts by the competing shipping conglomerate by the name of International Mercantile Marine Co..

The three new ships were not particularly fast, as they were designed for immigrant travellers, but provided significant cost savings in fuel economy. The three ships became both instruments and models through which Cunard was able to successfully compete with its larger rivals, most notably IMM's lead company, the White Star Line.[5]

The Carpathia was a modified design of the Ivernia-class ships, being approximately 40 feet (12 m) shorter than her "half-sisters." Like her predecessors, her design was based on a long hull, a low, well-balanced superstructure, and four masts fitted with cranes, allowing for effective handling of larger amounts of cargo than was customary on an ocean liner. The Carpathia was designed with a single tall smokestack funnel to carry soot and smoke well clear of passenger areas.[6]

History

Design and construction

The RMS Carpathia was constructed by C. S. Swan & Hunter at their shipyard in Newcastle upon Tyne, England for the Cunard Steamship Company, to operate between Liverpool and Boston alongside the Ivernia and Saxonia.[7] Her keel was laid down on 10 September 1901,[8] and she was launched on 6 August 1902, when she was christened by Miss Watson, daughter of the vice-chairman of the Cunard line.[9] She underwent her sea trials on a voyage from the River Tyne to the River Mersey between 22 and 25 April 1903.[10]

At the time of her launch, she was described as being 558 ft (170 m) long,[8] 64 ft 3 in (19.58 m) breadth, with a gross register tonnage of 12,900 tons.[11] When the RMS Carpathia was finally completed, her gross register tonnage had increased to more than 13,500 tons.[8] She was designed with four complete steel decks, a steel orlop deck inholds No. 1 and 2, and a bridge deck 290 ft. long for passengers, the saloon, and cabins, with a boat deck located right above the bridge deck.[7] At the time she was launched, it was said that she was to be fitted for carrying 200 first-class and 600 third-class passengers and large quantities of frozen meat.[7][11] When she was finally completed, her capacity had increased to about 1,700 passengers.[8]

The Carpathia being drydocked in Red Hook, New York.

Despite being an intermediate liner designed mainly for second and third-class travellers, the Carpathia's interior accommodations were still quite comfortable and set a standard for the era. The dining saloon was described as decorated in cream and gold, which "combine effectively with the rich upholstery and mahogany of the furniture, and old gold curtains screening the ports.",[6] and was capped by a stained-glass dome underneath an electrical fan for ventilation. The second-class accommodation also included a walnut-panelled smoking room located in the aft deckhouse and a handsome library at the forward end of the bridge (A) deck. After the 1905 renovation, these spaces would be converted to first-class accommodations. Third-class accommodations on the Carpathia were extraordinarily generous for the time. The third-class dining saloon extended the full width of the ship and seated 300 passengers, with walls panelled in polished oak and teak dado.[6] Third-class also included a smoking room and ladies' room located immediately forward of the dining saloon on the upper (C) deck, adjacent to the enclosed promenade (or open space) similar to the design on the Ivernia and Saxonia.[6] Officers were berthed in the forward deckhouse on the bridge (A) deck, above the second-class dining saloon, while the captain's quarters was located on the boat deck immediately below the ship's bridge.

The Carpathia's lower decks were well-ventilated by means of deck ventilators, supplemented by electric fans. The ventilation systems were designed to force fresh air over coiled thermotanks, which could be fed with cool water during the summer or steam during the winter, thus heating and cooling the ship as conditions warranted.[12] Although the ship was fully electrified with over 2,000 lamps, the ship still had backup oil lamps in the cabins when she entered service, in the event an electrical outage was to occur.[6]

The Carpathia had seven single-ended boilers, fitted with the Howden forced draught system,[11] working at 210 psi (1,400 kPa),[7] which fed two independent sets of four-cylinder, four-crank, quadruple expansion engines, built by the Wallsend Slipway and Engineering Company, Ltd. of Wallsend, England[12] with cylinders of: 26 in (0.66 m), 37 in (0.94 m), 53 in (1.3 m), and 76 in (1.9 m), with a stroke of 54 in (1.4 m).[7][11] The engine power available allowed for an intended trial speed of 15.5 kn (17.8 mph; 28.7 km/h).[11]

The Carpathia made her maiden voyage on 5 May 1903 from Liverpool, England,[8] to Boston, Massachusetts in the US, and ran services between New York City,[13] and Mediterranean ports at Gibraltar, Algiers, Naples, Trieste, and Fiume.[14]

Early service and renovations

Although lacking the speed and grand luxury of express liners, and initially having no first-class accommodations until 1905, the Carpathia quickly developed a reputation as a comfortable ship, particularly in rough weather, due to her relatively wide breadth to length ratio, the use of bilge keels, and the lack of vibration typically found in powerful engines.[6][12] The ship became popular with both tourists and emigrants. During the summer season , the Carpathia operated mainly between Liverpool and New York City, and in the winter, the Carpathia travelled from New York City to the Mediterranean Basin.[8]

After Cunard partnered with the Royal Hungarian Sea Navigation Company "Adria" in 1904, the Carpathia was designated with the duty of transporting Hungarian emigrants.[15][16] As a result, the Carpathia was renovated in 1905, increasing its capacity from 1,700 passengers to 2,550 passengers. Mainly third-class small cabins were converted to large shared dormitory rooms while adding first-class accommodation to areas that were previously second-class.[8] By 1912, her tonnage has grown to 13,600 long tons (13,800 t),[17] and she had a capacity of 2,450 passengers, with 250 being first and second-class passengers, and 2,200 being third-class passengers.[17] She had a crew in 1912 of about 300 members, including 6 officers.[17] She carried 20 lifeboats.[17]

Sinking of the RMS Titanic and the Carpathia's rescue of survivors
Arthur Rostron RD, RNR, served as master of the RMS Carpathia. He is known for his crucial role in spearheading the Carpathia's rescue of survivors from the RMS Titanic.

The Carpathia departed from New York City on 11 April 1912 bound for Fiume, Austria-Hungary (now Rijeka, Croatia). Among its passengers were the American painters Colin Campbell Cooper and his wife Emma, author Philip Mauro, journalists Lewis Palmer Skidmore and Carlos Fayette Hurd, with their wives named Emily Vinton Skidmore and Katherine Cordell Hurd, photographer Dr. Francis H. Blackmarr, and Charles H. Marshall, whose three nieces were travelling onboard the Titanic. Also on board were Hope Brown Chapin, honeymooning youngest daughter of the former Governor of Rhode Island, Russell Brown, Pittsburgh architect Charles M. Hutchison and his wife, Sue Eva Rule, the sister of Judge Virgil Rule of the St. Louis Court of Appeals, as well as Esq. Louis Mansfield Ogden, along with his wife named Augusta Davies Ogden, a granddaughter of Alexander H. Rice.

On the night of 14 April, the Carpathia's wireless operator, Harold Cottam, had missed previous messages from the Titanic, as he was on the bridge at the time.[18] After his shift ended at midnight, he continued listening to the transmitter before bed, and received messages from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, stating they had private traffic for the Titanic. He thought he would be helpful, and at 12:11 a.m. on the night of the 15th of April, sent a message to the Titanic, stating that Cape Cod had traffic for them. In reply he received the Titanic's distress signal, stating that they had struck an iceberg and were in need of immediate and urgent assistance.[18]

Cottam took the message and coordinates to the bridge, where the officers on watch were initially skeptical about the seriousness of the Titanic's distress call.[19] Agitated, Cottam rushed down the ladder to the Captain's cabin and awakened Captain Arthur Henry Rostron, who immediately sprang into action and gave the order to turn the ship around,[20] and then asked Harold Cottam if he was absolutely certain it was a distress signal from the Titanic.[20] Cottam said that he had indeed received a distress signal from the Titanic, which required immediate assistance, and Cottam gave the Titanic's position, saying that he was absolutely certain of the seriousness of the message.[20] Whilst dressing, Rostron set a course for the Titanic, and sent for the chief engineer and told him to "call another watch of stokers and make all possible speed to the Titanic, as she was in trouble."[20] Rostron later testified that the distance to the Titanic was 58 nmi (67 mi; 107 km), and it took the Carpathia three and a half hours to arrive to the RMS Titanic's location, by which time she had already sunk.[20]

Rostron ordered the ship's heating and hot water cut off in order to make as much steam as possible available for the engines, and had extra lookouts on watch to spot icebergs.[21][22] Cottam, meanwhile, messaged the Titanic that the Carpathia was coming as quickly as possible and that they expect to reach their location within four hours. Cottam refrained from sending more signals after this, trying to keep the network clear for the Titanic's distress signals.[23] The Carpathia reached the edge of the ice field by 2:45 a.m., and for the next two hours dodged icebergs as small growlers of ice ground along the hull plates.[23][20] The Carpathia arrived at the distress call's position at 4:00 a.m., approximately an hour and a half after the Titanic went down,[24] claiming more than 1,500 lives. For the next four and a half hours, the ship took on the 705 survivors of the disaster from Titanic's 20 lifeboats.[25] Survivors were given blankets and coffee, and then escorted by stewards to the dining rooms. Others went on deck to survey the ocean for any sign of their loved ones. Throughout the rescue, the Carpathia's own passengers assisted in any way that they could, offering warm food, beverages, blankets, accommodations, and words of comfort.[26] By 9:00 AM, the last survivor had been picked up from the lifeboats, and Rostron gave the order to sail away from the area.

This medal was awarded to a Carpathia crew member for his part in the rescue of Titanic survivors.

After considering options for where to disembark the passengers, including the Azores (the destination with the least cost to the Cunard Line) and Halifax (the closest port, although along an ice-laden route), Rostron consulted with Bruce Ismay, and ultimately decided to disembark the survivors in New York City, the original destination of the RMS Titanic. News of the Titanic disaster rapidly spread on shore, and the humble Carpathia became the center of intense media attention as she steamed westward towards New York at an average speed of 14 knots. Hundreds of wireless messages were being sent from Cape Race and other shore stations addressed to Captain Rostron from relatives of Titanic passengers and journalists demanding details in exchange for money.[23] Rostron ordered that no news stories would be transmitted directly to the press, deferring such responsibilities to the White Star offices as Cottam provided details to the Titanic's sister ship, the Olympic. On Wednesday, 17 April, the scout cruiser USS Chester began escorting the Carpathia to New York. Cottam, by then assisted by the Titanic's junior wireless operator Harold Bride, transmitted the names of third-class survivors to the Chester. Slowed by heavy thunderstorms and fog since the early morning of Tuesday 16 April, Carpathia finally arrived in New York on the evening of Thursday 18 April 1912 under heavy rain.[27]

For their rescue work, the crew of the Carpathia were awarded multiple medals by the survivors. Crew members were awarded bronze medals, officers silver, and Captain Rostron a silver cup and a gold medal, presented by Margaret Molly Brown. Rostron was knighted by King George V, and was later a guest of President William Howard Taft at the White House, where he was presented with a Congressional Gold Medal, the highest honour the United States Congress could confer upon an individual.[28]

Service in the First World War

During the First World War, the Carpathia was used to transfer Canadian and American Expeditionary Forces to Europe.[29] At least some of her voyages were in convoy, sailing from New York through Halifax to Liverpool and Glasgow.[30] Among her passengers during the war years was Frank Buckles, who went on to become the last surviving American veteran of the Great War.[31]

Sinking and aftermath
The Carpathia sank after being struck by three torpedoes fired by U-55 west of Land's End.

On 15 July 1918, the Carpathia departed Liverpool in a convoy bound for Boston, carrying 57 passengers (36 saloon class and 21 steerage) and 166 crew. The convoy travelled on a zig-zag course along with an escort in accordance with procedures against submarine attacks.[32] The escort left the convoy early in the morning of 17 July, and the convoy was cut in half. The Carpathia continued west along with six other ships, and as the largest ship in the convoy, she assumed the role of the commodore ship. Three and a half hours later, at 9:15 A.M., while sailing in the Southwest Approaches, a torpedo was sighted approaching on her port side. The engines were thrown in full-astern and the helm was turned hard-a-starboard, but it was too late to avoid the torpedo.[32] The Carpathia was torpedoed near the No. 3 hatch on the port side by the Imperial German Navy submarine U-55, followed by a second which penetrated the engine room, killing three firemen, two trimmers, and effectively disabling her ability to escape, as the engines were rendered inoperable by the second torpedo impact.[33] The explosion severely damaged the Carpathia's electrical gear, including the wireless radio apparatus, as well as two of the ship's lifeboats.[32] As a result, Captain William Prothero, in command of the Carpathia since 1916, signalled the other ships in the convoy to send out wireless messages by use of flags. He then had rockets fired to attract the attention of nearby patrol boats. The remaining convoy steamed away at full speed to elude the submarine.[32]

As the Carpathia began to settle by the head and list to port, Captain William Prothero gave the order to abandon ship. All passengers and the surviving crew members boarded the 11 lifeboats as the Carpathia sank.[33] There were 218 survivors of the 223 aboard.[33] As the passengers and crew disembarked, Prothero, the chief officer, first and second officers and the gunners remained on the sinking ship, seeing to it that all the confidential books and documents were thrown overboard. The captain then signalled one of the lifeboats to come alongside, and he and the remaining crew members abandoned their ship.[32] U-55 surfaced and fired a third torpedo into the ship near the gunner's rooms, resulting in a massive explosion that doomed the Carpathia.[33] U-55 started approaching the lifeboats when the Azalea-class sloop HMS Snowdrop arrived on the scene and drove away the submarine with gunfire before picking up the survivors from the Carpathia around 1:00 P.M. The Snowdrop arrived back in Liverpool with the survivors on the evening of 18 July.

The Carpathia sank at 11:00 A.M. at a position recorded by the Snowdrop as 49°25′N 10°25′W, about two and a half hours after the torpedo strike, and approximately 120 mi (190 km) west of Fastnet. At the time of her sinking, the Carpathia was the fifth Cunard steamship sunk in as many weeks; the others being the Ascania, the Ausonia, the Dwinsk, and the Valentia, leaving only five Cunarders afloat from the large pre-war fleet.[33]

Discovery and salvage works

On 9 September 1999, the Reuters and AP wire services reported that Argosy International Ltd., headed by Graham Jessop, son of the undersea explorer Keith Jessop, and sponsored by the National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA), had discovered the Carpathia's wreck in 600 ft (180 m) of water, 185 mi (298 km) west of Land's End.[34] Adverse weather conditions forced his ship to abandon the position before Jessop could verify the discovery using underwater cameras. However, when he returned to the location, the wreck was determined to be the Hamburg-America Line's Isis, sunk on 8 November 1936.[35]

In 2000, the American author and diver Clive Cussler announced that his organisation, NUMA, had found the true wreck of the Carpathia in the spring of that year,[36][37] at a depth of 500 ft (150 m).[38] After the submarine attack, the Carpathia landed upright on the seabed. NUMA gave the approximate location of the wreck as 120 mi (190 km) west of Fastnet, Ireland.[39]

The wreck of the RMS Carpathia is owned by Premier Exhibitions Inc., formerly RMS Titanic Inc., which plans to recover objects from the wreck.[38]

Profile
A colour profile view of the Carpathia as she appeared from 1903 to 1905.
  • The painted hull of the Carpathia rests on the slipway, awaiting launch.
  • The Carpathia having docked in New York following the rescue of the Titanic's survivors.
  • Margaret Brown (right) giving Captain Arthur Henry Rostron a golden award for his service in the rescue of the Titanic's survivors.
  • Rare on-deck photo of the Carpathia passengers (circa 1914), unconnected with the Titanic disaster.
  • A Lifeboat card from the Carpathia, used to identify a Titanic survivor's lifeboat.
gollark: Yes, apparently.
gollark: I don't know about in the US, but there is a *lot* of difference in earnings between courses.
gollark: The UK government has some interesting data from large-scale surveys on employment status of people after graduating from university.
gollark: I'm pointing out downsides to it.
gollark: ferraman said "there's no downside to learning it".

See also
  • SS Californian, another vessel that was involved with the Titanic and perished in the First World War.
  • SS Mount Temple, another vessel that was initially thought to be the "mystery ship" failing to respond to the Titanic's distress calls.

References
  1. "RMS Carpathia (1903)". www.tynebuiltships.co.uk. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  2. Ludowyke, Jay (2018). Carpathia: The Extraordinary Story of the Ship that Rescued the Survivors of the Titanic. Sydney, NSW: Hachette. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-7336-4067-4. OCLC 1024080123.
  3. N. R. P. Bonsor, North Atlantic Seaway, pp. 154–55, 1873.
  4. thegreatoceanliners.com Saxonia (I) 1900–1925
  5. J. H. Isherwood, "Intermediate Ship 'Saxonia' ", Sea Breezes 13 (1952), p. 411.
  6. "The Cunard S.S. "Carpathia"", The Syren and Shipping Illustrated, p. 250-255, 6 May 1903 – via Google Books
  7. "A floating dock and a new Cunarder" (PDF), The Engineer, p. 136, 8 August 1902 – via Grace's Guide to British Industrial History
  8. Tikkanen, Amy (2 August 2016), "Carpathia, ship", Encyclopædia Britannica
  9. "Launches at Newcastle". The Times (36840). London. 7 August 1902. p. 10.
  10. "The Cunard Steamer Carpathia". The Times (37065). London. 27 April 1903. col F, p. 10.
  11. "SS Carpathia" (PDF), The Engineer, p. 157, 15 August 1902 – via Grace's Guide to British Industrial History
  12. "Steamship Carpathia.", Marine Engineering, p. 517, October 1903
  13. "(advertisement)". The Times (37085). London. 20 May 1903. col B, p. 2.
  14. "(advertisement)". The Times (37267). London. 18 December 1903. col B, p. 2.
  15. "100 éve történt (100 years ago)" (in Hungarian). Magyar Hajózásért Egyesület (Society for Hungarian Navigation). 12 April 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  16. "Carpathia – az első mentőhajó 1. rész (Carpathia, the first rescue ship − part 1)" (in Hungarian). National Geographic (Hungary). Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  17. "United States Senate Inquiry, Day 1, Testimony of Arthur H. Rostron, cont.", "Titanic" disaster, report of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, pursuant to S. Res. 283, directing the committee on commerce to investigate the causes leading to the wreck of the White Star liner "Titanic.", 19 April 2012
  18. "Day 15, Testimony of Harold T. Cottam". British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry. Titanic Inquiry Project. 24 May 1912. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  19. Heath, Neil (20 October 2013). "The reluctant hero who took the Titanic's distress call". BBC News. Nottingham. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  20. "United States Senate Inquiry, Day 1, Testimony of Arthur H. Rostron.", "Titanic" disaster, report of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, pursuant to S. Res. 283, directing the committee on commerce to investigate the causes leading to the wreck of the White Star liner "Titanic.", 19 April 2012
  21. "RMS Carpathia" Retrieved 8 May 2014
  22. Cimino, Eric (Fall 2017). "Carpathia's Care for Titanic's Survivors". Voyage, Journal of the Titanic International Society. 101: 23–24.
  23. Bisset, James G. P. (1959). Tramps and Ladies: My Early Years in Steamers. New York: Criterion Books. p. 297.
  24. "United States Senate Inquiry, Day 1, Testimony of Arthur H. Rostron, cont.", "Titanic" disaster, report of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, pursuant to S. Res. 283, directing the committee on commerce to investigate the causes leading to the wreck of the White Star liner "Titanic.", 19 April 2012
  25. "Titanic Inquiry Project". Electronic copies of the inquiries into the disaster. Titanic Inquiry Project. 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  26. Cimino. "Carpathia's Care": 25–27. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. "Testimony of Harold Bride". Titanic Inquiry Project.
  28. "Congressional Gold Medal Recipients | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  29. Official war diaries of CEF – 27 Batt. 15 May 1915
  30. Simmons, Perez; H. Davies, Alfred. Twentieth Engineers – France – 1917–1918–1919 (PDF). Portland, Oregon: Dimm & Sons Printing Co. Twentieth Engineers Publishing Association. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  31. Goldstein, Richard (28 February 2011). "Frank Buckles, Last of World War I Doughboys, Dies at 110". The New York Times.
  32. Ljungström, Henrik. "Carpathia – TGOL". thegreatoceanliners.com.
  33. "Carpathia sunk; 5 of crew killed;" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 4, 20 July 1918
  34. "UK Titanic rescue ship 'found'". BBC News. 8 September 1999.
  35. Cussler, Clive; Delgado, James P. (2004). Adventures of a Sea Hunter: In Search of Famous Shipwrecks. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-55365-071-3.
  36. "Wreck of the Carpathia, Titanic's Rescuer, Found". National Underwater and Marine Agency. 27 April 2004. Archived from the original on 27 April 2004. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  37. Reuters (23 September 2000). "Discovery Of R.M.S. Carpathia". Titanic-Titanic.com. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  38. BBC News. "Dive to film Titanic rescue ship". Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  39. "Carpathia Rescue". National Underwater and Marine Agency. 25 February 2004. Archived from the original on 25 February 2004. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

Further reading
  • Butler, Daniel Allen. (2009). The Other Side of the Night: The Carpathia, the Californian, and the Night the Titanic Was Lost. Philadelphia: Casemate.
  • Eaton, John P. and Haas, Charles A. (1995). Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy. New York: W. W. Norton & Compan., 2nd ed.
  • Ludowyke, Jay. (2018). Carpathia: The Extraordinary Story of the Ship that Rescued the Survivors of the Titanic. Sydney: Hachette.

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