Operation Highjump

Operation HIGHJUMP, officially titled The United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program, 1946–1947, was a United States Navy operation organized by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Jr., USN (Ret), Officer in Charge, Task Force 68, and led by Rear Admiral Richard H. Cruzen, USN, Commanding Officer, Task Force 68. Operation HIGHJUMP commenced 26 August 1946 and ended in late February 1947. Task Force 68 included 4,700 men, 13 ships, and 33 aircraft. Operation HIGHJUMP’s primary mission was to establish the Antarctic research base Little America IV.[1][2]

USS Sennet (SS-408) participating in Operation Highjump

HIGHJUMP’s objectives, according to the U.S. Navy report of the operation, were:[3]

  1. Training personnel and testing equipment in frigid conditions;
  2. Consolidating and extending the United States' sovereignty over the largest practicable area of the Antarctic continent (publicly denied as a goal even before the expedition ended);[3]
  3. Determining the feasibility of establishing, maintaining, and utilizing bases in the Antarctic and investigating possible base sites;
  4. Developing techniques for establishing, maintaining, and utilizing air bases on ice, with particular attention to later applicability of such techniques to operations in interior Greenland, where conditions are comparable to those in the Antarctic;
  5. Amplifying existing stores of knowledge of electromagnetic, geological, geographic, hydrographic, and meteorological propagation conditions in the area;
  6. Supplementary objectives of the Nanook expedition (a smaller equivalent conducted off eastern Greenland).[2]

Timeline
Antarctic expeditions
International agreements
Belgium
British Empire / Commonwealth
France
Germany
Japan
Norway
Soviet Union
Sweden
United States
International

The Western Group of ships reached the Marquesas Islands on December 12, 1946, whereupon the Henderson and Cacapon set up weather monitoring stations. By December 24, the Currituck had begun launching aircraft on reconnaissance missions.

The Eastern Group of ships reached Peter I Island in late December 1946.

On December 30, 1946 the Martin PBM-5 George 1 crashed on Thurston Island killing Ensign Maxwell A. Lopez, ARM1 Wendell K. Henderson, and ARM1 Frederick W. Williams. The other 6 crew members were rescued 13 days later. These and Vance N. Woodall, who died on January 21, 1947, were the only fatalities during Operation Highjump.

On January 1, 1947, Lieutenant Commander Thompson and Chief Petty Officer Dixon utilized "Jack Browne" masks and DESCO Oxygen rebreathers to log the first dive by Americans under the Antarctic.[4] Paul Allman Siple, Ph.D. was the senior U.S. War Department representative on the expedition. Dr. Siple was the same Eagle Scout who accompanied Admiral Byrd on the previous Byrd Antarctic expeditions.[5][6]

The Central Group of ships reached the Bay of Whales on January 15, 1947, where they began construction of Little America IV.[7]

Naval ships and personnel were withdrawn back to the United States in late February 1947, and the expedition was terminated due to the early approach of winter and worsening weather conditions.[8]

Admiral Byrd discussed the lessons learned from the operation in an interview with Lee van Atta of International News Service held aboard the expedition's command ship the USS Mount Olympus. The interview appeared in the Wednesday, March 5, 1947, edition of the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio and read in part as follows:

Admiral Richard E. Byrd warned today that the United States should adopt measures of protection against the possibility of an invasion of the country by hostile planes coming from the polar regions. The admiral explained that he was not trying to scare anyone, but the cruel reality is that in case of a new war, the United States could be attacked by planes flying over one or both poles. This statement was made as part of a recapitulation of his own polar experience, in an exclusive interview with International News Service. Talking about the recently completed expedition, Byrd said that the most important result of his observations and discoveries is the potential effect that they have in relation to the security of the United States. The fantastic speed with which the world is shrinking – recalled the admiral – is one of the most important lessons learned during his recent Antarctic exploration. I have to warn my compatriots that the time has ended when we were able to take refuge in our isolation and rely on the certainty that the distances, the oceans, and the poles were a guarantee of safety.[2][9]

After the operation ended, a follow-up Operation WINDMILL returned to the area in order to provide ground-truthing to the aerial photography of HIGHJUMP from 1947 to 1948. Finn Ronne also financed a private operation to the same territory until 1948.[10]

As with other U.S. Antarctic expeditions, interested persons were allowed to send letters with enclosed envelopes to the base, where commemorative cachets were added to their enclosures, which were then returned to the senders. These souvenir philatelic covers are readily available at low cost. It is estimated that at least 150,000 such envelopes were produced, though their final number may be considerably higher.[11]

Human losses

On December 30, 1946, aviation radiomen Wendell K. Henderson, Fredrick W. Williams, and Ensign Maxwell A. Lopez were killed when their Martin PBM Mariner George 1 crashed during a blizzard. The surviving six crew members were rescued 13 days later, including aviation radioman James H. Robbins and co-pilot William Kearns. A plaque honoring the three killed crewmen was later erected at the McMurdo Station research base,[12] and Mount Lopez on Thurston Island was named in honor of killed airman Maxwell A. Lopez.

In December 2004, an attempt was made to locate the remains of the plane.[13] In 2007 a group called the George One Recovery Team was unsuccessful in trying to get direct military involvement and raise extensive funds from the United States Congress to try and find the bodies of the three men killed in the crash.[14]

On January 21, 1947, Vance N. Woodall died during a "ship unloading accident".[7] In a crew profile, deckman Edward Beardsley described his worst memory as "when Seaman Vance Woodall died on the Ross Ice Shelf under a piece of roller equipment designed to 'pave' the ice to build an airstrip."

Participating units
Sikorsky R-4 helicopter landing on icebreaker USCGC Northwind during Operation Highjump
Task Force 68

Rear Admiral Richard H. Cruzen, USN, Commanding

Eastern Group (Task Group 68.3)[1]

Capt. George J. Dufek, USN, Commanding

Western Group (Task Group 68.1)

Capt. Charles A. Bond, USN, Commanding

Central Group (Task Group 68.2)

Rear Admiral Richard H. Cruzen, USN, Commanding Officer

Carrier Group (Task Group 68.4)

Rear Adm. Richard E. Byrd, Jr. USN, (Ret), Officer in Charge

Base Group (Task Group 68.5)

Capt. Clifford M. Campbell, USN, Commanding

In media

The documentary about the expedition The Secret Land was filmed entirely by military photographers (both USN and US Army) and narrated by actors Robert Taylor, Robert Montgomery, and Van Heflin.[15] It features Chief of Naval Operations Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz in a scene where he is discussing Operation HIGHJUMP with admirals Byrd and Cruzen. The film re-enacted scenes of critical events, such as shipboard damage control and Admiral Byrd throwing items out of an airplane to lighten it to avoid crashing into a mountain. It won the 1948 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.[16]

gollark: God hasn't been alive since 1993.
gollark: Perhaps with current technology.
gollark: Thanks, but our luck generators are 205% more efficient than standard human luck provision.
gollark: Jesus is, fortunately, entirely contained within Site 2-Alpha.
gollark: If you make a really big "star".

See also

References
  1. Kearns, David A. (2005). "Operation Highjump: Task Force 68". Where Hell Freezes Over: A Story of Amazing Bravery and Survival. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0-312-34205-5.
  2. Summerhayes, C. & Beeching, P. (2007). "Hitler's Antarctic base: the myth and the reality". Polar Record. 43 (224): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S003224740600578X.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  3. Bertrand, Kenneth John (1971). Americans in Antarctica 1775-1948. New York: American Geographical Society. p. 485.
  4. Lang, Michael A. & Robbins, Ron (2009). "Scientific Diving Under Ice: A 40-Year Bipolar Research Tool". In: Krupnik, I; Lang, MA; Miller, SE (Eds). 2009. Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science.: 241–52. Archived from the original on 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2011-01-01.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  5. "Paul A. Siple". South-Pole.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015. Paul Allman Siple saw the first light of day on December 18, 1908, in Montpelier, Ohio. ...
  6. Dubill, Andy (December 2008). "Paul Siple". International Scouting Collector's Association Journal. International Scouting Collector's Association. 8 (4): 45–46.
  7. "Operation Highjump: The Great Antarctic Expedition". South-Pole. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  8. Summerhayes, C. & Beeching, P. "Hitler's Antarctic base: the myth and the reality". Polar Record 43 (224): 15–16.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) doi:10.1017/S003224740600578X
  9. "A bordo del Monte Olimpo en Alta Mar". El Mercurio (in Spanish). Santiago. March 5, 1947.
  10. "Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition". Ronne Antarctic Explorers. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  11. "Operation Highjump: A Philatelic Introduction". South Pole. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  12. "The Byrd Memorial at McMurdo". South Pole Station. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  13. "News Archives from Antarctica". Antarctic Connection. 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-01-12.
  14. "Operation Highjump Crew Recovery". George1Recovery.org. Archived from the original on 2008-01-23. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  15. "The Secret Land". Archived from the original on 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2015-10-28 – via www.imdb.com.
  16. "Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature". IMDb.

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Coast Guard.

Bibliography
  • Colin, Summerhayes; Beeching, Peter (2007). "Hitler's Antarctic base: the myth and the reality". Polar Record. 43 (1): 1. doi:10.1017/S003224740600578X.

Further reading
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