Park and ride

Park and ride (or incentive parking) facilities are parking lots with public transport connections that allow commuters and other people heading to city centres to leave their vehicles and transfer to a bus, rail system (rapid transit, light rail, or commuter rail), or carpool for the remainder of the journey. The vehicle is left in the parking lot during the day and retrieved when the owner returns. Park and rides are generally located in the suburbs of metropolitan areas or on the outer edges of large cities. A park and ride that only offers parking for meeting a carpool and not connections to public transport may be called a park and pool.[1]

A road sign for park and ride in Oxford, United Kingdom
Standard park and ride sign in the United States

Park and ride is abbreviated as "P+R" on road signs in the UK, and is often styled as "Park & Ride" in marketing.

Adoption
Park and ride bus in Carmarthen, Wales.

In Sweden, a tax has been introduced on the benefit of free or cheap parking paid by an employer, if workers would otherwise have to pay.[2] The tax has reduced the number of workers driving into the inner city, and increased the usage of park and ride areas, especially in Stockholm. The introduction of a congestion tax in Stockholm has further increased the usage of park and ride.

In Prague, park and ride parking lots are established near some metro and railway stations (about 17 parks near 12 metro stations and 3 train stations, in 2011).[3] These parking lots offer low prices and all-day and return (2× 75 min) tickets including the public transport fare.[4][5]

Benefits
Park and ride Parking lot in Prague-Opatov near the metro station, with a ticket machine offering integrated fare.

Park and ride facilities allow commuters to avoid a stressful drive along congested roads and a search for scarce, expensive city-centre parking. They may well reduce congestion by assisting the use of public transport in congested urban areas.

There is not much research on the pros and cons of park and ride schemes. It has been suggested that there is "a lack of clear-cut evidence for park and ride's widely assumed impact in reducing congestion".[6]

Park and ride facilities help commuters who live beyond practical walking distance from the railway station or bus stop. They may also suit commuters with alternative fuel vehicles, which often have reduced range, when the facility is closer to home than the ultimate destination. They also are useful as a fixed meeting place for those carsharing or carpooling or using "kiss and ride" (see below). Also, some transit operators use park and ride facilities to encourage more efficient driving practices by reserving parking spaces for low emission designs, high-occupancy vehicles, or carsharing.

Many park and rides have passenger waiting areas and/or toilets. Travel information, such as leaflets and posters, may be provided. At larger facilities, extra services such as a travel office, food shop, car wash, or cafeteria may be provided. These are often encouraged by municipal operators to encourage use of park and ride.

Bus park and rides
A park and ride bus in Exeter, England.

Park and ride facilities, with dedicated parking lots and bus services, began in the 1960s in the UK. Oxford operated the first such scheme, initially with an experimental service operating part-time from a motel on the A34 in the 1960s and then on a full-time basis from 1973.[7] Better Choice Parking first offered an airport park and ride service at London Gatwick Airport in 1978.[8] Oxford now operates park and ride from 5 dedicated parking lots around the city.[9] As of 2015, Oxford has the biggest urban park & ride network in the UK with a combined capacity of 5,031 car parking spaces.[10]

One of the largest park and rides in Saudi Arabia is located at Kudai in Mecca. It helps people go the Masjid al-Haram. There is a Shuttle Service operated by SAPTCO that takes people during Ramadan from the Kudai Parking to the Masjid al-Haram.

Railway park and rides
Park and ride lot adjacent to the Dongan Hills station in Staten Island, New York City.

Some railway stations are promoted as a park and ride facility for a town some distance away, for instance Liskeard for Looe and Lelant Saltings for St  Ives, both in Cornwall, England. Names of stations in the UK with large parking lots outside the main urban area are often suffixed with "Parkway", such as Bristol Parkway, Tiverton Parkway, and Oxford Parkway. At Luton Airport Parkway and Southampton Airport Parkway, the stations are there to serve air as well as road passengers.

In the United States, it is common for outlying rail stations to include automobile parking, often with hundreds of spaces.

Bike and ride
A busy bike-and-ride facility at a Miami Metrorail station.

B & R (B + R) is a name for using cycle boxes or racks near public transport terminals, mostly together with P & R parking lots. This system can be promoted through integrated fare and tickets with public transport system.[11]

Kiss and ride / kiss and fly
Kiss-and-ride sign at a MARTA station.

Many railway stations and airports feature a "kiss-and-ride" or "kiss-and-fly" area in which cars can stop briefly to discharge or, less commonly, pick up passengers. The term first appeared in a 20 January 1956 report in the Los Angeles Times.[12] It refers to the nominal scenario whereby a passenger is driven to the station by spouse or partner; they kiss each other goodbye before the passenger catches the train.[12][13]

Deutsche Bahn has announced that it will be changing the English expressions for Kiss and Ride, Service Points and Counters to German ones.[14] In Italy the new Bologna Centrale railway station uses the "kiss and ride" signs.[15] Some high-speed railway stations in Taiwan have signs outside stations reading "Kiss and Ride" in English, with Chinese characters above the words that read "temporary pick-up and drop-off zone".[16] Kiss and Ride are getting popular in Poland.[17] Cities with such areas include Wrocław (since October 2011),[18] Kraków (since 15 November 2013),[19] Warsaw (since 2016),[20] or Toruń (since 2016).[21] Locally they are known by its English name, i.e. "Kiss and ride" and while the sign is non-standardized, all of them contain the letters K+R.[17][22]

Car-share park and rides

Park and ride schemes do not necessarily involve public transport. They can be provided to reduce the number of cars on the road by promoting carpooling, vanpooling,[23] and carsharing. Partly because of the concentration of riders, and thus a reduced number of vehicles, these park and ride terminals often have express transit services into the urban area, such as a high-occupancy vehicle lane. The service may take passengers in only one direction in the morning (typically towards a central business district) and in the opposite direction in the evening, with no or a limited number of trips available in the middle of the day. It is often not allowed to park at these locations overnight. These attributes vary from region to region.

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gollark: IIRC the biggest issue with using Cerebras for this was that they only had their on-wafer SRAM, which is not enough for big models.
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gollark: I like how it doesn't actually use `headers` at all.

See also

References
  1. "DART First State Park & Ride/Park & Pool Lots" (PDF). DART First State. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  2. "Skatteverkets skrivelse, Information om beskattning av parkeringsförmån" (in Swedish). Skatteverket. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  3. "Aktuální obsazenost P+R | Dopravní podnik hlavního města Prahy" (in Czech). dpp.cz. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  4. "TSK Praha - P+R" (in Czech). Tsk-praha.cz. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  5. Petr Kvapil, Lira IS s.r.o., www.lirais.cz. "ROPID-Cestujeme…-P+R, B+R, K+R (od 1.7.2011)". Ropid.cz. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2012-01-19.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. "Park and ride - politics, policy and planning". Town and Country Planning Association. March 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  7. "How Oxford led the way to create Park and Rides". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  8. "BCP Company Information & ar parking lots Offered". Airport Parking Shop. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  9. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2008-06-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-04-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. "Doprava: Pražská integrovaná doprava a cyklisté". Doprava.praha-mesto.cz. 2005-06-22. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  12. "kiss and ride". A Way With Words. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
  13. David Crystal (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0 521 53033 4.
  14. "German railways shunt English into sidings". BBC News. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
  15. "Alta velocità. Nella stazione di Bologna apre alle auto il Kiss and ride". Radio Città del Capo. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
  16. "Kiss and ride signs stump Taiwan rail passengers". Reuters. 5 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  17. "Kiss and Ride, czyli... Pocałuj i Jedź. Parking do całowania? Jak z tego korzystać? - TVS.pl". TVS.pl. 6 July 2016.
  18. "Kiss&ride: Całuśny znak przy stacji PKP". wroclaw.naszemiasto.pl. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  19. "ZIKiT - Komunikacja Miejska w Krakowie - Pocałuj i Jedź". kmkrakow.pl. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
  20. "Powstają strefy "pocałuj i jedź". Mają ułatwić podwożenie do metra". warszawa.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
  21. "„Pocałuj i jedź". Jest pierwszy postój „Kiss & Ride"". Radio Gra Toruń.
  22. "K+R (KISS & RIDE). POCAŁUJ I JEDŹ NA JORDANKACH!". ototorun.pl. 29 November 2016.
  23. "Park and Ride | Commuter Park'n'ride Options". Vride. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
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