Ma'alul

Ma'alul (Arabic: معلول‎) was a village, made up primarily of Palestinian Christians, that was depopulated and destroyed by Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Located six kilometers west of the city of Nazareth,[7] many of its inhabitants became internally displaced refugees, after taking refuge in Nazareth[8] and the neighbouring town of Yafa an-Naseriyye.[9] Despite having never left the territory that came to form part of Israel, the majority of the villagers of Maalul, and other Palestinian villages like Andor and Al-Mujidal, were declared "absentees", allowing the confiscation of their land under the Absentees Property Law.[10]

Ma'alul

معلول

Ma'lul, Maalul, Maaloul, Mahlul
A restored Catholic Church of Ma'alul in July 2010
Etymology: from personal name[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Ma'alul (click the buttons)
Ma'alul
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 32°41′44″N 35°14′22″E
Palestine grid172/233
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictNazareth
Date of depopulation15 July 1948[2]
Area
 • Total4,698 dunams (4.698 km2 or 1.814 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total690,[4][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesMigdal HaEmek, Kfar HaHoresh, Timrat,[5][6] and an Israeli military base

Today, much of the former village's lands are owned by the Jewish National Fund.[11] All that remains of its former structures are two churches, a mosque and a Roman era mausoleum, known locally as Qasr al-Dayr ("Castle of the monastery").[7]

History

In 1850, Rabbi Joseph Schwartz identified Ma'alul with the Biblical town of Nahalal.[12][13]

Ottoman era

Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, Ma'alul appeared in the census of 1596, located in the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Tiberias under the liwa' ("district") of Safad with a population of seventy-seven. It paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat and barley, as well as goats and beehives.[14][15]

Ma'alul, and the neighbouring towns and villages of Nazareth, Mejdal, Yafa, Jebatha and Kneffis paid taxes to the monks of Nazareth, who bought the right to collect these taxes from the Ottoman authorities in 1777 for two hundred dollars. Thirty years later, they again purchased this right, though this time for two thousands five hundred dollars, owing to the rise in the price of cereals and ground rents.[16] Pierre Jacotin called the village Matoun on his map from 1799.[17]

In 1859 the population was estimated to be 280, who cultivated 42 faddans of land.[18] In 1875 Victor Guérin found Ma'alul to have 350 inhabitants; all Muslim except about 30 "Schismatic Greeks."[19]

By the late nineteenth century, the village was made of adobe bricks, built on a hill, Just outside the village was a magnificent Roman mausoleum, called Qasr al-Dayr.[18]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Ma'lul had about 650 inhabitants; all Muslims.[20]

British Mandate era
Ma'alul church, in the 1930s

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the people of Ma'alul were tenants of the Sursuq family of Beirut, absentee landlords who had acquired the village lands earlier. In 1921 the Sursuqs sold all but 2,000 dunams of Ma'alul's land to the Zionist Palestine Land Development Company.[21] Zionist pioneers founded the moshav of Nahalal on that land the same year. The remaining 2,000 dunums were insufficient to support the village's population, so at the request of the Mandate government, the company agreed to lease an additional 3,000 dunams to the villagers until 1927. The villagers had the option to buy this land before the lease expired.[6]

According to the British Mandate's 1922 census of Palestine, Ma'alul had 436 inhabitants; 186 Muslims and 250 Christians,[22] where all the Christians were Orthodox.[23] By the 1931 census the population had decreased to 390; 228 Muslims, and 162 Christians, in a total of 90 houses.[24]

In the 1945 statistics the population of Ma'alul was 690; 490 Muslims and 200 Christians,[4] with a total of 4,698 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, a total of 650 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 3,462 for cereals,[25] while 29 dunams were built-up land.[26]

Ma’alul 1947. Photograph from Palmach archives.

1948, and aftermath

The village was captured by the Israeli army on 15 July 1948 during Operation Dekel. The villagers were forced to leave and the houses destroyed.[6]

In 1949 an Israeli military base was built on village land.[27]

Walid Khalidi describes the remains of Ma'alul in 1992:

The village site is now covered with a pine forest planted by the Jewish National Fund and dedicated to the memory of prominent Jews and some non-Jewish Americans and Europeans. A military base is also on the site. The mosque and two churches still stand, and are used intermittently as cow sheds by the residents of Kibbutz Kefar ha-Choresh. Overlooking Wadi al-Halabi, between the village site and the site of al-Mujaydil, is an Israeli plastics factory. Cactus, olive trees, and fig trees grow on the site, which is strewn with piles of stones. A few tombs in the Muslim cemetery across from the mosque can be seen. The main village site also contains the remains of houses.[28]

Documentary: Ma'loul Celebrates its Destruction

Ma'alul was the object of the 1985 documentary film by Michel Khleifi; Ma'loul Celebrates its Destruction.[29][30]

gollark: We have a bunch of instincts and desires about socialisation because ??? evolution in a way we don't particularly (in general) for PRNG output or something.
gollark: Not all complex things are also emotionally salient and... interesting? That isn't really right.
gollark: That seems very poetic but also probably wrong.
gollark: Motor control stuff probably spends lots of effort on modelling friction and gravity and kinematics and muscle output and whatever, but I don't believe that's plugged into "general intelligence" functions like social interaction is.
gollark: I think it's relevant, though.

References
  1. Palmer, 1881, p. 113
  2. Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #138. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  3. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 62
  4. Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 8
  5. Morris, 2004, p. xx, settlement #12.
  6. Khalidi, 1992, p. 347
  7. Ma'lul, Palestine Remembered, retrieved 2008-03-31
  8. Rabinowitz, 1997, p. 27
  9. Nihad Bokae'e (February 2003), Palestinian Internally Displaced Persons inside Israel:Challenging the Solid Structures (PDF), Badil, archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007
  10. H. Draper (Winter 1957), "Israel's Arab Minority:The Great Land Robbery", New International, XXIII (1): 7–30, retrieved 2008-03-31
  11. Merrilee Langenbrunner (December 1, 2002), Mourning the departure of Arab Christians, Catholic New Times, retrieved 2008-03-31
  12. Keil, 1865, p. 194
  13. Schwarz, 1850, p. 172
  14. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 189. Quoted in Khalidi, p. 346.
  15. Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  16. De Haas, 1934, p. 361
  17. Karmon, 1960, p. 167
  18. Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, pp. 274 - 322-335 Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 347
  19. Guérin, 1880, pp. 387-390
  20. Schumacher, 1888, p. 182
  21. a total of 16,000 dunams, with 90 families, according to List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine, evidence to the Shaw Commission, 1930
  22. Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38
  23. Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 50
  24. Mills, 1932, p. 74
  25. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 109
  26. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 159
  27. Pappe, 2006, p. 216
  28. Khalidi, 1992, p. 348
  29. Dabashi, Hamid, and Said, Edward (preface) (2006): Dreams Of A Nation: On Palestinian Cinema, Verso Books, London, United Kingdom, ISBN 1-84467-088-0, Chapter 4: Bashir Abu-Manneh: Towards Liberation: Michel Khleifi's Ma'loul and Canticle (p. 58-69)
  30. Gertz, Nurith; Khleifi, George (2008): Palestinian Cinema: Landscape, Trauma, and Memory, Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-22007-6 p.80-81

Bibliography
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