Naming taboo

Naming taboo
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	避諱
Simplified Chinese	避讳
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	bìhuì
Bopomofo	ㄅㄧˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ
Wade–Giles	pi4hui4
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping	bei6 wai5
Southern Min
Tâi-lô	pī-huì
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	kỵ húy
Hán-Nôm	忌諱
Korean name
Hangul	피휘
Hanja	避諱
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization	pihwi
McCune–Reischauer	p'ihwi
Japanese name
Kanji	避諱
Hiragana	ひき
Transcriptions
Revised Hepburn	hiki

A naming taboo is a cultural taboo against speaking or writing the given names of exalted persons, for example in China and within the Chinese cultural sphere. It was enforced by several laws throughout Imperial China, but its cultural and possibly religious origins predate the Qin dynasty. Not respecting the appropriate naming taboos was considered a sign of lacking education and respect, and brought shame both to the offender and the offended person.

Types

The naming taboo of the state (国讳; 國諱) discouraged the use of the emperor's given name and those of his ancestors. For example, during the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang's given name Zheng (政) was avoided, and the first month of the year "Zhèng Yuè" (政月, the administrative month) was rewritten into "Zhēng Yuè" (正月: the upright month, according to Baxter-Sagart reconstruction, identically pronounced as /*teŋ-s/ in Old Chinese, also note the change in the tone of pronunciation in Mandarin) and furthermore renamed as "Duān Yuè" (端月: [ Baxter-Sagart: /*tˤor/] the proper/upright month). The strength of this taboo was reinforced by law; transgressors could expect serious punishment for writing an emperor's name without modifications. In 1777, Wang Xihou, in his dictionary, criticized the Kangxi dictionary and wrote the Qianlong Emperor's name without leaving out any stroke as required. This disrespect resulted in his and his family's executions and confiscation of their property.[1] This type of naming taboo is no longer observed in modern China.
The naming taboo of the clan (家讳; 家諱) discouraged the use of the names of one's own ancestors. Generally, ancestor names going back to seven generations were avoided. In diplomatic documents and letters between clans, each clan's naming taboos were observed.
The naming taboo of the holinesses (圣人讳; 聖人諱) discouraged the use of the names of respected people. For example, writing Confucius' name was taboo during the Jin Dynasty.

Methods to avoid offense

Avoidance of naming taboo: Example of omitting a stroke. The last stroke of each character of the Kangxi Emperor's given name "玄" (xuán) and "燁" (yè) is omitted. Failure to do this led to the execution of Wang Xihou

There were three ways to avoid using a taboo character:

Changing the character to another one, usually a synonym or which sounded similar to the character being avoided. For example, the Xuanwu Gate (玄武門: the Black Warrior Gate) of the Forbidden City was renamed "Shenwu" (神武門: Gate of Divine Might) in order to avoid using a character from the Kangxi Emperor's name, Xuanye (玄燁).
Leaving the character as a blank.
Omitting a stroke in the character, usually the final stroke.

In history

Throughout Chinese history, there were emperors whose names contained common characters who would try to alleviate the burden of the populace in practicing name avoidance. For example, Emperor Xuan of Han, whose given name Bingyi (病已) contained two very common characters, changed his name to Xun (詢), a far less common character, with the stated purpose of making it easier for his people to avoid using his name.[2] Similarly, Emperor Taizong of Tang, whose given name Shimin (世民) also contained two very common characters, ordered that name avoidance only required the avoidance of the characters Shi and Min in direct succession and that it did not require the avoidance of those characters in isolation.

However, Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong of Tang effectively made this edict ineffective after his death, by requiring the complete avoidance of the characters Shi and Min, necessitating the chancellor Li Shiji to change his name to Li Ji.[3] In later dynasties, princes were frequently given names that contained uncommon characters to make it easier for the public to avoid them, should they become emperor later in life.

During the rule of the Ming Emperor of Han, whose personal name was Zhuang, most people with surname Zhuang (莊) were ordered to change their names to Yan (嚴).[4]

The custom of naming taboo had a built-in contradiction: without knowing what the emperors' names were, one could hardly be expected to avoid them, thus somehow the emperors' names had to be informally transmitted to the populace to allow them to take cognizance of and thus avoid using said characters. In one famous incident in 435, during the Northern Wei Dynasty, Goguryeo ambassadors made a formal request that the imperial government issue them a document containing the emperors' names so that they could avoid offending the emperor while submitting their king's petition. Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei agreed and issued them such a document.[5] However, the mechanism of how the regular populace would be able to learn the emperors' names remained generally unclear throughout Chinese history.

This taboo is important to keep in mind when studying ancient historical texts from the cultural sphere, as historical characters and/or locations may be renamed if they happen to share a name with the emperor in power (or previous emperors of the same dynasty) when the text was written. Thus, the study of naming taboos can also help date an ancient text.

In other countries

Japan was heavily influenced by the naming taboo. In modern Japan, it concerns only the Emperor of Japan, whom people only refer as Tennō Heika (天皇陛下, his Majesty the Emperor) or Kinjō Heika (今上陛下, his current Majesty). Ancient Japanese people had so much respect for this custom that historians forgot the actual names of many historical figures or even sometimes the correct pronunciation, as many Han characters have multiple pronunciations. For example, the son of Oda Nobunaga, Oda Nobukatsu, is often called Oda Nobuo; but it mainly concerns more ancient historical figures like Murasaki Shikibu, whose actual name may forever remain a mystery.

In Vietnam, the family name Hoàng (黃) was changed to Huỳnh in the South due to the naming taboo of Lord Nguyễn Hoàng's name. Similarly, the family name "Vũ" (武) is known as "Võ" in the South.[6]

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References

Cary Academy: The Qing Glory Days
Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 25.
Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 199.
http://en.people.cn/200603/23/eng20060323_252943.html
Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 122.
François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (2011). "The Confucian Message on Vietnamese Coins, A closer look at the Nguyễn dynasty's large coins with moral maxims », Numismatic Chronicle, 2011, pp. 367-406". Academia.edu. Retrieved 22 August 2019.