Ouagadougou

Ouagadougou[2] (/ˌwɑːɡəˈduːɡuː/, Mossi: [ˈwɔɣədəɣʊ], French: [waɡaduɡu]) is the capital of Burkina Faso[3] and the administrative, communications, cultural, and economic centre of the nation. It is also the country's largest city, with a population of 2,200,000 in 2015. The city's name is often shortened to Ouaga. The inhabitants are called ouagalais. The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies.

Ouagadougou
City
Ouagadougou skyline
Flag
Nickname(s):  Ouaga
Ouagadougou Location within Burkina Faso Show map of Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Ouagadougou (Africa) Show map of Africa
Coordinates: 12°22′N 1°32′W
Country	Burkina Faso
Region	Centre Region
Province	Kadiogo
Government
• Mayor	Armand Béouindé (since 2016)
Area
• City	219.3 km^2 (84.7 sq mi)
• Metro	2,805 km^2 (1,083 sq mi)
Elevation	305 m (1,001 ft)
Population  (2015)[1]
• City	2,200,000
• Density	6,727/km^2 (17,420/sq mi)
• Metro	2,500,000
Time zone	UTC
Area code(s)	+226
Climate	BSh
Website	www.mairie-ouaga.bf

Ouagadougou's primary industries are food processing and textiles. It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and, for freight only, to Kaya. There are several highways linking the city to Niamey, Niger, south to Ghana, and southwest to Ivory Coast. Ouagadougou has one of West Africa's largest markets, which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures. Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso, the Moro-Naba Palace (site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony), the National Museum of Music, and several craft markets.

History

See also: Timeline of Ouagadougou

Europe, Africa and the Near East in 1200, showing the Kingdom of Wagadugu (in West Africa, just to the right of the area labeled '25') and its neighbors.

The name Ouagadougou dates back to the 15th century when the Ninsi tribes inhabited the area.[4] They were in constant conflict until 1441 when Wubri, a Yonyonse hero and an important figure in Burkina Faso's history, led his tribe to victory. He then renamed the area from "Kumbee-Tenga", as the Ninsi had called it, to "Wage sabre soba koumbem tenga", meaning "head war chief's village". Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the name.

Monument des Héros Nationaux

The city became the capital of the Mossi Empire in 1441 and became the permanent residence of the Mossi emperors (Moro-Naba) in 1681.[5] The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court. In 1919 the French made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory (basically the same area as contemporary Burkina Faso). In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city. Ouagadougou's population doubled from 1954 to 1960 and has been doubling about every ten years since.[5]

On 15 January 2016, gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel. 28 people were killed,[6][7] and at least 56 wounded; after a government counterattack, a total of 176 hostages were released[8] the morning after the initial attack. Three of the perpetrators were also killed.

Geography

Ouagadougou, situated on the central plateau (12.4°N 1.5°W / 12.4; -1.5), grew around the imperial palace of the Mogho Naaba. An administrative centre of colonial rule, it became an important urban centre in the post-colonial era. First the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms and later of Upper Volta and Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou became a veritable communal centre in 1995.

Climate

See also: Burkina Faso § Geography and climate

Ouagadougou's climate is hot semi-arid (BSh) under Köppen-Geiger classification, and closely borders with tropical wet and dry (Aw). The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area, with annual rainfall of about 800 mm (31 in). The rainy season stretches from May to September, with an average temperature of 28 °C (82 °F). The cool season runs from October to February, with a minimum average temperature of 16 °C (61 °F). The maximum temperature during the hot season, which runs from March to April, can reach 43 °C (109 °F). The harmattan (a dry wind) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougou's climate. Even though Ouagadougou is farther from the equator, its hottest months' temperatures are slightly hotter than those of Bobo-Dioulasso, the country's second most populous city.

Climate data for Ouagadougou (1971–2000, extremes 1902–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	39.8 (103.6)	42.3 (108.1)	43.8 (110.8)	46.1 (115.0)	44.5 (112.1)	41.3 (106.3)	38.8 (101.8)	36.6 (97.9)	38.6 (101.5)	41.0 (105.8)	40.5 (104.9)	40.1 (104.2)	46.1 (115.0)
Average high °C (°F)	32.9 (91.2)	35.8 (96.4)	38.3 (100.9)	39.3 (102.7)	37.7 (99.9)	34.7 (94.5)	32.1 (89.8)	31.1 (88.0)	32.5 (90.5)	35.6 (96.1)	35.9 (96.6)	33.4 (92.1)	34.9 (94.8)
Average low °C (°F)	16.5 (61.7)	19.1 (66.4)	23.5 (74.3)	26.4 (79.5)	26.1 (79.0)	24.1 (75.4)	22.8 (73.0)	22.2 (72.0)	22.4 (72.3)	23.0 (73.4)	19.6 (67.3)	16.9 (62.4)	21.9 (71.4)
Record low °C (°F)	8.5 (47.3)	10.4 (50.7)	14.8 (58.6)	16.2 (61.2)	17.0 (62.6)	17.0 (62.6)	15.0 (59.0)	17.9 (64.2)	17.6 (63.7)	17.6 (63.7)	13.0 (55.4)	9.5 (49.1)	8.5 (47.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	0.1 (0.00)	0.5 (0.02)	5.9 (0.23)	26.5 (1.04)	66.8 (2.63)	97.5 (3.84)	176.2 (6.94)	214.2 (8.43)	121.2 (4.77)	33.5 (1.32)	1.2 (0.05)	0.2 (0.01)	743.8 (29.28)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)	0	0	1	3	8	10	14	16	11	5	0	0	68
Average relative humidity (%)	24	21	22	36	50	64	72	80	77	60	38	29	48
Mean monthly sunshine hours	287	263	264	256	277	264	240	223	217	273	288	284	3,136
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[9] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[10]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1961–1967, and sun, 1961–1990)[11][12][lower-alpha 1]

Government

Town Hall of Ouagadougou

Ouagadougou's first municipal elections were held in 1956. The city is governed by a mayor who is elected to a five-year term, two senior councillors, and 90 councillors.

The city is divided into five arrondissements, consisting of 30 sectors, which are subdivided into districts. Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin, Kamsaoghin, Koulouba, Moemmin, Niogsin, Paspanga, Peuloghin, Bilbalogho, and Tiendpalogo. Seventeen villages comprise the Ouagadougou metropolitan area, which is about 219.3 km² (84.7 sq mi).

The population of this area is estimated at 1,475,000, 48% of whom are men and 52% women. The rural population is about 5% and the urban population about 95% of the total, and the density is 6,727 inhabitants per square kilometre, according to the 2006 census.

Ouagadougou's communes have invested in huge city-management projects. This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a 'cultural centre' by merit of holding the SIAO (International Arts and Crafts fair) and the FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou). Moreover, the villages' growing affluence allows for such investment, and the population's rapid growth necessitates it.[13]

The Arrondissements of Ouagadougou

Arrondissement	Population (Census 2006)[14]
Baskuy	180,512
Bogodogo	374,473
Boulmiougou	366,182
Nongremassom	188,329
Sig-Noghin	163,859

Education

Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high, there are three universities in the city. The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou, which was founded in 1974. In 2010 it had around 40,000 students (83% of the national population of university students).[15]

The city's official language is French and the principal local languages are More, Dyula and Fulfulde. The bilingual program in schools (French plus one of the local languages) was established in 1994.[13]

International schools include:

• Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou (French school)
• International School of Ouagadougou

Sport

Stade du 4-Août

Ouagadougou's inhabitants play a wide array of sports, including association football, basketball, and volleyball. There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities. The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou, the city's main Football team.

Health

Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals. The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo (CHNYO) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle (CHNP-CDG). Despite that, the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the "pharmacopée".[13]

Transport

Ouagadougou train station

Ouagadougou International Airport

Many residents travel on motorcycles and mopeds. The large private vendor of motorcycles JC Megamonde sells 50,000 motorbikes and mopeds every year.[5]

Ouagadougou's citizens also travel in green cabs, which take their passengers anywhere in town for 200 to 400 CFA, but the price is higher after 10:00 pm and can then reach 1000 CFA.

Air transport

Ouagadougou Airport (code OUA) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe. Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building (French: Immeuble Air Burkina) in Ouagadougou.[16][17]

Rail

Further information: Rail transport in Burkina Faso

Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso, Koudougou and Ivory Coast. As of June 2014, Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan.[18] There are freight services to Kaya in the north of Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the Manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016.[19]

Economy

Ouagadougou's busy city centre

The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce. Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou, which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso. The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories. The industry of Ouagadougou is sector that fuels urban growth, as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry.[20] The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label "Atelier Augusti."[21]

Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre. It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas. With a large consumer base, large amounts of energy sources, raw materials for buildings, agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city.[20]

The economy is dominated by the informal sector, which is characterized by petty commodity production, and workers not necessarily having salaries. Traditional, informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads, as well as in outlets in neighborhoods. There are also instances of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified, stable labor forces, or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses.[20]

• Informal trade.
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The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy. This comprises communications, banking, transport, bars, restaurants, hotels, as well as administrative jobs.[20]

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Burkina Faso

Twin towns – Sister cities

Ouagadougou is twinned with following cities:

Quebec City, Canada Lyon, France[22] Grenoble, France Turin, Italy Kumasi, Ghana

San Miniato, Italy Briton Ferry, Wales Leuze-en-Hainaut, Belgium Ankara, Turkey Kuwait City, Kuwait Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan)[23][24]

Parks

The Bangr-Weoogo urban park (area: 2.63 km² (1 sq mi)), before colonialism, belonged to the Mosse chiefs. Considering it a sacred forest, many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge. The French colonists, disregarding its local significance and history, established it as a park in the 1930s. In 1985, renovations were done in the park. In January 2001, the park was renamed "Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo", meaning "the urban park of the forest of knowledge".

Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the "L'Unité Pédagogique", which shelters animals in a semi-free state. This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over 8 hectares (20 acres) and also serves as a museum for the country's history.

"Jardin de l'amitié Ouaga-Loudun" (Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship), with a green space that was renovated in 1996, is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France. It is situated in the centre of the city, near the "Nation Unies' crossroads".

Culture

The Maison du Peuple

There are a number of cultural and art venues, such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets, in addition to performances of many genres of music, including traditional folk music, modern music, and rap.[13]

A local travelling by Camel.

• National Museum of Music: exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso.
• Musée de Manega: also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso, Mossi rifles and other cultural items. Located 55 km (34 mi) northwest of the city.
• "Naba Koom": a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water. The 6-metre (20 ft) high statue faces the railway station, welcoming travellers into Ouaga. The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Faso's history.
• "Laongo": 30 km (19 mi) east of the city, features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors. The exhibit displays works of art from five continents.[13]
• "La Place du Grand Lyon": a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Faso's capital and Lyon in France. It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion. A zoo called "Parc Animalier de Ziniaré": located 30 km (19 mi) east of the city in the hometown of the president.

Art and crafts

Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality, such as FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou), which is Africa's largest festival of this type, SIAO (International Art and Craft Fair), FESPAM (Pan-African Music Festival), FITMO (International Theatre and Marionnette Festival) and FESTIVO.[13][25]

Places of worship

Ouagadougou Grand-Mosque

Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Muslim mosques.[26] There are also Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou (Catholic Church), Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Assemblies of God, Deeper Life Bible Church, International Evangelism Center).

See also

• List of cities in Burkina Faso

Notes

1. Station ID for Ouagadougou is 65503 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration

References

1. "World Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 11 January 2013.
2. "Ouagadougou | Facts & History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
3. "Bienvenue sur le site Officiel du Premier Ministère du Burkina Faso". www.gouvernement.gov.bf. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
4. Britannica, Ouagadougou, britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019
5. fr:Ouagadougou
6. "Ouagadougou blasts: Burkina Faso capital hit by gunfire". BBC News. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
7. "Gunmen attack hotel, take hostages in Burkina Faso capital". 15 January 2015.
8. "Burkina Faso: Security forces raid besieged hotel, free hostages". CNN. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
9. "World Weather Information Service – Ouagadougou Aero". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
10. "Station Ouagadougou" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
11. "Klimatafel von Ouagadougou / Burkina Faso (Obervolta)" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
12. "Station 65503: Ouagadougou". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
13. Commune Ouagadougou.(2005). Mairie de Ouagadougou. Retrieved 19 March 2006 from http://www.mairie-Ouaga.bf Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
14. National 2006 census final results Archived 21 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
15. Government of France, MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGERES ET EUROPEENNES, AMBASSADE DE FRANCE AU BURKINA FASO, FICHE BURKINA FASO (French) http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/BURKINA_18-5-11__2_.pdf
16. "Contact-us Archived 5 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine". Air Burkina. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
17. "Contactez-nous Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine." Air Burkina. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
18. European Rail Timetable, Summer 2014 Edition, (journey time is 43 to 48 hours)
19. Pan African Minerals receives permission from Burkina Faso for Tambao manganese project, 19 May 2014
20. Ouedraogo, R Ulysse Emmanuel. "Chapitre 1 : Ouagadougou, une agglomération dynamique" (in French). University of Ouagadougou. Missing or empty |url= (help)
21. Smith, Alex Duval (1 July 2014). "Burkina Faso's French knicker-makers". BBC News – Africa. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
22. "Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon". 2008 Mairie de Lyon. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
23. Ouagadougou and Taipei establish sister cities link Archived 3 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
24. "Taipei – International Sister Cities". Taipei City Council. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
25. La Girafe (2004). Ouaga-ca-bouge. Retrieved 19 March 2006 from Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso (in French)
26. J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 455

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Ouagadougou

External links

• Official website of the government of Ouagadougou (in French)
• The plan of Ouagdougou
• Falling Rain Genomics: World Index, and other pages