Name

A name is a term used for identification. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A personal name identifies, not necessarily uniquely, a specific individual human. The name of a specific entity is sometimes called a proper name (although that term has a philosophical meaning also) and is, when consisting of only one word, a proper noun. Other nouns are sometimes called "common names" or (obsolete) "general names". A name can be given to a person, place, or thing; for example, parents can give their child a name or a scientist can give an element a name.

"Names" redirects here. For other uses, see Names (disambiguation) and Name (disambiguation).
A cartouche indicates that the Egyptian hieroglyphs enclosed are a royal name.
Names of 2002 Bali bombings victims in Indonesia

Etymology

The word name comes from Old English nama; cognate with Old High German (OHG) namo, Sanskrit नामन् (nāman), Latin nomen, Greek ὄνομα (onoma), and Persian نام (nâm), from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *h₁nómn̥.[1] Outside Indo-European, it can be connected to Proto-Uralic *nime.

Naming conventions

A naming convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms, or criteria for naming things

Parents may follow a naming convention when selecting names for their children. Some have chosen alphabetical names by birth order. In some East Asian cultures it is common for one syllable in a two-syllable given name to be a generation name which is the same for immediate siblings. In many cultures it is common for the son to be named after the father or a grandfather. In certain African cultures, such as in Cameroon, the eldest son gets the family name for his given name. In other cultures, the name may include the place of residence, or the place of birth. The Roman naming convention denotes social rank.

Major naming conventions include:

Products may follow a naming convention. Automobiles typically have a binomial name, a "make" (manufacturer) and a "model", in addition to a model year, such as a 2007 Chevrolet Corvette. Sometimes there is a name for the car's "decoration level" or "trim line" as well: e.g., Cadillac Escalade EXT Platinum, after the precious metal. Computers often have increasing numbers in their names to signify the next generation.

Courses at schools typically follow a naming convention: an abbreviation for the subject area and then a number ordered by increasing level of difficulty.

Many numbers (e.g., bank accounts, government IDs, credit cards, etc.) are not random but have an internal structure and convention. Virtually all organizations that assign names or numbers will follow some convention in generating these identifiers. Airline flight numbers, space shuttle flight numbers, even phone numbers all have an internal convention.

Personal name

A personal name is an identifying word or words by which an individual is intimately known or designated.[2] It is traditional for individuals to have a personal name (also called a given name or first name) and a surname (also called a last name or family name because it is shared by members of the same family).[3] Middle names are also used by many people as a third identifier, and can be chosen for personal reasons including signifying relationships, preserving pre-marital/maiden names (a popular practice in the United States), and to perpetuate family names.

A common practice in many countries is patronym which means that a component of a personal name is based on the given name of one's father. A less common practice in countries is matronym which means that a component of a personal name is based on the given name of one’s mother.

The practice of using middle names dates back to ancient Rome, where it was common for members of the elite to have a praenomen (a personal name), a nomen (a family name, not exactly used the way middle names are used today), and a cognomen (a name representing an individual attribute or the specific branch of a person's family).[4] Middle names eventually fell out of use, but regained popularity in Europe during the nineteenth century.[4]

Besides first, middle, and last names, individuals may also have nicknames, aliases, or titles. Nicknames are informal names used by friends or family to refer to a person ("Chris" may be used as a short form of the personal name "Christopher"). A person may choose to use an alias, or a fake name, instead of their real name, possibly to protect or obscure their identity. People may also have titles designating their role in an institution or profession (members of royal families may use various terms such as King, Queen, Duke, or Duchess to signify their positions of authority or their relation to the throne).[3]

Names of names
Names of names
Name of a...Name of name
Person Anthroponym
Place Toponym
Body of water Hydronym
Ethnic group Ethnonym
Resident(s) of a locality Demonym
False or assumed name Pseudonym
Pseudonym of an author Pen name
Pseudonym of a performer Stage name
Other names -onym-suffixed words

Brand names
Main article: Brand

Developing a name for a brand or product is heavily influenced by marketing research and strategy to be appealing and marketable. The brand name is often a neologism or pseudoword, such as Kodak or Sony.

Religious names
Two charts from an Arabic copy of the Secretum Secretorum for determining whether a person will live or die based on the numerical value of the patient's name.

In the ancient world, particularly in the ancient near-east (Israel, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia) names were thought to be extremely powerful and act, in some ways, as a separate manifestation of a person or deity.[5] This viewpoint is responsible both for the reluctance to use the proper name of God in Hebrew writing or speech, as well as the common understanding in ancient magic that magical rituals had to be carried out "in [someone's] name". By invoking a god or spirit by name, one was thought to be able to summon that spirit's power for some kind of miracle or magic (see Luke 9:49, in which the disciples claim to have seen a man driving out demons using the name of Jesus). This understanding passed into later religious tradition, for example the stipulation in Catholic exorcism that the demon cannot be expelled until the exorcist has forced it to give up its name, at which point the name may be used in a stern command which will drive the demon away.

Biblical names
Main article: List of biblical names

In the Old Testament, the names of individuals are meaningful, and a change of name indicates a change of status. For example, the patriarch Abram and his wife Sarai were renamed "Abraham" and "Sarah" at the institution of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:4, 17:15). Simon was renamed Peter when he was given the Keys to Heaven. This is recounted in the Gospel of Matthew chapter 16, which according to Roman Catholic teaching[6] was when Jesus promised to Saint Peter the power to take binding actions.[7] Proper names are "saturated with meaning"[8] and enlarge a character’s traits, as in "Emmanuel" which means "God with us" (Matthew 1:23).[9]

Throughout the Bible, characters are given names at birth that reflect something of significance or describe the course of their lives. For example: Solomon meant peace,[10] and the king with that name was the first whose reign was without war.[11] Likewise, Joseph named his firstborn son Manasseh (Hebrew: "causing to forget")(Genesis 41:51); when Joseph also said, "God has made me forget all my troubles and everyone in my father's family." Biblical Jewish people did not have surnames which were passed from generation to generation. However, they were typically known as the child of their father. For example: דוד בן ישי (David ben Yishay) meaning, David, son of Jesse (1 Samuel 17:12,58). Today, this style of name is still used in Jewish religious rites.

Indian name
Main article: Indian name

Indian names are based on a variety of systems and naming conventions, which vary from region to region. Names are also influenced by religion and caste and may come from epics. India's population speaks a wide variety of languages and nearly every major religion in the world has a following in India. This variety makes for subtle, often confusing, differences in names and naming styles. Due to historical Indian cultural influences, several names across South and Southeast Asia are influenced by or adapted from Indian names or words.

For some Indians, their birth name is different from their official name; the birth name starts with a randomly selected name from the person's horoscope (based on the nakshatra or lunar mansion corresponding to the person's birth).

Many children are given three names, sometimes as a part of religious teaching.

Quranic names (Arabic names)
Further information: List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran

We can see many Arabic names in the Quran and in Muslim people. Like the names Allah, Muhammad, Khwaja, Ismail, Mehboob, Suhelahmed, Shoheb Ameena, Aaisha, Sameena, Rumana, Swaleha, etc. The name Mohammed and Ahmed are same, for example Suhel Ahmad or Mohammad Suhel are same. In Islam and in Christianity we can see many similar names like (the first name is Islamic name and the second name is Christian name Islamic/Christian) Adam/Adam, Yusuf/Joseph, Dawood/David, Rumana/Romana, Maryam/Mary, Nuh/Noah, etc.

Name used by animals

The use of personal names is not unique to humans. Dolphins and green-rumped parrotlets also use symbolic names, as has been shown by recent research.[12] Individual dolphins have distinctive whistles, to which they will respond even when there is no other information to clarify which dolphin is being referred to.

gollark: Fortunately, they can mostly be dealt with with fly spray.
gollark: We just get flies here, which are still extremely annoying.
gollark: Mosquitoes are some of the biggest killers on the planet. In aggregate. Not individually.
gollark: ++delete mosquitoes
gollark: It's annoying how *hard* it is to get people to actually release vulnerabilities they find in potatOS.

See also

References
  1. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2008-09-20.; The asterisk before a word indicates that it is a hypothetical construction, not an attested form.
  2. "personal name". Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  3. "General words for names, and types of name". macmillandictionary.com. Macmillan Dictionary. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  4. Fabry, Merrill (August 16, 2016). "Now You Know: Why Do We Have Middle Names?" (web article). Time.com. Time. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  5. "Egyptian Religion", E. A. Wallis Budge", Arkana 1987 edition, ISBN 0-14-019017-1
  6. Catechism of the Catholic Church, para 881: "The episcopal college and its head, the Pope" Archived 2010-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
  7. The Routledge Companion to the Christian Church by Gerard Mannion and Lewis S. Mudge (Jan 30, 2008) ISBN 0415374200 page 235
  8. Baruch Hochman, Character in Literature (Cornell University Press, 1985), 37.
  9. James L. Resseguie, Narrative Criticism of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2005), 128.
  10. Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Solomon". Behind the Name. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
  11. "Solomon, the King". www.dawnbible.com. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
  12. "Dolphins Name Themselves With Whistles, Study Says". National Geographic News. May 8, 2006. Archived from the original on November 14, 2006.

Further reading
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