Ogaden

Ogaden (pronounced and often spelled Ogadēn; Somali: Ogaadeen) is one of the three historical names given to the modern Somali Region, the territory comprising the eastern portion of Ethiopia formerly part of the Hararghe province. The two other names are Haud and Reserved area.

This article is about the geographical area. For the Somali clan, see Ogaden (clan).

Ogaden

Ogaadeen
أوجادين
Shaded relief map of Ethiopia, cropped and centered on the Ogaden area
Region (non-administrative)Ogaden
Area
 • Total327,068 km2 (126,282 sq mi)
Population
 (July 2016)
 • Total8,148,989
 • Density25/km2 (65/sq mi)
ISO 3166 codeET-SO

Etymology

The origin of the term Ogaden is unknown, however it is usually attributed to the Majority Somali clan of the same name, originally referring only to their land, and eventually expanding to encompass most parts of the modern Somali Region of Ethiopia.[1][2]

An alternative (possibly folk) etymology analyses the name as a combination of the Harari word ūga ("road")[3] and Aden, a city in Yemen, supposedly deriving from an ancient caravan route through the region connecting Harar to the Arabian Peninsula.[4]

History

There are few historical texts written about the people who lived in what is known today as the Somali Region, sometimes referred to as The 'Ogaden' region of Ethiopia. In its early history, The 'Ogaden' was inhabited by Harla, a now extinct people.[5][6] Harla are linked to the Harari and Somali Ogaden clan.[7] In the ninth century Ogaden served as capital of the Makhzumi Dynasty.[8] Ogaden was part of the Ifat Sultanate in the 13th and beginning of the 14th centuries AD. The borders of the sultanate extended to the Shewa - Addis Ababa area of Ethiopia. The Ifat Sultanate was succeeded by the Adal Sultanate. There was an ongoing conflict between the Adal Sultanate and the Christian Kingdom of Abyssinia throughout this time. During the first half of the 16th century, most of Abyssinian territory was conquered and came under the rule of Adal, when Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, the leader of the Somali-dominated Adal's Army, took control.[9]

In the seventeenth century it became a tributary state of the Emirate of Harar.[10] During the last quarter of the 19th century, the region was conquered by Menelik II of Ethiopia, who solidified their claim by treaties in 1897.[11]

I.M. Lewis argues a subtly different interpretation of this treaty, emphasising that "the lost lands in the Haud which were excised from the Protectorate [i.e. British Somaliland] were not, however ceded to Ethiopia".[12] In practice, Ethiopia exerted little administrative control east of Jijiga until 1934 when an Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission attempted to demarcate the treaty boundary. This boundary is still disputed.[13]

In 1914, Iyasu V of Ethiopia appointed Abdullahi Sadiq, governor of Ogaden.[14]

After the Italian conquest of Ethiopia in 1936, Ogaden was attached to Italian Somaliland, becoming the Somalia Governorate within the new colony of Italian East Africa. Following the British conquest of this colony, the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement placed Ogaden under temporary British control. The British sought to unite Ogaden with British Somaliland and the former Italian Somaliland to realize Greater Somalia which was supported by many Somalis.[15] Ethiopia unsuccessfully pleaded before the London Conference of the Allied Powers to gain the Ogaden and Eritrea in 1945, but their persistent negotiations[16][17] and pressure from the United States eventually persuaded the British to cede Ogaden to Ethiopia in 1948. The last remaining British controlled parts of Haud were returned to Ethiopia in 1955.

In the late 1970s, internal unrest in the 'Ogaden' resumed. The Western Somali Liberation Front, spurred by Makhtal Dahir, used guerilla tactics to resist Ethiopian rule. Ethiopia and Somalia fought the Ogaden War over control of this region and its peoples.

During the new region's founding conference, which was held in Dire Dawa in 1992, the naming of the region became a divisive issue, because almost 30 Somali clans live in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. The ONLF sought to name the region ‘Ogadenia’, whilst the non-Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move. As noted by Dr. Abdul Majid Hussein, the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as ‘Ogadenia’ following the name of a single clan would have been divisive. Finally, the region was named the Somali region.[18][19]

In 2007, the Ethiopian Army launched a military crackdown in Ogaden after Ogaden rebels killed dozens of civilian staff workers and guards at an Ethiopian oil field.[20] The main rebel group is the Ogaden National Liberation Front under its Chairman Mohamed O. Osman, which is fighting against the Ethiopian government. Some Somalis who inhabit in the 'Ogaden' claimed that Ethiopian military kill civilians, destroy the livelihood of many of the ethnic Somalis and commit crimes against the nomads in the region.[21] However, testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs revealed massive brutality and killings by the ONLF rebels, which the Ethiopian government labels "terrorists."[22] The extent of this war can't be established due to a media blockade in the 'Ogaden' region. Some international rights organizations have accused the Ethiopian government of committing abuses and crimes that "violate laws of war,"[23] as a recent report by the Human Rights Watch indicates. Other reports have claimed that Ethiopia has bombed, killed, and raped many Somalis in the Ogaden region, while the United States continues to arm Ethiopia in the United States' ongoing War on Terror in the Horn of Africa.[24][25] [26]

Geography

The region, which is around 200,000 square kilometres, borders, Djibouti, Somalia and Kenya.[27] Important towns include Jijiga, Degahbur, Gode, Kebri Dahar, Fiq, Shilabo, Kelafo, Werder and Danan.

Ecology

The Ogaden is part of the Somali Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets ecoregion. It has been a historic habitat for the endangered African wild dog, Lycaon pictus;[28] However, this canid is thought by some to have been extirpated from Ogaden.

The Ogaden is a plateau, with an elevation above sea level that ranges from 1,500 metres in the northwest, falling to about 300 metres along the southern limits and the Wabi Shebelle valley. The areas with altitudes between 1,400 and 1,600 metres are characterised as semi-arid; receiving as much as 500–600 mm of rainfall annually. More typical of the Ogaden is an average annual rainfall of 350 mm and less. The landscape consists of dense shrubland, bush grassland and bare hills.[29] In more recent years, the Ogaden has suffered from increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, which has led to an increasing frequency of major droughts: in 1984–85; 1994; and most recently in 1999–2000, during which pastoralists claim to have lost 70–90 percent of their cattle.[30]

People

The inhabitants are predominantly ethnic Somalis, of almost 30 clans. The Ogaden (clan) of the Darod constitute one of the majority in the region,[31][32] and were enlisted in the Ogaden National Liberation Movement, That is why the region is associated with the Ogaden Clan. However, this is disputed.[33] Other Somali clans in the region are Isaaq, Gadabuursi, Issa, Massare, Degodia and Jidle and Karanle Hawiye clans.[34]

Somali inhabited region of Ethiopia shown as part of Greater Somali territory
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See also

Notes
  1. Gérard Prunier; Éloi Ficquet (2015). Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia. Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84904-261-1.
  2. Paolo Billi (23 March 2015). Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. Springer. p. 324. ISBN 978-94-017-8026-1.
  3. Leslau, Wolf (1959). "An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary". Annales d'Éthiopie: 292. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  4. Eshete, Tibebe (1994). "Towards a History of the Incorporation of the Ogaden: 1887-1935". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 27 (2): 69–70. JSTOR 41966038.
  5. Chekroun, Amelie. The Harla: archeology and memory of the giants of Ethiopia. French Center for Ethiopian Studies.
  6. Wildings, Richard (1987). The shorefolk: aspects of the early development of Swahili communities. p. 33.
  7. B, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays. p. 18. ISBN 9783825856717.
  8. Østebø, Terje (2011). Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia. BRILL. p. 56. ISBN 978-9004184787.
  9. A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self - Determination, first edition (London:Mohamed Abdi, 2007), pp. 4-12.
  10. Ethiopia: land of slavery & brutality (PDF). League of Nations. 1935. p. 2.
  11. Bahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia (London: James Currey, 1991), p. 113.
  12. I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002),p. 59
  13. Lewis, Modern History, p. 61
  14. Keller, Tait (2018). Environmental Histories of the First World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 226. ISBN 9781108429160.
  15. Bahru Zewde, History p. 180.
  16. "Ethiopia offers Britain land in exchange for Zeila port of Somaliland - 1946 • Ethiopian Review". Ethiopianreview.com. 2012-02-10. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  17. Louis, William Roger (1984). The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the ... - Wm. Roger Louis - Google Books. ISBN 9780198229605. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  18. Adegehe, Asnake Kefale (2009). Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia : a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz regions. https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13839/chapter%20six.pdf: Leiden University. p. 135.CS1 maint: location (link)
  19. Billi, Paolo (2015-03-23). Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. Springer. ISBN 9789401780261.
  20. Ethiopian Rebels Kill 70 at Chinese-Run Oil Field
  21. Ogaden Human Rights Committee (2006-02-20). "Mass Killings in the Ogaden: Daily Atrocities Against Civilians by the Ethiopian Armed Forces" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-09-27.
  22. "US Committee on Foreign Affairs on Ethiopia". Foreignaffairs.house.gov. 2007-10-02. Archived from the original on 2012-11-27. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  23. Peter Takirambudde (2007-07-04). "Ethiopia: Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians (Human Rights Watch, 4-7-2007)". Hrw.org. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  24. "Ethiopia Ogaden rebels blast report on killing civilians". Sudantribune.com. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  25. ONLF rebels accused of killing civilians in southern Ethiopia Archived 2010-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
  26. Connors, Will (2007-09-05). "Why We Don't Hear About the Conflict in the Ogaden: When an American reporter started digging, he was forced out of Ethiopia". Slate.
  27. Gebru Tareke, "The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited," in Board of Trustees, Boston University, The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Boston University African Studies Center, 2000, p. 636.
  28. C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived December 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  29. Ayele Gebre-Mariam, The Critical Issue of Land Ownership, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), p. 12 (accessed 19 January 2009)
  30. CHF International, Grassroots Conflict Assessment in the Somali Region Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (Aug. 2006), p. 12 (accessed 12 December 2008)
  31. Carment, David. Who Intervenes?: Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis. Ohio State University Press. pp. 75–76.
  32. Abramowitz, Sharon; Panter-Brick, Catherine (2015-09-17). Medical Humanitarianism: Ethnographies of Practice. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812247329.
  33. Markakis, John (2011). Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 9781847010339.
  34. Marcus, Harold Golden; Hudson, Grover (1994). New Trends in Ethiopian Studies: Social Sciences. Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569020159.

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