Lysyl hydroxylase

Lysyl hydroxylases (or procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenases) are alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases enzymes that catalyze the hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine.[1][2] Lysyl hydroxylases require iron and vitamin C as cofactors for their oxidation activity. It takes place (as a post-translational modification) following collagen synthesis in the cisternae (lumen) of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). There are three lysyl hydroxylases (LH1-3) encoded in the human genome, namely: PLOD1, PLOD2 and PLOD3. From PLOD2 two splice variant can be expressed (LH2a and LH2b), where LH2b differs from LH2a by incorporating the small exon 13A. LH1 and LH3 hydroxylate lysyl residues in the collagen triple helix, whereas LH2b hydroxylates lysyl residues in the telopeptides of collagen. In addition to its hydroxylation activity, LH3 has glycosylation activity that produces either monosaccharide (Gal) or disaccharide (Glc-Gal) attached to collagen hydroxylysines.

procollagen-lysine 1, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1
Identifiers
SymbolPLOD1
Alt. symbolsLLH, PLOD
NCBI gene5351
HGNC9081
OMIM153454
RefSeqNM_000302
UniProtQ02809
Other data
EC number1.14.11.4
LocusChr. 1 p36.3-36.2
procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2
Identifiers
SymbolPLOD2
NCBI gene5352
HGNC9082
OMIM601865
RefSeqNM_000935
UniProtO00469
Other data
LocusChr. 3 q24

Collagen lysyl hydroxylation is the first step in collagen pyridinoline cross-linking, that is necessary for the stabilization of collagen.

Pathology

Mutations in the PLOD1 gene have been linked to Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (kEDS, in the past EDS VI).[3]
Mutations in the PLOD2 gene have been linked to Bruck syndrome in humans.

A deficiency in its cofactor, vitamin C, is associated with scurvy.

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References
  1. Hausmann E (Apr 1967). "Cofactor requirements for the enzymatic hydroxylation of lysine in a polypeptide precursor of collagen". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure. 133 (3): 591–3. doi:10.1016/0005-2795(67)90566-1. PMID 6033801.
  2. Rhoads RE, Udenfriend S (Aug 1968). "Decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate coupled to collagen proline hydroxylase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 60 (4): 1473–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.60.4.1473. PMC 224943. PMID 5244754.
  3. "PLOD1-Related Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome".


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