Qatar national football team

The Qatar national football team (Arabic: منتخب قطر لكرة القدم) represents Qatar in international football, and is controlled by the Qatar Football Association and AFC

Qatar
Nickname(s)العنابي
(The Maroons)
AssociationQatar Football Association
ConfederationAFC (Asia)
Sub-confederationWAFF (West Asia)
Head coachFélix Sánchez Bas
CaptainHassan Al-Haydos[1]
Most capsHassan Al-Haydos (131)
Top scorerSebastian Soria (40)
Home stadiumVarious
FIFA codeQAT
First colours
Second colours
FIFA ranking
Current 55 (16 July 2020)[2]
Highest51 (August 1993, October 1993)
Lowest113 (November 2010)
First international
 Bahrain 2–1 Qatar 
(Bahrain; 27 March 1970)
Biggest win
 Qatar 15–0 Bhutan 
(Doha, Qatar; 3 September 2015)
Biggest defeat
 Kuwait 9–0 Qatar 
(Kuwait; 8 January 1973)
World Cup
Appearances1 (first in 2022)
Asian Cup
Appearances10 (first in 1980)
Best resultChampions (2019)
Copa América
Appearances1 (first in 2019)
Best resultGroup stage (2019)
WAFF Championship
Appearances2 (first in 2008)
Best resultChampions (2014)

The team has appeared in ten Asian Cup tournaments and won it once in 2019. They play their home games at Khalifa International Stadium and Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium. The latter is considered the home stadium for the team.[3]

Qatar will host the 2022 FIFA World Cup and therefore qualify automatically for what will be their first appearance in the finals. This will be the first time the host nation has never previously competed at the World Cup since the second World Cup in 1934 and the first time that an Arab nation will host the competition.

History

Pre–1970

Football was brought to Qatar during a time which coincided with initial discovery of oil reserves in Dukhan in 1940.[4] By 1948, expatriate oil workers played the first official football match in Qatar. The Qatar Football Association was formed in 1960, and the QFA joined FIFA in 1970.[5] Simultaneously during this period, the Bahrain Football Association were drawing up plans for the establishment of a regional football competition within the GCC and Qatari officials were involved with the corroboration of this proposal.[6] The plans came to fruition and in March 1970 the Arabian Gulf Cup was inaugurated.

1970–1980

The Qatar national team played its first official match on 27 March 1970 against hosts Bahrain, losing 1–2 as Mubarak Faraj scored the sole goal for Qatar.[7] The newly formed Qatar national team posted underwhelming results in the first Gulf Cup tournament, coming in last place with a single point, with the highlight of their tournament being a 1–1 draw with the Saudis in their final match.[8]

In the next edition of the Gulf Cup in 1972, Qatar was again relegated to last place after suffering 3 straight defeats.[9] The next tournament in 1974 proved to be somewhat of a break-through for the Qataris as they achieved their first triumph in international football with a 4–0 victory over Oman. The Qataris lost out to Saudi Arabia in the semi-finals, but achieved a 3rd place standing after emerging the victors of a penalty shoot-out against the United Arab Emirates.[10]

The first time they entered the qualifying stages for the AFC Asian Cup was in 1975. They were not successful in qualifying for the 1976 Asian Cup, with Iraq and Saudi Arabia booking the group's two qualifying berths. Despite this setback, Qatar finished in 3rd place in the 1976 Gulf Cup as the host nation the next year.[11]

The national team played its first FIFA World Cup qualifying match in 1977. Qatar was set to play the United Arab Emirates on 11 March 1977, but the last minute withdrawal of the Emirati team from the competition merely postponed Qatar's debut until two days later when Bahrain were defeated 2–0 in Doha.[12]

1980–1990

Their Asian Cup debut came in 1980 under head coach Evaristo de Macedo. They had qualified for the tournament after topping a relatively easy group composing of Bangladesh and Afghanistan. Their showing in the main tournament was unimpressive, making an early exit from the group stages with two defeats, one draw and one win.[13]

Qatar narrowly lost to Iraq in the finals of the 1984 Gulf Cup, nonetheless they were named runners-up, their most impressive accolade until 1992.[14]

They failed to make it out of the preliminary stages of the 1982 and 1986 World Cup qualifying rounds. However, the team qualified for both the 1984 and 1988 editions of the Asian Cup. They fell short of qualifying for the semi-finals of the 1984 tournament, with Saudi Arabia's Mohaisen Al-Jam'an's 88th-minute goal against Kuwait ensuring a semi-final position for both teams. They also missed out on a semi-final place in 1988; however, they notably defeated Japan by a score of 3–0.[15]

1990–2000

Qatar arguably reached its peak in the 1990s, attaining its highest-ever FIFA rating (53) in August 1993.[16] Qatar started off with an emphatic qualifying campaign for the 1990 World Cup, finishing at the top of their group. They were denied a spot in the World Cup after finishing below the United Arab Emirates and South Korea in the final round of the qualifiers.

In 1990, the national team once again finished runners-up in the Gulf Cup as Kuwait won the final two matches of the tournament.[17] Two years later, they won the competition on home soil for the first time under the leadership of Sebastião Lapola, despite a 1–0 loss against Saudi Arabia in their final game.[18] They were also named runners-up in the 1996 Gulf Cup.

Qatar reached the Asian Zone's final qualifying round for France 1998. After wins against China and Iran, they played their last match against Saudi Arabia, where a victory would have earned qualification. However, they lost out as Saudi Arabia won 1–0 to reach the finals.

As 1998 Arab Nations Cup hosts, they finished runners-up to Saudi Arabia.[19]

2000–2010

Sebastián Soria is Qatar's top scorer.

They made it to the quarter-finals of the 2000 Asian Cup despite finishing 3rd in their group, but lost to China in their quarter-final confrontation.[20]

They reached the final qualifying round again in 2001, but were defeated by Bora Milutinovic's China team, who topped the section to progress to their first FIFA World Cup. Frenchman Philippe Troussier took the manager's job after the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, but was unsuccessful in both the 2004 Asian Cup and the qualifying campaign for the 2006 World Cup in Germany.

Troussier was sacked after the World Cup qualifying campaign, and under Bosnian Džemaludin Mušović, the team won the Gulf Cup in 2004 and the Asian Games gold in 2006. Mušović stepped down after Qatar only earned two points from three matches in the 2007 Asian Cup.

The job of coaching the team in qualifying for the 2010 World Cup fell to Jorge Fossati, who led the team throughout the first and second AFC rounds up to the third round. After leaving them at the top of their group with only two played matches, Fossati had to undergo stomach surgery. Subsequently, the Qatar Football Association ended their co-operation with him in September 2008, as the QFA claimed he needed too long to recover from surgery.[21] Bruno Metsu was called up for the job, but Qatar failed to qualify after finishing fourth in their qualifying group.

2010–present

Qatar national team in 2011 during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying rounds.

Qatar was announced as hosts of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in December 2010.[22]

In 2011, as hosts of the 2011 Asian Cup, they advanced to the quarter-finals. They succumbed to a late 2–3 defeat to eventual champions Japan after a goal was scored by Masahiko Inoha in the 89th minute.

Also as hosts, they went on to win the 2014 WAFF Championship after defeating Jordan 2–0 in the final. The competition was made up primarily of youth and reserve teams, of which Qatar's was the latter.[23] Djamel Belmadi, the head coach of the B team, replaced Fahad Thani as the head coach of the senior team as a result of the team's positive performances. 10 months later, Djamel Belmadi led Qatar to gold in the 2014 Gulf Cup. They advanced from the group stages after three draws, going on to defeat Oman 3–1 in the semi-final, and were victorious in the final against Saudi Arabia, who were playing in front of a home crowd, by a margin of 2–1.[24]

Despite winning the Gulf Cup and finishing the year 2014 with only one defeat, Qatar showed a poor form in the 2015 Asian Cup. Qatar was defeated 1–4 by the United Arab Emirates in their opener. This was continued with a 0–1 loss to Iran and 1–2 to Bahrain. Qatar was eliminated in the group stages with no points and placed 4th in Group C.

Qatar's campaign in qualifying for the 2018 World Cup in Russia was a surprise. Their start in the second round of World Cup qualifying in the AFC was nearly perfect, with seven wins and only one loss. However, their success in the second round didn't follow them to the third round. Qatar finished bottom of their group, ensuring they will play their first World Cup match on home soil in 2022, the first team to do so since Italy in 1934.

Qatar's players celebrating the country's first-ever Asian Cup title in the 2019.

Qatar continued its poor form in the 2017 Gulf Cup, which was hosted by Kuwait. Qatar opened the tournament with a 4–0 win against Yemen, but that was followed by a 1–2 loss to Iraq and an unconvincing 1–1 draw to Bahrain. Qatar took the third place in Group B with four points and was eliminated in the group stage of the competition, which was considered as an upset of the tournament, especially after winning the 2014 edition.

Qatar starting line-up against Japan at the 2019 AFC Asian Cup Final, a match they won 3–1.

However, Qatar had an excellent campaign at the 2019 Asian Cup. Their opener saw them defeat Lebanon 2–0. This was followed by a 6–0 thrashing of North Korea and a 2–0 win against three-time champions Saudi Arabia, which sealed the team getting first place in the group. They had a 1–0 win against Iraq in the Round of 16 and a late win against defending runners-up South Korea in the quarter-finals, seeing them through to the semi-finals for the first time ever, where they defeated the hosts United Arab Emirates 4–0 to set up a final against 4-time winners Japan. Qatar ended up winning the final 3–1 over Japan, marking their first ever major tournament title in their history, and capping off one of the most improbable Asian Cup runs in the tournament's history, especially since they conceded only one goal in all their games.[25]

Qatar was invited to the 2019 Copa América. They were placed in Group B with Colombia, Argentina and Paraguay. Their first game was against Paraguay where they came back from a 2–0 deficit to tie it 2–2 but marked for the first time Qatar suffered more than one goal in any major competition since winning the Asian Cup in UAE.[26] It was followed by a 0–1 loss to Colombia, ending the team's undefeated streak in any major competition to eight.[27] A 0–2 loss to Argentina meant Qatar took the last place in Group B with a single point and was eliminated in the group stage of the competition.[28]

Naturalised foreign players

While it is reasonably common for footballers to represent national teams other than their birth nations,[29] the nature and extent of the practice for the Qatari team has been the subject of scrutiny and criticism at various points during the twenty-first century. In 2004, FIFA cited the intention of three Brazilian players – Aílton, Dedé and Leandro – to play for the Qatar national team as the immediate trigger to their decision to tighten eligibility rules to ensure players have ties to the country they represent.[30][31]

Qatar continued to pursue a strategy of naturalising foreign-born players, within the limitations of the new rules, and it continued to prove controversial. The "Aspire Football Dreams" program of recruitment of boys from Africa to an academy in Qatar drew a substantial amount of criticism. While Qatari authorities described it as a humanitarian effort and a way to provide competition for native Qatari players, critics claimed that it was merely another exploitative way of acquiring naturalised players,[32] with Vice linking it to human rights abuses and the kafala system.[33]

In a 2015 friendly against Algeria, six of the eleven of the players in the starting team were born outside of Qatar.[34] Then president of FIFA, Sepp Blatter warned Qatar that FIFA would monitor their player selection to ensure that they were not relying too heavily on naturalised players. He made comparisons to the Qatar national handball team, referring to the team's selection for the 2015 World Men's Handball Championship as an "absurdity".[35] The following year, naturalised players formed the backbone of the team and were sufficiently integral that head coach Jorge Fossati threatened to resign if they were removed.[36][37]

The reliance on naturalised players has subsequently reduced, with only two members of the squad that beat Switzerland in a 2018 friendly being born outside the country.[38] However, at the 2019 Asian Cup, amidst diplomatic tensions between the two countries, the United Arab Emirates Football Association lodged a formal complaint against Qatar, alleging that Almoez Ali and Bassam Al-Rawi were not eligible to play for them.[39] These complaints were dismissed by the AFC.[40][41]

Team image

Crest

Kits

Kit suppliers

Rivalries

Qatar doesn't maintain any specific rivalries, but they have three major rivals, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and the UAE.

Coaching staff

Coach Félix Sánchez with his coaching staff in January 2019

Last update: January 2019.[42]

Technical staff
Head coach Félix Sánchez
Assistant coach Sergio Alegre
Goalkeeping coach Julius Büscher
Official David Rodriguez
Fitness coach Alberto Mendez-Villanueva
Fitness coach Carlos Domenech Monforte
Medical staff
Physiotherapist Przemysław Tokarek
Physiotherapist Ahmad Al Sharairi
Doctor John McGuinness
Administrative staff
Administrator Mohamed Salem Al Etawi
Media co-ordinator Ali Hassan Al-Salat

Players

Current squad

No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club
1 1GK Saad Al Sheeb (1990-02-19) 19 February 1990 65 0 Al-Sadd
22 1GK Mohammed Al-Bakri (1997-03-28) 28 March 1997 3 0 Al-Duhail
21 1GK Fahad Younes (1994-07-30) 30 July 1994 0 0 Al-Rayyan

3 2DF Abdelkarim Hassan (1993-08-28) 28 August 1993 94 14 Al-Sadd
16 2DF Boualem Khoukhi (1990-07-09) 9 July 1990 73 19 Al-Sadd
2 2DF Ró-Ró (1990-08-06) 6 August 1990 56 1 Al-Sadd
4 2DF Al-Mahdi Ali Mukhtar (1992-03-02) 2 March 1992 36 3 Al-Gharafa
5 2DF Tarek Salman (1997-12-05) 5 December 1997 31 0 Al-Sadd
15 2DF Bassam Al-Rawi (1997-12-16) 16 December 1997 27 2 Al-Duhail
13 2DF Musab Kheder (1993-01-01) 1 January 1993 14 0 Al-Arabi
23 2DF Fahad Al-Abdulrahman (1995-04-06) 6 April 1995 3 0 Al-Arabi

12 3MF Karim Boudiaf (1990-09-16) 16 September 1990 80 5 Al-Duhail
6 3MF Abdulaziz Hatem (1990-10-28) 28 October 1990 69 4 Al-Rayyan
14 3MF Salem Al-Hajri (1996-04-10) 10 April 1996 19 0 Al-Sadd
8 3MF Ahmed Fatehi (1993-01-25) 25 January 1993 11 0 Al-Arabi
20 3MF Abdullah Al-Ahrak (1997-05-10) 10 May 1997 7 1 Al-Ahli

10 4FW Hassan Al-Haydos (captain) (1990-12-11)11 December 1990 (aged 28) 132 28 Al-Sadd
11 4FW Akram Afif (1996-11-18) 18 November 1996 58 17 Al-Sadd
19 4FW Almoez Ali (1996-08-19) 19 August 1996 57 25 Al-Duhail
17 4FW Ismaeel Mohammad (1990-04-05) 5 April 1990 53 4 Al-Duhail
7 4FW Mohammed Muntari (1993-12-20) 20 December 1993 27 8 Al-Duhail
18 4FW Yusuf Abdurisag (1999-08-06) 6 August 1999 7 1 Al-Arabi
9 4FW Mohammed Salah Al-Neel (1991-04-20) 20 April 1991 2 0 Al-Arabi

Recent call-ups

The following players have been called up for the Qatar squad within the last 12 months.

Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up

DF Mohammed Musa (1986-03-23) 23 March 1986 58 5 Al-Gharafa v.  Singapore, 14 November 2019
DF Homam Ahmed (1999-08-25) 25 August 1999 1 0 Al-Gharafa v.  Singapore, 14 November 2019

MF Ahmed Fathi (2000-06-07) 7 June 2000 11 0 Al-Arabi v.  Singapore, 14 November 2019
MF Moayad Hassan (2000-06-07) 7 June 2000 8 1 Al-Gharafa v.  Singapore, 14 November 2019
MF Ahmed Moein (1995-10-20) October 20, 1995 7 0 Qatar SC v.  Singapore, 14 November 2019
MF Abdelrahman Moustafa (1997-04-05) 5 April 1997 4 0 Al-Ahli v.  Singapore, 14 November 2019
MF Assim Madibo (1996-10-22) 22 October 1996 26 0 Al-Duhail v.  India, 10 September 2019

FW Ali Afif (1993-01-21) 21 January 1993 56 10 Al-Duhail v.  Oman, 15 October 2019
FW Ahmed Alaaeldin (1993-01-21) 21 January 1993 28 1 Al-Rayyan v.  Oman, 15 October 2019

Notes:

  • SUS Player suspended
  • RC Player suspended for yellow or red card accumulation.
  • INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury
  • RET Retired from the national team
  • WD Player withdrew from the squad for non-injury related reasons

Player records

As of 5 December 2019

Schedule and results

The following are Qatar's results in the last 12 months and upcoming fixtures.

  Win   Draw   Loss

2019

5 September 2019 2023 Asian Cup qualifiersQatar 6–0 AfghanistanDoha, Qatar
19:30 UTC+3
Report (FIFA)
Report (AFC)
Stadium: Jassim bin Hamad Stadium
Attendance: 10,950
Referee: Aziz Asimov (Uzbekistan)
10 September 2019 2023 Asian Cup qualifiersQatar 0–0 IndiaDoha, Qatar
19:30 UTC+3 Report (FIFA)
Report (AFC)
Stadium: Jassim bin Hamad Stadium
Attendance: 12,020
Referee: Nazmi Nasaruddin (Malaysia)
10 October 2019 2023 Asian Cup qualifiersBangladesh 0–2 QatarDhaka, Bangladesh
19:00 UTC+6 Report (FIFA)
Report (AFC)
Stadium: Bangabandhu National Stadium
Attendance: 24,570
Referee: Bijan Heidari (Iran)
15 October 2019 2023 Asian Cup qualifiersQatar 2–1 OmanDoha, Qatar
19:30 UTC+3
Report (FIFA)
Report (AFC)
Stadium: Jassim bin Hamad Stadium
Attendance: 26,731
Referee: Fu Ming (China)
14 November 2019 (2019-11-14) FriendlyQatar 2–0 SingaporeDoha, Qatar
20:30 UTC−3
Report Stadium: Abdullah bin Khalifa Stadium
19 November 2019 2023 Asian Cup qualifiersAfghanistan 0–1 QatarDushanbe, Tajikistan
19:00 UTC+5 Report (FIFA)
Report (AFC)
Stadium: Central Republican Stadium
Attendance: 6,000
Referee: Timur Faizullin (Kyrgyzstan)
26 November 2019 Arabian Gulf CupQatar 1–2 IraqDoha, Qatar
19:30
Stadium: Khalifa International Stadium
Referee: Lionel Tschudi (Switzerland)
29 November 2019 Arabian Gulf CupYemen 0–6 QatarDoha, Qatar
20:00 UTC+3
Stadium: Abdullah bin Khalifa Stadium
Referee: Ali Shaban (Kuwait)
2 December 2019 Arabian Gulf CupQatar 4–2 United Arab EmiratesDoha, Qatar
17:30 UTC+3
Report
Stadium: Khalifa International Stadium
Referee: Ryuji Sato (Japan)
5 December 2019 Arabian Gulf CupSaudi Arabia 1–0 QatarAl Wakrah, Qatar
20:00 UTC+3
Report Stadium: Al Janoub Stadium
Referee: Ahmad Al-Ali (Kuwait)

2020

8 October 2020 (2020-10-08) 2023 Asian Cup qualifiersIndia v QatarBhubaneswar, India
--:-- UTC+5:30 Stadium: Kalinga Stadium
13 October 2020 (2020-10-13) 2023 Asian Cup qualifiersQatar v BangladeshDoha, Qatar
--:-- UTC+3 Stadium: Jassim bin Hamad Stadium
12 November 2020 (2020-11-12) 2023 Asian Cup qualifiersOman v QatarMuscat, Oman
--:-- UTC+4 Stadium: Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex

2021

All-time team head-to-head records

The following table shows Qatar's all-time international record, correct as of 5 December 2019.

  Positive Record   Neutral Record   Negative Record

Managerial history

Bruno Metsu, former manager of Qatar.

Honours

Winners (1): 2019
Winners (3): 1992, 2004, 2014
Winners (1): 2014
Winners (1): 2006

Minor

  • International Friendship Championship:
Winners (1): 2018

Competitive record

FIFA World Cup

FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup qualification record
Year Result Position Pld W D* L GF GA Pld W D L GF GA
1930 to 1970Did not enter Did not enter
1974Withdrew from Qualifiers Withdrew from Qualifiers
1978Did not qualify 410339
1982 420253
1986 420263
1990 11461128
1994 8512228
1998 116142110
2002 147432413
2006 6303168
2010 166461620
2014 145541814
2018 169163514
2022 Qualified as hosts Qualified as hosts
2026 To be determined To be determined
Total1/22------- 108502236178110

AFC Asian Cup

AFC Asian Cup record AFC Asian Cup qualification record
Year Result Position Pld W D L GF GA Pld W D L GF GA
1956Did not enter Did not enter
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976Did not qualify 621358
1980Group stage8th411238 4310102
1984Group stage5th412133 4301111
1988Group stage5th420276 Qualified as hosts
1992Group stage6th302134 220082
1996Did not qualify 420254
2000Quarter-finals8th403135 4310113
2004Group stage14th301224 6321107
2007Group stage14th302134 6501144
2011Quarter-finals7th420275 Qualified as hosts
2015Group stage13th300327 6411132
2019Champions1st7700191 8701294
2023To be determined 5410111
TotalBest: Champions11/17391311155247 553871012736

Copa América

Qatar was the second team from outside the Americas to participate in the Copa América, and was invited for the first time in 2019.

CONMEBOL Copa América record
Hosts / year Result Position Pld W D* L GF GA
2019 Group stage 10th 3 0 1 2 2 5
2021 Invited
TotalGroup stage2/47301225

Gulf Cup

Gulf Cup record
Year Result Pld W D* L GF GA
1970Fourth place301247
1972Fourth place3003010
1974Semi-finals310254
1976Third place6411116
1979Fifth place6213413
1982Fifth place520354
1984Runners-up7412106
1986Fourth place622278
1988Sixth place612348
1990Runners-up412144
1992Champions540181
1994Fourth place511368
1996Runners-up531195
1998Sixth place503238
2002Runners-up540174
2003Third place623153
2004Champions5320107
2007Group stage301224
2009Semi-finals412122
2010Group stage311133
2013Group stage310235
2014Champions523063
2017Group stage311163
2019Semi-finals4202115
Total24/24107412541130129

The Arabian Gulf Cup has been played on a bi-annual basis since 1970. The tournament has changed since the first edition from a round-robin basis to a knockout tournament in the latter years. Notably, the 2000 edition was cancelled and the 2003 and 2010 were moved due to congested fixture lists with other tournaments, such as the Asian Cup.

Pan Arab Games

Pan Arab Games record
Year Round Position Pld W D L GF GA
1953 Did not enter
1957
1961
1965
1976
1985
1997
1999First group stage10th200204
2007 Did not enter
2011Group stage6th202022
Total2/106th402226

WAFF Championship

WAFF Championship record
Year Result Pld W D* L GF GA
2000Did not enter
2002
2004
2007
2008Semi-finals310229
2010Did not enter
2012
2014Champions4400101
2019Did not enter
Total2/975021210

Arab Nations Cup

Arab Nations Cup record
Year Result Pld W D* L GF GA
1963Did not enter
1964
1966
19854th412132
1988Did not enter
1992
1998Runners-up430175
2002Did not enter
2012
Total2/98422107

Olympic Games

Since 1992, the Olympic team has been drawn from a squad with a maximum of three players over the age of 23, and the achievements of this team are not regarded as part of the national team's records, nor are the statistics credited to the players' international records.

Olympic Games record Qualifications record
Hosts / year Result Position Pld W D L GF GA Pld W D L GF GA
1972Did not qualify Unknown
1976
1980
1984Group stage15th301225
1988Did not qualify
1992 – present See Qatar national under-23 team See Qatar national under-23 team
TotalGroup stage1/17301225 Unknown

Asian Games

Football at the Asian Games has been an under-23 tournament since 2002.
Asian Games record
Year Result Pld W D* L GF GA
1951Did not enter
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978Group stage301237
1982Did not enter
1986Group stage302123
1990Did not enter
1994Group stage303055
1998Quarter-finals641194
2002–present See Qatar national under-23 football team
Total4/13154741919
gollark: So far, I got three blanks and one `_0G=l`.
gollark: I just made it filter out all lines beginning with #.
gollark: Huh.
gollark: There was a massive spike from some other computer (I'm testing on #5440, I think).
gollark: The graphs show it as fine.

See also

References

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