Malaysian Islamic Party

The Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS; Malay: Parti Islam Se-Malaysia) is an Islamist political party in Malaysia. PAS's electoral base is in Peninsular Malaysia's rural and conservative north and east coast.

Malaysian Islamic Party
Malay name	Parti Islam Se-Malaysia
Jawi name	ڤرتي اسلام سمليسيا
Abbreviation	PAS
President	Abdul Hadi Awang
Secretary-General	Takiyuddin Hassan
Spokesperson	Kamaruzaman Mohamad
Spiritual Leader	Hashim Jasin
Deputy President Vice-President	Tuan Ibrahim 1. Idris Ahmad 2. Mohd Amar Abdullah 3. Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar
Dewan Ulamak's Chief	Nik Muhammad Zawawi Salleh
Dewan Muslimat's Chief	Nuridah Mohd Salleh
Dewan Pemuda's Chief	Khairil Nizam Khirudin
Founder	Ahmad Fuad Hassan
Founded	24 November 1951 (as Malayan Islamic Organisation)
Legalised	31 May 1955
Split from	United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
Headquarters	No. 318-A, Jalan Raja Laut, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Newspaper	Harakah
Think tank	Pusat Penyelidikan PAS Pusat
Youth wing	Dewan Pemuda PAS
Women's wing	Dewan Muslimat PAS
Cleric's wing	Dewan Ulamak PAS
Non-Muslim's wing	Dewan Himpunan Penyokong PAS
Ideology	Islamism Islamic democracy Islamic conservatism Post-nationalism
Political position	Right-wing
National affiliation	Alliance (1972–73) Barisan Nasional (1973–78) Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (1990–96) Barisan Alternatif (1999–2004) Pakatan Rakyat (2008–2015) Gagasan Sejahtera (since 2016) Muafakat Nasional (since 2019) Perikatan Nasional (since 2020)
International affiliation	Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwanul Muslimin)[1][2]
Colours	Green and White
Slogan	Beristiqamah Hingga Kemenangan Ketuanan Melayu Islam Memimpin
Anthem	Berjihadlah
Dewan Negara:	6 / 70
Dewan Rakyat:	18 / 222
Dewan Undangan Negeri:	90 / 593
Election symbol
Party flag
Website
www.pas.org.my
Politics of Malaysia Political parties Elections

The party is currently a member party of the Perikatan Nasional, a loose coalition of the governing party of Malaysia. The party governs the states of Kelantan (1959–1977 and 1990–present), Terengganu (1959–1962, 1999–2004 and 2018–present), Kedah (2008–2013, 2020–present) and as governing coalition partners in Johor (2020–present) and Perak (2008–2009, 2020–present). In the past, it was a coalition partner in the governments in Penang (2008–2015) and Selangor (2008–2018). The party currently holds 18 of the 222 seats in the federal House of Representatives and has elected parliamentarians or state assembly members in eight of the country's 13 states.

Background

The party was founded in 1951 by Muslim clerics in the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). In the party's early decades, it fused Islamist and Malay nationalist ideologies and entrenched itself as one of the country's strongest opposition parties. From 1974 to 1978, PAS joined the governing Barisan Nasional coalition, but has otherwise been in opposition at the federal level for the entirety of its history. The 1980s saw the party taken over by a group of Muslim clerics ("ulama"), who shifted the party's ideology away from Malay nationalism towards a more focus on Islamic teachings. After poor electoral performances, the party moderated in the 1990s, with an increase in progressive leaders. In the 2015 PAS Muktamar, the Ulama wing called for a total out of progressives,[3] following which the progressive leaders lost almost all party positions.[4] The progressive faction later formed Parti Amanah Negara (AMANAH) and with the two main Malaysian opposition parties, PKR, DAP formed Pakatan Harapan.

PAS's electoral base is in Malaysia's rural and conservative north. It currently holds 18 of the 222 seats in the federal House of Representatives and has elected parliamentarians or state assembly members in eight of the country's 13 states.

The President is the party's chief office-holder. Abdul Hadi Awang has occupied the post since 2002. Under the President sits a Deputy President and three Vice-Presidents. There are two standing decision-making bodies of the party: the elected Central Working Committee, which deals with administrative and political affairs, and the Syura Council, composed of clerics, which deals with religious matters. The party has formal branches for women members ("PAS Muslimat") and youth ("PAS Pemuda"). Harakah is the party's official newspaper.

History

Origins: post-World War II Islamist movements

The post-World War II period, while Malaya was still under British colonial rule, saw the emergence of the country's first formal Islamic political movements. The Malay Nationalist Party (MNP), a left-wing nationalist organisation, was formed in 1945 and led by Burhanuddin al-Helmy, who would later become the president of PAS. Out of the MNP arose the Pan-Malayan Supreme Islamic Council (MATA) in 1947, and MATA in turn formed the party Hizbul Muslimin ("Islamic Party") in 1948. The central aim of Hizbul Muslimin was the establishment of an independent Malaya as an Islamic state.[5] However, the party did not live beyond 1948. The Malayan Emergency of that year, while a British–Communist dispute, saw the colonial administration arrest a number of the party's leaders, and the nascent group disbanded. Nevertheless, the party served as a forerunner to PAS, supplying both the ideology upon which PAS was formed and some of PAS's key leaders in its early years.[6]

Party formation (1953–1956)

PAS was founded on 24 November 1951, as the Persatuan Islam Se-Malaya (Malayan Islamic Organisation). The formation of the party was the culmination of a growing movement among Muslim clerics within the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to formalise a discrete Islamic political organisation. However, at first, the lines between UMNO and the new party were blurred. PAS allowed dual membership of the two parties, and many of its early senior leaders were also UMNO members. The party's first president was Ahmad Fuad Hassan, an UMNO cleric. He lasted in the position only until 1953, when he fell out of favour with the party, which was now developing a more distinct identity, and returned to the UMNO fold. Fuad's departure coincided with the end of dual membership.[7] The party turned to Abbas Alias, a Western-educated medical doctor, as its second president, although he did not play an active role in the party and was little more than a nominal figurehead.[8]

The party's first electoral test was the pre-independence 1955 election to the Federal Legislative Council, the body that preceded the national parliament. 52 single-member seats were up for election; PAS fielded 11 candidates. Hampered by a lack of funds and party organisation, PAS succeeded in having only one candidate elected: Ahmad Tuan Hussein, a teacher at an Islamic school in Kerian, Perak. He was the only opposition member of the Council; the other 51 seats were won by members of the Alliance coalition between UMNO, the Malaysian Chinese Association and the Malaysian Indian Congress. PAS's performance in the election weakened its hand in negotiations with the British over the terms of Malayan independence. Its advocacy for the protection of Malay and Muslim rights, including the recognition of Islam as the country's official religion, was ignored. Alias stepped down from the presidency in 1956, handing it voluntarily to the radical nationalist Burhanuddin al-Helmy.[9] This change exemplified a broader trend among PAS's leadership in the late 1950s: the party's upper echelons gradually became filled with nationalists and long-time UMNO opponents, replacing the UMNO clerics who had initially led the party.[10]

Burhanuddin al-Helmy era (1956–1969)

Burhanuddin al-Helmy, a prominent anti-colonialist, steered PAS in a socialist and nationalist direction and set about strengthening the party's internal structure and geographic reach. In the 1959 election, Malaya's first since independence, the party's focus on rural constituencies, especially in the north, paid off. Thirteen PAS candidates were elected to the 104-member House of Representatives, and the party took control of the legislative assemblies of the northern states of Kelantan and Terengganu.[11][12]

However, Burhanuddin's leftist pas-Islamism, under which PAS sought greater ties between the Muslim peoples of Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago, soon led the party into a wedge. The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (Konfrontasi) of 1963–66 turned popular Malayan opinion against Indonesia. PAS's attacks on Tunku Abdul Rahman's Alliance government for seeking Western assistance during the confrontation, and the party's continued support for Southeast Asian pas-Islamism, led to a loss of support in the 1964 election. The party's parliamentary cohort was reduced to nine.[13] The party became further marginalised the following year, when Burhanuddin was detained without trial under the Internal Security Act on allegations that he had collaborated with Indonesia.[14]

Political circumstances in the country had changed by the 1969 election. The Konfrontasi had ended, Burhanuddin had been released from custody although was too ill to campaign actively, and the Alliance coalition was suffering internal division and unpopularity. PAS's vote rose to over 20 percent of the national electorate, netting the party 12 seats in Parliament.[15] However, the Parliament would not convene until 1971. Race riots after the election caused Tunku Abdul Rahman to suspend Parliament and declare a state of emergency. The country would be run by a National Operations Council for the following two years. In the meantime, Burhanuddin died in October 1969 and was replaced as PAS's President by his deputy, Asri Muda.[16]

Asri Muda era (1970–1982)

Asri came to the presidency having been PAS's de facto leader during Burhanuddin's long illness.[17] But this did not mean a seamless transition for the party. While Burhanuddin had been sympathetic to left-wing causes and parties in Malaysia, Asri was first and foremost a Malay nationalist, and was hostile to leftist politics. One of his first acts as President of PAS was to part ways with the party's opposition allies on the left, such as the Malaysian People's Party (PRM). Ideologically, Asri's presidency would see the party shift markedly away from the pas-Islamism of Burhanuddin. The party became principally concerned with the protection and advancement of the rights of ethnic Malays.[18] The party's activities also became solely focused on party politics, as reflected in the change of its name in 1971 from the "Persatuan Islam Se-Malaysia" (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Association) to the "Parti Islam Se-Malaysia" (PAS-Malaysian Islamic Party).[19]

However, Asri's most radical change was still to come. In January 1972, he announced, after negotiations with UMNO, that PAS would be joining the Alliance coalition (which would soon rebadge itself as the Barisan Nasional). After two decades as an opposition party, PAS would now be in government, but as a junior partner of its main rival UMNO. The move was controversial within PAS, and some of its members and senior leaders either left the party or were purged by Asri. Asri's principal justification for joining UMNO in a coalition government was that after the 1969 race riots, Malay unity was paramount, and that this required a partnership between the country's two ethnic-Malay political parties. Asri himself became a minister in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein.[20]

The 1974 election saw PAS competing under the Barisan Nasional banner for the first and only time. The party won 14 parliamentary seats to UMNO's 62, cementing PAS's position as the junior of the coalition partners. PAS also found itself governing in coalition in Kelantan, which it had previously governed in its own right. PAS's vote in its northern strongholds was weakened by a loss of support to both its former opposition allies and renegade PAS candidates running on anti-Barisan Nasional tickets.[21] Ultimately, it was Kelantan, Asri's home state and the base of political power, that would trigger the downfall of the UMNO–PAS partnership. After a conflict between Asri and the UMNO-favoured chief minister of the state, Mohamad Nasir, over investigations that Nasir initiated into Asri's financial dealings, Asri mobilised the PAS members of the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly to move a no-confidence motion against Nasir. The UMNO assemblymen staged a walk-out, abandoning Asri, driving an irreparable wedge through the coalition and causing a political crisis in the state. The Prime Minister Hussein Onn declared an emergency in the state, allowing the federal government to take control. Asri withdrew PAS from Barisan Nasional in December 1977.[22]

The 1978 election underscored how disastrous PAS's foray into the Barisan Nasional had been. The party was reduced to five parliamentary seats and, in separate state-level elections in Kelantan, was routed by UMNO and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (Berjasa), which Nasir had founded after leaving PAS. The party's fortunes in the Kelantan election were not helped by a ban on public election rallies; while the Barisan Nasional was able to campaign through a compliant mass media, public talks were the principal way in which PAS could reach voters.[23] PAS fared little better in the 1982 election. In the face of a new prime minister, Mahathir Mohamad, and the decision of the popular Islamist youth leader Anwar Ibrahim to join UMNO instead of PAS, the party was unable to improve on its five parliamentary seats and failed to regain government in Kelantan. Meanwhile, the 1978 to 1982 period coincided with the rise of a new generation of leaders within the party, including foreign-educated Muslim clerics (or "ulama") such as Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat and Abdul Hadi Awang. This group sought to reorient PAS as an Islamist party and were fundamentally hostile to UMNO, whose Malay nationalist focus they saw to be at the expense of Islam.[24] In 1980 the group succeeded in electing Yusof Rawa to the deputy presidency of the party, ousting the Asri loyalist Abu Bakar Omar.[25] By the time of PAS's 1982 assembly, it was clear to Asri that the ulama faction had the numbers to defeat him. He resigned on the floor of the assembly, and subsequently attacked the party through the media, leading to his expulsion. The following year, Yusof was elevated to the presidency, unopposed.[26]

Ulama takeover (1982–1989)

The ulama who took over PAS in 1982 drew from the 1979 Iranian revolution for inspiration in establishing an Islamic state; Yusof Rawa himself had served as Malaysia's Ambassador to Iran in the years preceding the revolution. Yusof openly rejected the Malay nationalism that characterised both UMNO and PAS under Asri Muda, considering it a narrow and ignorant philosophy that was contrary to the concept of a Muslim ummah.[27] As if to exemplify the shift in the party's ideological outlook under Yusof and his ulama colleagues, the party's new leaders adopted a more conservative and religious form of dress, abandoning Malay and western clothing for traditional Arab religious garb.[28] Politics between UMNO and PAS became increasingly religious in nature. The Barisan Nasional government tried to counter the possible electoral appeal of PAS's Islamisation by creating a number of state-run Islamic institutions, such as the International Islamic University of Malaysia. PAS leaders responded by labelling such initiatives as superficial and hypocritical, UMNO leaders as "infidels" and UMNO as the "party of the devil".[29]

The increasingly divisive rhetoric between UMNO and PAS produced deep divisions in Malay communities, especially in the northern states. Sometimes the divisions became violent, the most infamous example being the 1985 Memali incident, in which the government sanctioned a raid on a village led by the PAS cleric Ibrahim Libya, which left 14 civilians and four policemen dead.[30] It was against this backdrop that the PAS ulama faced their first general election in 1986. The result was a whitewash for the Barisan Nasional coalition. PAS recorded its worst-ever election result, retaining only one seat in Parliament. PAS, in recovering from the defeat, had no choice but to retreat from its hardline Islamism and pursue a moderate course.[31] By 1989, Yusof had become too ill to remain as PAS's President, and was replaced by his deputy, Fadzil Noor, another member of the ulama faction that now dominated the party.[32]

Electoral revival in the 1990s

Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat became the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Kelantan in 1990, and remained in the post for 23 years.

While not abandoning PAS's ideological commitment to the establishment of an Islamic state, Fadzil Noor moderated the party's rhetoric. He also set about infusing the party's membership with young urban professionals in an attempt to diversify the leadership ranks beyond religious clerics.[17] The 1990s also saw PAS engage in international Islamist movements. Abdul Hadi Awang became active in a number of international Islamic organisations and delegations, and Islamist parties abroad sent delegations to Malaysia to observe PAS.[33]

The first electoral test of Fadzil's presidency was the 1990 election, which occurred against the backdrop of a split in UMNO out of which the Semangat 46 opposition party was formed. PAS joined Semangat 46 and two other Malay parties in the United Ummah Front ("Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah"), and won seven parliamentary seats. The new coalition swept the Barisan Nasional from power in Kelantan, winning all of its state assembly seats. Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat, a cleric who played a leading role in the 1982 takeover of the party, became Kelantan's Chief Minister, and would remain in the position until his retirement in 2013.[34] One of the first acts of the PAS-led government in Kelantan was to seek to introduce hudud, a criminal punishment system for particular Islamic offences. The move was abandoned after it became clear that the law could not be enforced over the objections of the federal government.[35]

PAS retained its seven parliamentary seats and the government of Kelantan in the 1995 election while all other opposition parties lost ground.[36] By the time of the next election, in 1999, circumstances external to PAS had changed its fortunes for the better. The 1997 Asian financial crisis split the Barisan Nasional government between supporters of the Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, and his deputy, Anwar Ibrahim. Mahathir's sacking of Anwar in 1998 provoked widespread opposition, which PAS capitalised on more than any other opposition party. The party ran a sophisticated campaign for the 1999 election, taking advantage of the internet to bypass restrictions on print publications and managing to woo urban professional voters while retaining its traditional rural support base. For the first time, PAS joined the centre-left and secular Democratic Action Party in a coalition—the Barisan Alternatif—which also included Anwar Ibrahim's new party Keadilan. The result was PAS's best ever. The party took 27 of 192 parliamentary seats and won landslide state-level victories in Kelantan and Terengganu.[37]

PAS in the 21st century

The death of Fadzil Noor in 2002, and his replacement by the conservative cleric Abdul Hadi Awang, coincided with a period of division within the party between its younger and professional leaders, who sought to make PAS's Islamist ideology more appealing to mainstream Malaysia, and its conservative, and generally older, clerics. The party was unable to reconcile the views of the two factions with a coherent definition of the "Islamic state" that the party's platform envisioned.[17] The debate itself caused the DAP to break with the Barisan Alternatif coalition; as a secular party with mainly an ethnic Chinese support base, it could not support the vision of an Islamic state propagated by PAS's conservatives. PAS also found itself losing Malay support following the replacement of Mahathir as Prime Minister with Abdullah Badawi, a popular and moderate Muslim, and post-11 September fears among the electorate about radical Islam in Southeast Asia.[38] If the 1999 election had been the party's zenith, the 2004 poll was one of the lowest points in its history. In an expanded Parliament, PAS was reduced to seven seats. Abdul Hadi not only lost his parliamentary seat but saw the government he led in Terengganu thrown from office after one term.[39]

The response of PAS to the 2004 election, like its response to the similar 1986 wipeout, was to abandon the hardline image that had contributed to its defeat. By now, the urban professional wing of the party's membership, brought into the party by Fadzil Noor in the 1990s, was ready to take charge. While Abdul Hadi's presidency was not under threat, the moderate faction, known as the "Erdogans" after the moderate Turkish Islamist leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan, had its members voted into other key positions in the party's 2005 general assembly.[17][40] PAS was now able to attack Abdullah Badawi's government from both the right and the left: on the one hand, it criticised Abdullah's promotion of Islam Hadhari as a watered-down version of Islam; on the other, it attacked the government for its human rights record and promoted the causes of social and economic justice, including for non-Muslims. The party also capitalised on the growth of the internet and social media in Malaysia to bypass the pro-government mass media.[41]

Ahead of the 2008 election PAS joined the DAP and Anwar Ibrahim's People's Justice Party (PKR) in a new coalition, the Pakatan Rakyat. The coalition handed the Barisan Nasional its worst-ever election result. Barisan Nasional lost its two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives, disabling it from passing constitutional amendments without opposition support. PAS won 23 seats; the Pakatan Rakyat won 82. At a state level, decades-old Barisan Nasional governments fell in Kedah, Perak and Selangor. PAS now governed Kedah and Kelantan (led respectively by Azizan Abdul Razak and Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat) and supplied the Chief Minister of Perak (Nizar Jamaluddin) in a Pakatan Rakyat coalition government.[42]

PAS's 2009 general assembly saw latent fissures within the party come out into the open. The incumbent deputy president Nasharudin Mat Isa, a Malay nationalist who promoted greater co-operation between PAS and UMNO, was challenged by two moderate candidates.[43] Nasharudin survived with the backing of the conservative ulama faction; his two opponents had split the moderate vote. But at the 2011 assembly, Nasharudin was not so lucky: Mohamad Sabu, a leading moderate close to Anwar Ibrahim, commanded the support of the "Erdogan" wing and toppled him. Sabu's election was a significant defeat for the ulama faction. He was the first non-cleric to serve as the party's deputy president in over 20 years.[44]

The Pakatan Rakyat coalition went into the 2013 election facing Najib Razak, who had replaced Abdullah as Prime Minister in 2009 but failed to improve the government's fortunes, especially among urban voters. PAS made a concerted effort to expand its voter base beyond the northern peninsula states, and campaigned heavily in Johor, where it had never won a parliamentary seat. The election witnessed a significant degree of cross-over ethnic voting: Chinese voters in Malay-majority seats decided in large numbers to support PAS, to maximise the chances of a national Pakatan Rakyat victory. Pakatan Rakyat won 50.8 percent of the national popular vote although fell short of forming government.[45] PAS, however, suffered a net loss of two parliamentary seats. This was principally attributable to a swing against the party in Kedah, where the party was removed from state government after one term and lost four parliamentary seats.[46]

In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) called Muafakat Nasional. Its main purpose is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes.[47] There is however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there are calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional.[48][49] Barisan Nasional continued to function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS, but aligned themselves with Perikatan Nasional to form a new government in March 2020 after the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government.[50]

At Tanjung Piai by-election, PAS vice-president Mohd Amar Nik Abdullah had stated PAS will support BN candidate[51] and its former secretary-general Mustafa Ali even proposed the MCA to contest the seat.[52] PAS president Abdul Hadi Awang has reaffirmed its supports and commitments to campaign for BN even the candidate is from MCA despite the just inked Piagam Muafakat Nasional (National Cooperation Charter) of UMNO-PAS pact.[53]

On 23 February 2020, PAS held extraordinary meetingin Janda Baik, Pahang. PAS President, Hadi Awang went to the Istana Negara in the evening to seek an audience with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. After the meeting, PAS President Hadi Awang then joined Azmin's supporters at Sheraton Hotel.[54]

On 25 February, UMNO and PAS revealed that they have withdrawn their supports given earlier for Mahathir to continue as prime minister, and had instead called for parliament dissolution.[55] It was previously reported that as all political factions voiced their support for Mahathir, he was about to establish a "unity government" that the two parties could not agree with.[56][57] Annuar Musa, UMNO's secretary-general, said the basis of negotiations with Mahathir was that UMNO and PAS would lend their support to form an alternative coalition without DAP. Therefore, both PAS and UMNO declared their support for a snap election instead.[58]

On 28 February, PAS then released a statement announcing their support for the PPBM president, Muhyiddin Yassin as the 8th Prime Minister. All the Muafakat Nasional MPs had also signed the new SD proposing Muhyiddin to be the next Prime Minister.[59]

On 29 February, PPBM President Muhyiddin Yassin and his allies including party leaders from UMNO, PAS, Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS), Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS), and Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR) had an audience with the Agong.[60][61] He also announced that his coalition consisting of Bersatu, UMNO, PAS, PBRS, GPS, and STAR will be called Perikatan Nasional.[62] The new coalition claimed that they have majority support in parliament to elect a Prime Minister and to form a government.[63]

In Muhyiddin cabinet, which formed on 10 March 2020, three PAS MP's became Ministers & five PAS MP's became Deputy Ministers.

Ideology and policies

Alternative flag of PAS, occasionally flown along the official full-moon-on-a-green-field flag

According to Farish A. Noor, a Malaysian academic who has written a complete history of PAS:

From the day PAS was formed, in November 1951, the long-term goal of creating an Islamic state in Malaysia has been the beacon that has driven successive generations of PAS leaders and members ever forward. What has changed is the meaning and content of the signifier 'Islamic state'[64]

From time to time, PAS's pursuit of an "Islamic state" has involved attempts to legislate for hudud—an Islamic criminal justice system—in the states that it governs.[65] Such laws would apply to all Muslims and would not apply to non-Muslims. PAS-dominated state assemblies in Kelantan and Terengganu passed hudud laws in the early 1990s and early 2000s respectively, although neither has ever been enforced due to opposition from the federal government.[66] PAS returned to its pursuit of hudud laws after the 2013 election, signalling that it would table bills in the federal Parliament to allow the laws, still on the statute books in Kelantan, to be enforced. The bills would require a two-thirds majority in the Parliament as they involve constitutional amendments.[67]

After PAS's electoral rout in 2004, the party sought to broaden its policies beyond Islamism. Among other things, the party focused on calling for improved civil liberties and race relations. However, these policy shifts have proven controversial within the party; conservatives have considered them part of a dilution of PAS's commitment to an Islamic state.[68][69]

When PAS was defeated in Terengganu, enforcement of female dress codes was reduced. The state PAS government in Kelantan bans traditional Malay dance theatres, banned advertisements depicting women who are not fully clothed, and enforced the wearing of headscarves, although they allowed gender segregated cinemas and concerts. Some government-controlled bodies pressure non-Muslims to also wear headscarves, and all students of the International Islamic University of Malaysia and female officers in the Royal Malaysian Police are required to wear headscarves in public ceremonies.[70]

The PAS party wishes that the death penalty be enacted for Muslims who attempt to convert, as part of their ultimate desire to turn Malaysia into an Islamic state.[71]

Ties and linkages with the Muslim Brotherhood

PAS has also maintained close personal and ideological ties with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.[1] The party's relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood dates back to the 1940s when PAS's founders were exposed to the ideas and teachings of the Muslim Brotherhood while they were studying in Cairo during the 1940s. According to Wan Saiful Wan Jan of the think tank Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs, the Muslim Brotherhood regards PAS as a model for a successful Muslim political party; since PAS has governed the state of Kelantan continually since 1990. PAS representatives are often invited to Muslim Brotherhood speaking engagements overseas. In 2012, PAS President Abdul Hadi Awang spoke alongside Muslim Brotherhood scholar Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi at a speaking event in London.[72] That same year, PAS representatives met with Muslim Brotherhood leaders Sheikh Mahdi Akif and Dr Muhammad Badie in Cairo.[2]

According to Müller, PAS's current generation of leaders, the Ulama Leadership (Kepimpinan Ulama) were also influenced by Muslim Brotherhood ideology while studying in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and India during the 1980s. Muslim Brotherhood–inspired Islamic education methods (tarbiyah) and regular study circles (usrah/halaqah) were systematically introduced while networks were established with Muslim political parties and movements abroad.[73] In April 2014, Awang criticised the governments of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates for designating the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organisation.[2] In January 2016, former PAS leader Mujahid Yusof Rawa claimed that the Muslim Brotherhood's influence on PAS was limited to sharing the organisation's views on the role of Islam in society. Rawa also claimed that other local Muslim groups such as Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM; Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia) and IKRAM were also sympathetic to the Muslim Brotherhood.[74]

Structure and membership

PAS's general assembly ("Muktamar") elects the party's President, Deputy President, three Vice-Presidents and a multi-member Central Working Committee. The assembly is held annually, but elections occur only in every second year. The assembly is composed mainly of delegates elected by individual local divisions of the party.[75] The day-to-day administration of the party is carried out by its Secretary-General, a position appointed by the party's leadership.[76] The Central Working Committee is ostensibly the party's principal decision-making body, although its decisions are susceptible to being overturned by the Syura Council, an unelected body composed only of Muslim clerics and led by the party's Spiritual Leader ("Musyidul 'Am").[77] The relationship between the different administrative bodies within the party occasionally causes conflict. In 2014, the Central Working Committee voted to support the nomination of Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, the President of the People's Justice Party (PKR), to be the Chief Minister of the Pakatan Rakyat government in Selangor. Abdul Hadi Awang, as PAS's president and with the backing of the Syura Council, overturned the decision and nominated different candidates.[78]

The party has three recognised sub-organisations for different categories of party members: an ulama wing (the "Dewan Ulama") for Muslim clerics, a women's wing (the "Dewan Muslimat") and a youth wing (the "Dewan Pemuda"). Each wing elects its own leadership at its own general assembly.[78] There is a fourth wing for non-Muslim supporters of the party, although it does not have the same recognised position in the party's structure as the other three wings.[75]

PAS has approximately one million members,[79] more than any other opposition party in Malaysia.[80] PAS members often distinguish themselves from UMNO members through cultural and religious practices. For Islamic headwear, males who support PAS tend to prefer the white, soft kopiah, while UMNO supporters tend to wear the traditional Malay songkok, a rigid black cap.[81] Some areas of Malaysia host rival mosques catering for the members and supporters of each party.[82]

Current office bearers

Spiritual Leader: Haji Hashim Jasin Deputy Spiritual Leader: Ustaz Haji Ahmad Yakob President: Haji Abdul Hadi Awang Deputy President: Haji Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man Vice-President: Ustaz Haji Idris Ahmad Haji Nik Mohd Amar Abdullah Prof. Dr. Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar Dewan Ulamak's Chief: Ustaz Dr. Haji Nik Muhammad Zawawi Salleh Dewan Pemuda's Chief: Ir. Haji Khairil Nizam Khirudin Dewan Muslimat's Chief: Ustazah Hajah Nuridah Haji Mohd. Salleh DHPP Chief: Balasubramaniam Nachiappan Secretary-General: Takiyuddin Hassan Deputy Secretary-General: Khairul Faizi Ahmad Kamil Khairul Fahmi Mat Som Treasurer: Iskandar Abdul Samad Information Chief: Haji Kamaruzaman Mohamad Election Director: Haji Muhammad Sanusi Mohd. Nor

Central Working Committee: Ustaz Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi Dr. Azman Ibrahim Dr. Halimah Ali Dr. Mohammad Fadzli Hassan Dr. Riduan Mohamad Nor Mohd Nasuruddin Daud Dr. Mohd Zuhdi Marsuki Ustaz Nik Mohamad Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz Dr. Mohd Khairuddin Aman Razali Dr. Najihatussalehah Ahmad Dr. Ahmad Fakhruddin Sheikh Fakhrurazi Ustaz Nasrudin Hassan Tantawi Ustazah Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff Ustaz Mokhtar Senik Ustaz Haji Misbahul Munir Masduki Ustaz Sallehen Mukhyi Appointed: Haji Mahfodz Mohamed Ir. Muhtar Suhaili Dr. Rosni Adam Haji Awang Solahuddin Hashim Dr. Mohd Mazri Yahya Wan Rohimi Wan Daud Ustaz Mohd Yusni Mat Piah Haji Mohamad Husain State Commissioner: Perlis : Mohd. Shukri Ramli Kedah : Ustaz Haji Ahmad Yahya Kelantan : Ustaz Haji Ahmad Yakob Terengganu : Ustaz Haji Husin Awang Penang : Ustaz Haji Muhammad Fauzi Yusoff Perak : Haji Razman Zakaria Pahang : Ustaz Haji Rosli Abdul Jabar Selangor : Dr. Haji Ahmad Yunus Hairi Federal Territory : Ustaz Haji Azhar Yahya Negeri Sembilan : Haji Rafiei Mustapha Malacca : Ustaz Haji Kamaruddin Sidek Johor : Ustaz Haji Abdullah Hussin Sabah : Paumin @ Aminuddin Aling Sarawak : Haji Jofri Jaraiee

Dewan Ulamak PAS Pusat (DUPP) (2017–2019) Dewan Ulamak's Speaker: Hamdan Mohamad Dewan Ulamak's Deputy Speaker: Omar Hashim Dewan Ulamak's Chief: Ustaz Dr. Haji Mahfodz Mohamed Dewan Ulamak's Deputy Chief: Ustaz Dr. Haji Muhammad Zawawi bin Salleh Dewan Ulamak's Vice Chief: Ustaz Dr. Haji Johari Mat Ulamak's Secretary: Ustaz Haji Nazri Zin Dewan Ulamak's Treasurer: Ustaz Dr. Haji Mohd. Khairuddin Aman Razali At-Takiri Dewan Ulamak's Election Director: Ustaz Haji Khirul Muntanazar Ismail Dewan Ulamak's Central Working Committee: Prof. Dr. Ustaz Haji Badruzzaman Yusof Ustaz Haji Mohd. Zain Abdul Rahman Ustaz Haji Husin Awang Ustaz Haji Ismail Osman Ustaz Haji Zulkifli Ismail Ustaz Haji Nazmi Nik Din Dr. Ustaz Haji Azahari Aripin Ustaz Haji Mohd. Ismi Md Taib Ustaz Haji Zuridan Mohd. Daud At-Temini Ustaz Haji Mohd. Kamal Osman Ustaz Haji Zaharuddin Mohammad Ustaz Haji Najmi Ahmad Ustaz Zulkarnain Hassan Ustaz Mohd Zuhaili Saiman Dr. Ustaz Ahmad Mouhyideen Hasin Ustaz Ahmad Yahya Ustaz Ibarahim Zakaria Ustazah Ana Mastura Ismail

Majlis Syura Ulamak PAS Pusat (2015–2020) Spiritual Leader: Haji Hashim Jasin Deputy Spiritual Leader: Ustaz Haji Ahmad Yakob Secretary: Ustaz Dr. Nik Mohamad Zawawi Salleh Members: Haji Abdul Hadi Awang Haji Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man Ustaz Haji Idris Ahmad Haji Nik Mohd. Amar Abdullah Dr. Haji Mahfodz Mohamad Ustaz Haji Nasruddin Hassan Tantawi Ustaz Haji Nik Mohamad Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz Ustazah Dr. Wahibah Tahir Ustazah Dr. Nadzirah Mohd Ustaz Dr. Haji Mohd. Khairuddin Aman razali At-Takiri Ustaz Haji Taib Azamudden Md Taib Ustaz Dr. Johari Mat Ustaz Haji Hussin Awang Ustaz Haji Ahmad Ali

Dewan Pemuda PAS Malaysia (DPPM) (2017–2019) Youth Speaker: Kamal Ashaari Youth Deputy Speaker: Riduan Mohd. Noor Youth Chief: Ustaz Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi Youth Deputy Chief: Ir. Haji Khairil Nizam Khirudin Youth Vice Chief: Ustaz Ahmad Fadhli Shaari Youth Secretary: Afnan Hamimi Taib Azamudden Youth Treasurer: Muhtar Suhaili Youth Information Chief: Ustaz Hishamudin Abdul Karim Election Director: Nurul Islam Mohamed Yusoff Youth Central Working Committee: Ahmad Fadhli Shaari Hishamudin Abdul Karim Afnan Hamimi Taib Azamudden Mohd. Azam Abd Samat Syahir Che Sulaiman Syarhan Humaizi Abdul Halim Mohd. Zawawi Abu Hassan Syed Abdul Kadir Al-Joofree Mohd. Hafez Sabri Nurul Islam Mohamed Yusof Muhtar Suhaili Izwan Abd. Halim

Dewan Muslimat PAS Pusat (DMPP) (2017–2019) Muslimat Speaker: Faizah Ismail Muslimat Deputy Speaker: Nor Azlin Md. Shamsuddin Muslimat Chief: Ustazah Nuridah Mohd. Salleh Muslimat Deputy Chief: Dr. Rosni Adam Muslimat Vice Chief: Salamiah Mohd Noor Muslimat Secretary: Dr. Nurul Hani Ali Muslimat Treasurer: Dr. Che Faridah Ismail Muslimat Information Chief: Ustazah Wan Hasrina Wan Hassan Election Director: Noraini Hussin Muslimat Central Working Committee: Najihatussalehah Ahmad Siti Ashah Ghazali Wan Hasrina Wan Hassan Wahibah Twahir Uyun Abd Malek Kartini Ahmad Che Faridah Ismail Uzaimah Ibrahim Halimah Ali Hamidah Wan Daud Siti Mursyidah Ramly Noraini Hussin

Presidents of PAS

• Ahmad Fuad Hassan (1951 - 1953)
• Abbas Alias (1953 - 1956)
• Burhanuddin al-Helmy (1956 - 1969)
• Asri Muda (1969 - 1982)
• Yusof Rawa (1982 - 1989)
• Fadzil Noor (1989 - 2002)
• Abdul Hadi Awang (2002 - present)

Elected representatives

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Senators

Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 14th Malaysian Parliament

• His Majesty's appointee:
  • Idris Ahmad
  • N Balasubramaniam
• Kelantan:
  • Asmak Husain
  • Muhamad Mustafa
• Terengganu:
  • Hussain Awang
  • Nuridah Mohd Salleh

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 14th Malaysian Parliament

Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 14th Malaysian Parliament

PAS has 18 members in the House of Representatives.

State	No.	Parliament Constituency	Member	Party
Kedah	P011	Pendang	Awang Solahudin Hashim		PAS
	P012	Jerai	Sabri Azit		PAS
	P013	Sik	Ahmad Tarmizi Sulaiman		PAS
Kelantan	P019	Tumpat	Che Abdullah Mat Nawi		PAS
	P020	Pengkalan Chepa	Ahmad Marzuk Shaary		PAS
	P021	Kota Bharu	Takiyuddin Hassan		PAS
	P022	Pasir Mas	Ahmad Fadhli Shaari		PAS
	P023	Rantau Panjang	Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff		PAS
	P024	Kubang Kerian	Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man		PAS
	P025	Bachok	Nik Mohamed Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz		PAS
	P028	Pasir Puteh	Nik Muhammad Zawawi Salleh		PAS
	P031	Kuala Krai	Abdul Latiff Abdul Rahman		PAS
Terengganu	P034	Setiu	Shaharizukirnain Abd. Kadir		PAS
	P035	Kuala Nerus	Mohd. Khairuddin Aman Razali		PAS
	P036	Kuala Terengganu	Ahmad Amzad Hashim		PAS
	P037	Marang	Abdul Hadi Awang		PAS
	P039	Dungun	Wan Hassan Mohd. Ramli		PAS
	P040	Kemaman	Che Alias Hamid		PAS
Total	Kedah (3), Kelantan (9), Terengganu (6)

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018–)

PAS has 91 members of state legislative assemblies. It has representatives in every assembly other than those of Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak. The party holds a majority in the Kelantan and Terengganu State Legislative Assemblies, and supplies all the members of the state's Executive Council (a body akin to a Cabinet), led by Menteri Besar, Ahmad Yakob.[83]

Kelantan State Legislative Assembly 37 / 45 Terengganu State Legislative Assembly 23 / 33 Kedah State Legislative Assembly 15 / 36 Pahang State Legislative Assembly 8 / 42

Perlis State Legislative Assembly 2 / 15 Perak State Legislative Assembly 3 / 59 Penang State Legislative Assembly 1 / 40

Selangor State Legislative Assembly 1 / 56 Johor State Legislative Assembly 1 / 56 Malacca State Legislative Assembly 0 / 28

Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly 0 / 36 Sabah State Legislative Assembly 0 / 65 Sarawak State Legislative Assembly 0 / 82

State	No.	State Constituency	Member	Party
Perlis	N13	Guar Sanji	Mohd.Ridzuan Hashim		PAS
	N15	Sanglang	Mohd.Shukri Ramli		PAS
Kedah	N4	Ayer Hitam	Azhar Ibrahim		PAS
	N7	Kuala Nerang	Mohamad Yusoff Zakaria		PAS
	N8	Pedu	Mohamad Yusoff Zakaria		PAS
	N9	Bukit Lada	Salim Mahmood		PAS
	N10	Bukit Pinang	Romaini Wan Salim		PAS
	N18	Tokai	Mohd.Hayati Othman		PAS
	N20	Sungai Limau	Mohd.Azam Abd.Samat		PAS
	N23	Belantek	Mad Isa Shafie		PAS
	N24	Jeneri	Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor		PAS
	N26	Tanjong Dawai	Hanif Ghazali		PAS
	N27	Pantai Merdeka	Ahmad Fadzli Hashim		PAS
	N30	Bayu	Abd Nasir Idris		PAS
	N31	Kupang	Najmi Ahmad		PAS
	N32	Kuala Ketil	Mansor Zakaria		PAS
	N33	Merbau Pulas	Siti Aishah Ghazali		PAS
Kelantan	N1	Pengkalan Kubor	Wan Roslan Wan Mamat		PAS
	N2	Kelaboran	Mohd Adenan Hassan		PAS
	N3	Pasir Pekan	Ahmad Yakob		PAS
	N4	Wakaf Bharu	Mohd Rusli Abdullah		PAS
	N5	Kijang	Izani Husin		PAS
	N6	Chempaka	Ahmad Fathan Mahmood		PAS
	N7	Panchor	Nik Mohd Amar Nik Abdullah		PAS
	N8	Tanjong Mas	Rohani Ibrahim		PAS
	N9	Kota Lama	Anuar Tan Abdullah @ Tan Teng Loon		PAS
	N10	Bunut Payong	Ramli Mamat		PAS
	N11	Tendong	Rozi Muhamad		PAS
	N12	Pengkalan Pasir	Hanifa Ahmad		PAS
	N13	Meranti	Mohd Nassruddin Daud		PAS
	N14	Chetok	Zuraidin Abdullah		PAS
	N15	Gual Periok	Mohamad Awang		PAS
	N16	Apam Putra	Abdul Rasul Mohamed		PAS
	N17	Salor	Saiful Adli Abu Bakar		PAS
	N18	Pasir Tumboh	Abd Rahman Yunus		PAS
	N19	Demit	Mumtaz Md Nawi		PAS
	N20	Tawang	Hassan Mahmood		PAS
	N21	Pantai Irama	Mohd Huzaimy Che Husin		PAS
	N22	Jelawat	Abdul Azziz Kadir		PAS
	N23	Melor	Md Yusnan Yusof		PAS
	N24	Kadok	Azami Mohd Nor		PAS
	N26	Bukit Panau	Abd Fattah Mahmood		PAS
	N28	Kemahang	Md Anizam Ab Rahman		PAS
	N29	Selinsing	Tuan Mohd Sharipudin Tuan Ismail		PAS
	N30	Limbongan	Mohd Nazlan Mohamed Hasbullah		PAS
	N31	Semerak	Wan Hassan Wan Ibrahim		PAS
	N32	Gaal	Mohd Rodzi Ja’afar		PAS
	N33	Pulai Chondong	Azhar Salleh		PAS
	N34	Temangan	Mohamed Fazli Hassan		PAS
	N35	Kemuning	Mohd Roseli Ismail		PAS
	N39	Mengkebang	Muhammad Mat Sulaiman		PAS
	N40	Guchil	Hilmi Abdullah		PAS
	N41	Manek Urai	Mohd Fauzi Abdullah		PAS
	N42	Dabong	Ku Mohd Zaki Ku Hussien		PAS
Terengganu	N2	Kota Putera	Mohd Nurkhuzaini Ab Rahman		PAS
	N5	Jabi	Azman Ibrahim		PAS
	N9	Tepuh	Hishamuddin Abdul Karim		PAS
	N10	Buloh Gading	Ridzuan Hashim		PAS
	N12	Bukit Tunggal	Alias Razak		PAS
	N13	Wakaf Mempelam	Wan Sukairi Wan Abdullah		PAS
	N14	Bandar	Ahmad Shah Muhamed		PAS
	N15	Ladang	Tengku Hassan Tengku Omar		PAS
	N16	Batu Buruk	Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi		PAS
	N17	Alur Limbat	Ariffin Deraman		PAS
	N18	Bukit Payung	Mohd Nor Hamzah		PAS
	N19	Ru Rendang	Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar		PAS
	N20	Pengkalan Berangan	Sulaiman Sulong		PAS
	N22	Manir	Hilmi Harun		PAS
	N23	Kuala Berang	Mamad Puteh		PAS
	N24	Ajil	Maliaman Kassim		PAS
	N26	Rantau Abang	Alias Harun		PAS
	N27	Sura	Wan Hapandi Wan Nik		PAS
	N28	Paka	Satiful Bahri Mamat		PAS
	N29	Kemasik	Saiful Azmi Suhaili		PAS
	N31	Cukai	Hanifah Mat		PAS
	N32	Air Putih	Ab Razak Ibrahim		PAS
Penang	N1	Penaga	Mohd Yusni Mat Piah		PAS
Perak	N5	Selama	Mohd Akmal Kamaruddin		PAS
	N6	Kubu Gajah	Khalil Yahaya		PAS
	N11	Gunong Semaggol	Razman Zakaria		PAS
Pahang	N9	Tahan	Mohd Zakhwan Ahmad Badarddin		PAS
	N10	Damak	Zuridan Mohd Daud		PAS
	N12	Beserah	Andansura Rabu		PAS
	N15	Tanjung Lumpur	Rosli Abdul Jabar		PAS
	N19	Panching	Mohd Tarmizi Yahaya		PAS
	N24	Luit	Mohd Soffian Abd Jalil		PAS
	N26	Chenor	Mujibur Rahman Ishak		PAS
	N29	Jengka	Shahril Azman Abd Halim		PAS
Selangor	N51	Sijangkang	Ahmad Yunus Hairi		PAS
Johor	N8	Bukit Pasir	Najib Lep		PAS
Total	Perlis (2), Kedah (15), Kelantan (37), Terengganu (22), Penang (1) ,Perak (3), Pahang (8), Selangor (1), Johor (1)

General election results

Election	Total seats won	Total votes	Share of votes	Outcome of election	Election leader
1955	1 / 52	40,667	3.9%	1 seats; Opposition	Abbas Alias
1959	13 / 104	329,070	21.3%	12 seats; Opposition	Burhanuddin al-Helmy
1964	9 / 104	301,187	14.6%	4 seats; Opposition
1969	12 / 144	495,641	20.9%	3 seats; Opposition
1974	13 / 154	148,386	7.0%	1 seats; Governing coalition (Barisan Nasional)	Asri Muda
1978	5 / 154	537,720	15.5%	8 seats; Opposition
1982	5 / 154	602,530	14.5%	; Opposition
1986	1 / 177	718,891	15.6%	4 seats; Opposition	Yusof Rawa
1990	7 / 180	391,813	7.0%	6 seats; Opposition coalition (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah)	Fadzil Noor
1995	7 / 192	430,098	3.3%	; Opposition coalition (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah)
1999	27 / 193	994,279	14.99%	20 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif)
2004	7 / 219	1,051,480	15.2%	20 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif)	Abdul Hadi Awang
2008	23 / 222	1,140,676	14.05%	16 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat)
2013	21 / 222	1,633,199	14.77%	2 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat)
2018	18 / 222	2,032,080	17.89%	3 seats; Opposition coalition (Gagasan Sejahtera)

State election results

State election	State Legislative Assembly
	Perlis State Legislative Assembly	Kedah State Legislative Assembly	Kelantan State Legislative Assembly	Terengganu State Legislative Assembly	Penang State Legislative Assembly	Perak State Legislative Assembly	Pahang State Legislative Assembly	Selangor State Legislative Assembly	Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly	Malacca State Legislative Assembly	Johor State Legislative Assembly	Sabah State Legislative Assembly	Sarawak State Legislative Assembly	Total won / Total contested
1959	0 / 12	0 / 24	28 / 30	13 / 24	0 / 24	1 / 40	0 / 24	0 / 28	0 / 24	0 / 20	0 / 32			42 / 200
1964	1 / 12	0 / 24	21 / 30	3 / 24	0 / 24	0 / 40	0 / 24	0 / 28	0 / 24	0 / 20	0 / 32			25 / 158
1969	1 / 12	8 / 24	19 / 30	11 / 24	0 / 24	1 / 40	0 / 24	0 / 28	0 / 24	0 / 20	0 / 32		0 / 48	40 / 185
1974	2 / 12	5 / 26	22 / 36	10 / 28	1 / 27	3 / 42	1 / 32	1 / 33	0 / 24	1 / 20	0 / 32		0 / 48
1978	0 / 12	7 / 26	2 / 36	0 / 28	1 / 27	1 / 42	0 / 32	0 / 33	0 / 24	0 / 20	0 / 32			11 / 204
1982	1 / 12	2 / 26	10 / 36	5 / 28	0 / 27	0 / 42	0 / 32	0 / 33	0 / 24	0 / 20	0 / 32			18 / 223
1986	0 / 14	3 / 28	10 / 39	2 / 32	0 / 33	0 / 46	0 / 33	0 / 42	0 / 28	0 / 20	0 / 36	0 / 48		15 / 265
1987
1990	0 / 14	1 / 28	24 / 39	8 / 32	0 / 33	0 / 46	0 / 33	0 / 42	0 / 28	0 / 20	0 / 36	0 / 48		33 / 114
1994												0 / 48		0 / 3
1995	0 / 15	2 / 36	24 / 43	7 / 32	0 / 33	0 / 52	0 / 38	0 / 48	0 / 32	0 / 25	0 / 40			33 / 177
1999	3 / 15	12 / 36	41 / 43	28 / 32	1 / 33	3 / 52	6 / 38	4 / 48	0 / 32	0 / 25	0 / 40	0 / 48		98 / 234
2001													0 / 62	0 / 3
2004	1 / 15	5 / 36	24 / 45	4 / 32	1 / 40	0 / 59	0 / 42	0 / 56	0 / 36	0 / 28	1 / 56	0 / 60		36 / 265
2006													0 / 71	0 / 1
2008	1 / 15	16 / 36	38 / 45	8 / 32	1 / 40	6 / 59	2 / 42	8 / 56	1 / 36	0 / 28	2 / 56	0 / 60		83 / 232
2011													0 / 71	0 / 5
2013	1 / 15	9 / 36	32 / 45	14 / 32	1 / 40	5 / 59	3 / 42	15 / 56	0 / 36	1 / 28	4 / 56	0 / 60		85 / 236
2016													0 / 71	0 / 5
2018	2 / 15	15 / 36	37 / 45	22 / 32	1 / 40	3 / 59	8 / 42	1 / 56	0 / 36	0 / 28	1 / 56	0 / 60		90 / 236

State governments

PAS currently forms the state governments of the Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu. It is part of a coalition government in Johor and Perak. Previously, when it was a part of Pakatan Rakyat, it was part of the Penang and Selangor state governments.

• Kelantan (1959-1978, 1990-present)
• Terengganu (1959-1961,1999-2004, 2018-present)
• Johor (2020-present)
• Perak (2008-2009, 2020-present)
• Kedah (2008-2013, 2020-present)
• Penang (2008-2015)
• Selangor (2008-2018)

PAS state governments

State	Leader type	Member	Party		State Constituency
Kedah	Menteri Besar	Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor		PAS	Jeneri
Kelantan	Menteri Besar	Ahmad Yakob		PAS	Pasir Pekan
Terengganu	Menteri Besar	Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar		PAS	Rhu Rendang

References

Footnotes

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2. "PAS tegaskan pendirian bersama Ikhwanul Muslimin" (in Malay). PAS President. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
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5. Funston 1976, pp. 64–66
6. Funston 1976, p. 67
7. Farish 2014, pp. 36–43
8. Funston 1976, p. 72
9. Farish 2014, pp. 44–46
10. Funston 1976, p. 73
11. Farish 2014, pp. 47–56
12. Liow 2009, p. 27
13. Farish 2014, pp. 56–59
14. Farish 2014, p. 60
15. Farish 2014, p. 62
16. Farish 2014, p. 63
17. Chin Tong 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChin_Tong2007 (help)
18. Farish 2014, pp. 67–70
19. Farish 2014, p. 78
20. Farish 2014, pp. 82–84
21. Farish 2014, pp. 88–89
22. Farish 2014, pp. 92–94
23. Sundaram & Ahmad 1988, p. 850
24. Farish 2014, pp. 95–106
25. Sundaram & Ahmad 1988, p. 852
26. Farish 2014, pp. 107–110
27. Farish 2014, pp. 121–123
28. Hooker & Norani 2003, p. 195
29. Farish 2014, pp. 129–132
30. Liow 2009, pp. 37–39
31. Liow 2009, p. 41
32. Farish 2014, pp. 140–141
33. Farish 2014, p. 154
34. Farish 2014, pp. 143–144
35. Stark 2004
36. Farish 2014, pp. 153–154
37. Farish 2014, pp. 155–159
38. Function 2006, pp. 139–144
39. Farish 2014, pp. 176–177
40. Farish 2014, p. 178
41. Farish 2014, pp. 187–188
42. Farish 2014, pp. 188–192
43. Farish 2014, pp. 199–200
44. Mueller 2014, p. 69
45. Farish 2014, pp. 215–216
46. "PAS loses Kedah & some support in Kelantan". Bernama. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
47. "What's next for Piagam Muafakat Nasional?". The Malaysian Reserve. 18 September 2019.
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49. Reme Ahmad (5 December 2019). "Calls in Umno for Barisan Nasional to 'migrate' to Muafakat Nasional". The Straits Times.
50. Adib Povera (4 March 202). "Perikatan Nasional coalition to set up joint secretariat". New Strait Times.
51. Sharifah Mahsinah Abdullah (25 September 2019). "Pas will support MCA candidate in Tanjung Piai by-election". New Straits Times. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
52. Mohd Aizat Shamsuddin (29 September 2019). "Tanjung Piai seat should be contested by MCA". New Straits Times. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
53. Mohd Aizat Shamsuddin Marang (29 September 2019). "HADI: PAS WILL BACK BN CANDIDATE". New Straits Times. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
54. Yiswaree Palansamy (23 February 2020). "Azmin arrives at Sheraton Hotel, first sighting since rumoured new coalition". Malay Mail. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
55. "Muafakat Nasional cadang bubar Parlimen, tarik balik SD sokong Dr M" [Muafakat Nasional propose the dissolution of Parliament, retract SDs supporting Dr M]. Bernama (in Malay). 25 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
56. "Dr Mahathir proposes to lead 'unity government' — sources". The Edge Markets. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
57. Justin Ong (26 February 2020). "Malaysia still in limbo as Agong continues search for new PM". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 17 May 2020 – via Malay Mail.
58. "Umno and PAS withdraw support for Dr M". MalaysiaKini. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
59. "Tuan Ibrahim: All PAS, Umno MPs signed SD for Muhyiddin to be PM". Bernama. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
60. "Wakil pemimpin parti tiba di Istana Negara pagi ini" [Party leaders' representatives arrived at the National Palace this morning]. Astro Awani (in Malay). 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
61. "Muhyiddin ketuai Perikatan Nasional jumpa Agong" [Muhyiddin lead Perikatan Nasional to have audience with the Agong]. Berita Harian (in Malay). 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
62. "Muhyiddin wakili Perikatan Nasional: GPS, STAR juga bersama?" [Muhyiddin representing Perikatan Nasional: Are GPS, STAR allies?]. Astro Awani (in Malay). 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
63. "Gabungan 'Perikatan Nasional' dakwa miliki blok terbesar" ['Perikatan Nasional' coalition claim having the largest bloc]. Berita Harian (in Malay). 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
64. Farish 2014, p. 224
65. Al-Zaquan Amer Hamzah; Praveen Menon; Trinna Leong; John Chalmers; Mark Bendeich (16 April 2015). "Islamic law debate puts more pressure on Malaysia PM". Reuters. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
     • "Opinions divided in Kelantan over hudud law debate". Reuters. The Malay Mail. 16 April 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
     • Zan Azlee (31 May 2016). "Push for hudud law raises tensions in Malaysia". CNN. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
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Cited texts

• Daniels, Timothy P. (2005). Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia: Identity, Representation, and Citizenship. Psychology Press. ISBN 0415949718.
• Farish A. Noor (2012). "Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 408–409. ISBN 140083855X.
• Farish A. Noor (2014). The Malaysian Islamic Party 1951-2013: Islamism in a Mottled Nation. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789089645760.
• Function, John (2006). "The Malay Electorate in 2004: Reversing the Result". In Swee-Hock, Saw; Kesavapany, K. (eds.). Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 132–156. ISBN 9812303391.
• Funston, N. J. (1976). "The Origins of Parti Islam Se Malaysia". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 7 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1017/s0022463400010262. ISSN 0022-4634.
• Hooker, Virginia; Norani Othman (2003). Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics. ISEAS series on Islam. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812301615.
• Liew Chin Tong (2007). "Pas Leadership: New Faces and Old Constraints". Southeast Asian Affairs. 2007 (1): 201–213. doi:10.1355/SEAA07J. ISSN 0377-5437.
• Liow, Joseph Chinyong (2009). Piety and Politics: Islamism in Contemporary Malaysia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195377088.
• Mueller, Dominik M. (2014). Islam, Politics and Youth in Malaysia: The Pop-Islamist Reinvention of PAS. Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series. Routledge. ISBN 1317912985.
• Riddell, Peter G. (2005). "Islamization and Partial Shari'a in Malaysia". In Marshall, Paul (ed.). Radical Islam's Rules: The Worldwide Spread of Extreme Shari'a Law. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 135–160. ISBN 1461686903.
• Stark, Jan (2004). "Constructing an Islamic Model in Two Malaysian States: PAS Rule in Kelantan and Terengganu". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 19 (1): 51–75. doi:10.1355/sj19-1c. ISSN 0217-9520.
• Sundaram, Jomo Kwame; Ahmad Shabery Cheek (1988). "The Politics of Malaysia's Islamic Resurgence". Third World Quarterly. Taylor & Francis. 10 (2). doi:10.1080/01436598808420085.

External links

• PAS official website
• Harakahdaily (PAS party newspaper in Malay)
• Harakahdaily (PAS party newspaper in English)