Elections in El Salvador

The government of El Salvador is a presidential representative democratic republic.

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
El Salvador
 El Salvador portal

El Salvador elects its head of state the President of El Salvador directly through a fixed-date general election whose winner is decided by absolute majority. If an absolute majority (50% + 1) is not achieved by any candidate in the first rounnd of a presidential election, then a run-off election is conducted 30 days later between the two candidates who obtained the most votes in the first round. The presidential period is five years. Consecutive re-election is not permitted, though previously elected presidents may run for a second, non-consecutive term.

Salvadorans also elect a single-chamber, unicameral national legislature the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador composed of 84 members (deputies). They are elected by open-list proportional representation for three-year terms, with the possibility of immediate re-election. All 84 seats in the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of 14 multi-member constituencies (corresponding to El Salvador's 14 departments). They range from 3-16 seats each according to department population size.

Political culture

El Salvador has a multi-party system. Two political parties, the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) have tended to dominate elections. ARENA candidates won four consecutive presidential elections until the election of Mauricio Funes of the FMLN in March 2009.

Geographically, the departments of the Central region, especially the capital and the coastal regions, known as departamentos rojos, or red departments, are relatively Leftist. The departamentos azules, or blue departments in the east, western and highland regions are relatively conservative.

Schedule

Election

Position201220132014201520162017
Type Gubernatorial (March)
National Congress (March)
NonePresidential (March)National Congress (March)
Gubernatorial (March)
None
President and
vice president
NonePresident and vice presidentNone
National Congress All seatsNoneAll seatsNone
Provinces, cities and municipalities All positionsNoneAll positionsNone

Inauguration

Position201220132014201520162017
Type Gubernatorial (June)
National Congress (June)
NonePresidential (June)
National Congress (June)
None
President and
vice president
None1 JuneNone
National Congress 1 MayNone1 MayNone
Provinces, cities and municipalities 1 MayNone1 MayNone

Presidential elections

1915

Candidate Party Votes %
Carlos Meléndez RamirezNational Democratic Party100
Invalid or blank votes
Total100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1919

Candidate Party Votes %
Jorge MeléndezNational Democratic Party185,492100
Invalid or blank votes
Total185,492100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1923

Candidate Party Votes %
Alfonso Quiñónez MolinaNational Democratic Party100
Invalid or blank votes
Total100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1927

Candidate Party Votes %
Pío Romero BosqueNational Democratic Party192,860100
Invalid or blank votes
Total192,860100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1931

Candidate Party Votes %
Arturo AraujoSalvadoran Labor Party-National Republican Party106,77746.65
Alberto Gómez ZarateZaratista Party64,28028.09
Enrique CórdovaNational Development Party34,49915.07
Antonio Claramount LuceroProgressive Fraternal Party18,3998.04
Miguel Tomás MolinaConstitutional Party4,9112.15
Invalid or blank votes
Total228,866100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1935

Candidate Party Votes %
Maximiliano Hernández MartínezNational Pro Patria Party329,555100
Invalid or blank votes
Total329,555100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1939

Candidate Party Votes %
Maximiliano Hernández MartínezNational Pro Patria Party210,810100
Invalid or blank votes
Total210,810100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1944

Candidate Party Votes %
Maximiliano Hernández MartínezNational Pro Patria Party100
Invalid or blank votes
Total100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1945

Candidate Party Votes %
Salvador Castaneda CastroSocial Democratic Unification Party312,75499.70
Osmín Aguirre y SalinasSocial Democratic Party6900.22
Antonio Claramount LuceroProgressive Fraternal Party1650.05
Arturo RomeroDemocratic Union Party550.02
Napoleón Viera AltamiranoRepublican Social Front290.01
José Cipriano CastroSalvadoran People's Party10.00
Invalid or blank votes
Total313,694100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1950

Candidate Party Votes %
Óscar OsorioRevolutionary Party of Democratic Unification345,13956.45
José Asencio MenéndezRenovated Action Party266,27143.55
Invalid or blank votes36,256
Total647,666100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1956

Candidate Party Votes %
José María LemusRevolutionary Party of Democratic Unification677,74895.20
Rafael Carranza AnayaAuthentic Constitutional Party22,6593.18
Enrique Magaña MenéndezRenovated Action Party11,5241.62
Invalid or blank votes
Total711,931100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1962

Candidate Party Votes %
Julio Adalberto Rivera CarballoNational Conciliation Party368,801100
Invalid or blank votes31,317
Total400,118100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1967

Candidate Party Votes %
Fidel Sánchez HernándezNational Conciliation Party267,44754.37
Abraham Rodríguez PortilloChristian Democratic Party106,35821.26
Fabio Castillo FigueroaRenovated Action Party70,97814.43
Alvaro MagañaSalvadoran Popular Party47,1119.58
Invalid or blank votes
Total491,894100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1972

Candidate Party Votes %
Arturo Armando MolinaNational Conciliation Party334,60043.42
José Napoleón DuarteNational Opposing Union324,75642.14
José Antonio Rodríguez PorthSalvadoran Popular Party94,36712.25
José Alberto MedranoUnited Independent Democratic Front16,8712.19
Invalid or blank votes35,763
Total806,357100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1977

Candidate Party Votes %
Carlos Humberto RomeroNational Conciliation Party812,28167.30
Ernesto Antonio Claramount RosevilleNational Opposing Union394,66132.70
Invalid or blank votes
Total1,206,942100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1982

Candidate Party Votes %
Álvaro MagañaDemocratic Action-National Conciliation Party-Christian Democratic Party3660.00
Hugo César BarreraNationalist Republican Alliance1728.33
Invalid or blank votes7
Total60100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1984

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
José Napoleón DuarteChristian Democratic Party549,72743.41752,62553.59
Roberto D'AubuissonNationalist Republican Alliance376,91729.77651,74146.41
José Francisco GuerreroNational Conciliation Party244,55619.31
René Fortin MagañaDemocratic Action43,9393.47
Francisco Quiñones AvilaPopular Salvadoran Party24,3951.92
Roberto Escobar GarcíaSalvadoran Authentic Institutional Party15,4301.22
Juan Ramón RosalesStable Republican Centrist Movement6,6450.52
Gilberto TrujilloPopular Orientation Party4,6770.37
Invalid/blank votes153,217119,713
Total1,419,5031001,524,079100
Registered voters/turnout????
Source:

1989

Candidate Party Votes %
Alfredo CristianiNationalist Republican Alliance505,37053.8
Fidel Chávez MenaChristian Democratic Party342,73236.5
Rafael Morán CastañedaNational Conciliation Party38,2184.1
Guillermo UngoDemocratic Convergence35,6423.8
Julio Adolfo Rey PrendesAuthentic Democratic Christian Movement9,3001.0
Hugo BarreraPopular Union4,6090.5
Ricardo MolinaRenovating Action Party3,2070.3
Invalid or blank votes64,075
Total1,003,153100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

1994

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Armando Calderón SolNationalist Republican Alliance641,10849.0818,26468.3
Rubén Zamora RivasFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front-Democratic Convergence325,58224.9378,98031.7
Fidel Chávez MenaChristian Democratic Party214,27716.4
Roberto Escobar GarcíaNational Conciliation Party70,5045.4
Jorge MartínezMovement of Unity31,5022.4
Edgardo Rodríguez EngelhardMovement of National Solidarity13,8411.1
Rhina Victoria Escalante de Rey PrendesAuthentic Democratic Christian Movement10,8430.8
Invalid/blank votes103,66348,976
Total1,411,3201001,246,220100
Registered voters/turnout????
Source:

1999

Candidate Party Votes %
Francisco Flores PérezNationalist Republican Alliance614,26851.96
Facundo GuardadoFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front-Social Christian Union343,47229.05
Rubén ZamoraUnited Democratic Centre88,6407.50
Rodolfo ParkerChristian Democratic Party67,2075.68
Hernán ContrerasNational Conciliation Party45,1403.82
Salvador Nelson GarcíaDemocratic Republican League19,2691.63
Francisco AyalaParty of the United People and the New Deal4,2520.36
Invalid or blank votes40,967
Total1,223,215100
Registered voters/turnout??
Source:

2004

Candidate Party Votes %
Antonio SacaNationalist Republican Alliance1,314,43657.71
Schafik HandalFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front812,51935.68
Héctor Silva ArgüelloChristian Democratic Party88,7373.90
José Rafael Machuca ZelayaNational Conciliation Party61,7812.71
Invalid or blank votes40,508
Total2,277,473100
Registered voters/turnout3,442,33067.30
Source:

2009

Candidate Party Votes %
Mauricio FunesFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front1,354,00051.32
Rodrigo ÁvilaNationalist Republican Alliance1,284,58848.68
Invalid or blank votes20,550
Total2,638,588100
Registered voters/turnout4,294,84961.90
Source: TSE 1, TSE 2

2014

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Salvador Sánchez CerénFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front1,315,76848.931,495,81550.11
Norman QuijanoNationalist Republican Alliance1,047,59238.961,489,45149.89
Antonio SacaUnity Movement307,60311.44
René Rodriguez HurtadoSalvadoran Progressive Party11,3140.42
Óscar LemusSalvadoran Patriot Fraternity6,6590.25
Invalid/blank votes34,31019,579
Total2,723,2461003,004,845100
Registered voters/turnout4,955,10754.964,955,10760.64
Source: TSE[2][3]

2019

Candidate Party Votes %
Nayib BukeleGrand Alliance for National Unity1,434,85653.10
Carlos CallejaNationalist Republican Alliance857,08431.72
Hugo MartínezFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front389,28914.41
Josué AlvaradoVamos20,7630.77
Invalid or blank votes31,186
Total2,733,178100
Registered voters/turnout5,268,41151.88
Source: TSE

Legislative elections

1928

 Summary of the January 1928 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Nacional) 100% 42 0
Totals 100.00% 42

1931

 Summary of the 11-13 January 1931 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Salvadoran Labor Party (Partido de Labor Salvadoreño)
National Republican Party (Partido de Republicano Nacional)
Zaratista Party (Partido Zaratista)
National Development Party (Partido de Desarrollo Nacional) 34,960 3.76 0
Progressive Fraternal Party (Partido Fraternal Progresivo)
Constitutional Party (Partido Constitucional)
Totals 100.00% 42

1932

The 1932 Salvadoran legislative election occurred between 3-5 January 1932 but the results were cancelled by President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez.[4] Further elections for 10-12 January were also cancelled.[5]

1936

The 1936 Salvadoran legislative election occurred in January 1936 but no results were published.[6]

1939

 Summary of the January 1939 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Pro Patria Party (Partido Nacional Pro-Patria) 210,810 100% 42 42
Totals 210,810 100.00% 42

1944

The 1944 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election occurred in January 1944 but no results were published.[7]

1950

 Summary of the 26-29 March 1950 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 345,139 56.45% 38 38
Renovated Action Party (Partido de Acción Renovado) 266,271 43.55% 14 14
Totals 647,666 100.00% 52 10

1952

 Summary of the March 1952 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 700,979 100% 54 16
Totals 700,979 100.00% 54 2

1954

 Summary of the March 1954 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 100% 54 0
Totals 100.00% 54

1956

 Summary of the 15 May 1956 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 552,000 94.4% 54 0
National Action Party (Partido de Acción Nacional) 33,000 5.6% 0 0
Totals 585,000 100.00% 54

1958

 Summary of the 23 March 1958 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 450,000 100% 54 0
Totals 450,000 100.00% 54

1960

 Summary of the 24 April 1960 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática) 368,545 87.7% 54 0
National Action Party (Partido de Acción Nacional) 51,557 12.3% 0 0
Totals 420,102 100.00% 54

1961

 Summary of the 17 December 1961 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 207,701 60.1% 54 54
Union of Democratic Parties (Unión de Partidos Democráticos) 64,916 18.8% 0 0
National Action Party (Partido de Acción Nacional) 49,300 14.3% 0 0
Authentic Constitutional Party (Partido Constitutcional Auténtico) 23,665 6.8% 0 0
Totals 345,582 100.00% 54

1964

 Summary of the 8 March 1964 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 176,620 58.6% 32 22
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 77,315 26.1% 14 14
Renovating Action Party (Partido de Acción Renovando) 45,499 15.3% 6 6
Totals 269,434 100.00% 52 2

1966

 Summary of the 13 March 1966 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 207,586 53.6% 31 1
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 120,645 31.2% 15 1
Renovating Action Party (Partido de Acción Renovando) 26,661 6.9% 4 2
Republican Party of National Evolution (Partido Republicano de Evolución Nacional) 22,960 5.9% 1 1
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 9,303 2.4% 1 1
Totals 387,155 100.00% 52

1968

 Summary of the 10 March 1968 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 212,661 47.7% 27 4
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 193,248 43.3% 19 4
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 22,748 5.9% 4 3
National Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional) 17,449 3.9% 2 2
Totals 492,037 100.00% 52

1970

 Summary of the 8 March 1970 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 315,560 59.8% 34 7
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 142,659 27.0% 16 3
Nationalist Democratic Union (Unión Democrático Nacional) 32,450 6.1% 1 1
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 28,606 5.4% 1 3
National Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional) 8,832 1.7% 0 2
Totals 622,570 100.00% 52

1972

 Summary of the 12 March 1972 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 353,775 67.4% 39 5
National Opposing Union (Unión Nacional de Opuesto) 119,194 22.8% 8 9
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 31,790 6.1% 4 3
United Independent Democratic Front (Frente Democrático Independiente Unido) 20,194 3.8% 1 1
Totals 634,651 100.00% 52

1974

 Summary of the 10 March 1974 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 36 3
National Opposing Union (Unión Nacional de Opuesto) 15 7
United Independent Democratic Front (Frente Democrático Independiente Unido) 1 0
Totals 100.00% 52

1976

 Summary of the 14 March 1976 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 52 18
Totals 100.00% 52

1978

 Summary of the 12 March 1978 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 766,673 90.3% 50 2
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 82,535 9.7% 4 4
Totals 849,208 100.00% 54 2

1982

 Summary of the 28 March 1982 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 590,644 40.2% 24 24
Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) 430,205 29.3% 19 19
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 273,383 18.6% 14 36
Democratic Action (Acción Democrático) 112,787 7.7% 2 2
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 44,900 3.1% 1 3
Popular Orientation Party (Partido de Orientación Popular) 17,378 7.7% 0 0
Totals 1,660,393 100.00% 60 6

1985

 Summary of the 31 March 1985 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 505,338 52.4% 33 9
Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) 286,665 29.7% 13 6
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 80,730 8.3% 12 2
Salvadoran Authentic Institutional Party (Partido Institucional Auténtico Salvadoreño) 36,101 3.7% 1 1
Democratic Action (Acción Democrático) 35,565 3.7% 1 1
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño) 16,344 1.7% 0 1
Renovating Action Party (Partido de Acción Renovando) 2,963 0.3% 0 0
Popular Orientation Party (Partido de Orientación Popular) 836 0.1% 0 0
Centrist Republican Stable Movement (Movimiento Centristo Republicano Estable) 689 0.1% 0 0
Totals 1,101,606 100.00% 60

1988

 Summary of the 20 March 1988 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) 447,696 48.1% 31 18
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 326,716 35.1% 22 11
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 78,756 8.5% 7 5
Liberation Party (Partido de Liberación) 34,960 3.8% 0 0
Salvadoran Authentic Institutional Party (Partido Institucional Auténtico Salvadoreño) 19,609 2.1% 0 1
Democratic Action (Acción Democrático) 16,211 1.7% 0 1
Renovating Action Party (Partido de Acción Renovando) 5,059 0.5% 0 0
Popular Orientation Party (Partido de Orientación Popular) 1,742 0.2% 0 0
Totals 1,150,934 100.00% 60

1991

 Summary of the 10 March 1991 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) 466,091 44.3% 39 8
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 294,029 28.0% 26 4
Democratic Convergence (Convergencia Democrática) 127,855 12.2% 8 8
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 94,531 9.0% 9 2
Authentic Democratic Christian Movement (Movimiento Cristiano Democrático Auténtico) 33,971 3.2% 1 1
Nationalist Democratic Union (Unión Democrática Nacionalista) 28,206 2.7% 1 1
Democratic Action (Acción Democrático) 6,798 0.7% 0
Totals 1,150,934 100.00% 84 24

1994

 Summary of the 20 March 1994 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) 605,775 45.03% 39 0
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional) 287,811 21.39% 21 21
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) 240,451 17.87% 18 8
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional) 83,520 6.21% 4 5
Democratic Convergence (Convergencia Democrática) 59,843 4.45% 1 7
Movement of Unity (Movimiento de Unidad) 33,510 2.49% 1 1
Movement of National Solidarity (Movimiento de Solidaridad Nacional) 12,827 0.95% 0 0
Authentic Democratic Christian Movement (Movimiento Cristiano Democrático Auténtico) 12,109 0.90% 0 1
National Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional) 9,431 0.70% 0 0
Totals 1,453,299 100.00% 84

1997

2000

2003

2006

2009

2012

 Summary of the 10 March 2012 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party Votes % Seats +/–
Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista) 870,418 39.76% 33 1
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional) 804,760 36.76% 31 4
Grand Alliance for National Unity (Alianza por la Unidad Nacional) 210,101 9.6% 11 11
National Coalition (Concertación Nacional)1 157,074 7.18% 74 4
Party of Hope (Partido de la Esperanza)2 60,486 2.76% 14 4
Democratic Change (Cambio Democrático) 46,838 2.14% 1 0
National Liberal Party (Partido Nacional Liberal) 14,379 0.66% 0 0
People's Party (Partido Popular) 10,952 0.50% 0 0
Independents3 14,098 0.63% 0 0
Totals 2,215,589 100.00% 84
1Compared to National Conciliation Party in 2009.
2Compared to Christian Democratic Party in 2009.
3Five independent candidates. Percentage and votes are cumulative.
4A MP from Chalatenango that won, ran on a joint CN and PES ticket and got 17,072 votes, or 0.78% (counted here for CN).
Source: Supreme Electoral Tribunal

2005

2018

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See also

References

  1. Luis Eliezer Garcia. "Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador » Autoridades » Titulares". Rree.gob.sv. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  2. "TSE El Salvador – Elecciones Presidenciales 2014 – Escrutinio Final". Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-08.
  3. "TSE El Salvador – Segunda Elección Presidencial 2014 – Escrutinio Final". Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-08.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  4. Lungo Uclés, Mario (1996) El Salvador in the eighties: counterinsurgency and revolution Philadelphia: Temple University Press, p 114
  5. Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p 277 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
  6. Williams, Philip J. and Knut Walter (1997) Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador's transition to democracy Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, p27
  7. Williams, Philip J. and Knut Walter (1997) Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador's transition to democracy Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, p27
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