Al-Khalisa

Al-Khalisa was a Palestinian Arab village situated on a low hill on the northwestern edge of the Hula Valley of over 1,800 located 28 kilometers (17 mi) north of Safad. It was depopulated in the 1948 Palestine war.

al-Khalisa

الخالصة

al-Khalsa
Village
The mosque of al-Khalisa, currently a museum for the history of Kiryat Shemona
Etymology: Pure, sincere[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Khalisa (click the buttons)
al-Khalisa
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 33°12′52″N 35°34′02″E
Palestine grid203/290
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictSafad
Date of depopulationMay 11, 1948[2][3]
Area
 • Total11,280 dunams (11.3 km2 or 4.4 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total1,840[4][5]
Cause(s) of depopulationInfluence of nearby town's fall
Secondary causeWhispering campaign
Current LocalitiesKiryat Shemona

History

Al-Khalisa was founded by the Bedouin from the 'Arab al-Ghawarina clan, who constituted the bulk the village's population. Under the Ottoman Empire, in the 1596 tax records, it had a population of 29 Muslim households, an estimated 160 persons, and was under the administration of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jira, part of Sanjak Safad. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, orchards, beehives, in addition to water buffalos and a water-powered mill; a total of 5,449 akçe.[6][7]

In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described al-Khalisa as a village built of stone, surrounded by streams, with a population of 50.[8]

British Mandate era

The houses of the village were built of bricks and basalt stones cut from the hillside. Al-Khalisa had a boys' elementary school which also admitted students from neighboring villages. The residents drew their drinking water from several springs.[2] It was one of five villages in the Galilee to be governed by a village council that administered in local affairs.[9]

The leader of 'Arab al-Ghawarina clan was Sheikh Kamal Hussein, resident of Al-Khalisa, and, according to Meron Benvenisti, he led the raid on Tel Hai in 1920. However, in the years preceding 1948, Sheikh Kamal established close relationships with the Jewish settlers, but, according to Benvenisti, the veterans of Kfar Giladi did not forget or forgive, and cultivated Sheikh Kamal's enemy Emir Faour.[10]

Al-Khalisa, 1946

In the 1931 census of Palestine, the population of El Khalisa was 1,369; 1,340 Muslims, 3 Jews and 26 Christians, in a total of 259 houses.[11]

In the 1945 statistics, its population was 1,840, of which 20 were Christians,[4] and the total land area were 11,280 dunams.[2][12] Of this, 5,586 dunams were irrigated or used for plantations, 3,775 for cereals,[13] while 20 dunams were classified as urban land.[14]

1948, and after

The residents of al-Khalisa left their homes on 11 May 1948 following the rejection of approaches made by them to the Haganah asking for an "agreement".[15] According to Yigal Allon, the commander of Operation Yiftach, the villagers left following his Whispering Campaign. This involved instructing the leaders of Jewish villages in the area to warn their neighbours that "a great Jewish reinforcement has arrived in Galilee and that it is going to burn all the villages of the Huleh." Post-war IDF analysis seems to undermine this claim. Allon himself writes that the fall of Safad and the success of Operation Matateh were also reasons for the villagers departure. He describes them as some of "the tens of thousands of sulky Arabs who remained in Galilee." He also states that "The building of the police station at Halsa (al-Khalisa) fell into our hands without a shot."[16][17]

Al Khalisa police station. 1948

The village's residents stated that after they fled, only the local militia remained, but withdrew after shelling from the Jewish town of Manara and after seeing an armored unit approaching al-Khalisa.[18] Former villagers, interviewed in Tel al-Zaatar camp in Lebanon in 1973, recounted that when they returned to the village;

We found that the Jews had burned and destroyed the houses belonging to Ali Zakayan, Abu Ali Muhammad Hamadih, Mustafa al-Haj Yusif, Issa Muhammad, Ali Salih Ahmad, Muhammad Arab al-Haj Mahmud, Salih Ismail, Sari al-Khadir, Dawud Hussein, Abdul-Raziq Hamid, Qassim Muhammead al-Salih and Ali Hussein Mahmud ... The village was in ruins.[19]

The mosque of Al-Khalisa, 2008, now serving as museum for Kiryat Shemona.

According to Walid Khalidi, 1992, "stone rubble from the houses markes the site. The school and the Mandate government´s office buildings stand abandoned, as does the village mosque and minaret. The level land surrounding the site is cultivated by settlement of Qirat Shemona, while the mountainous areas are either used as pastures or are wooded."[2]

According to Meron Benvenisti, 2000, "the mosque of al-Khalsa, one of the few structures that remain of that Galilee Arab village, is situated in a municipal park in the older section of the Jewish town of Kiryat Shemona. It serves as the local museum dedicated to the memory of townspeople who have fallen in Israel's various wars."[20]

gollark: Oh², you mean you just need that much information before each file, right.
gollark: Oh, you mean just store it as a directory tree?
gollark: What am I *meant* to do, design my own binary format or something?
gollark: Hmm, dictionaries are quite a good idea.
gollark: https://lib.rs/crates/rustc-hashI love how rustc does bizarre microoptimizations like using somewhat faster hash functions for its hashtables but still manages to take ages to compile anything.

See also
  • List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War

References
  1. Palmer, 1881, p. 23
  2. Khalidi, 1992, p.463.
  3. Morris, 2004, p. xvi, village #10. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  4. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 10
  5. Morris, 2004, p. 30
  6. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p.178; cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.463
  7. Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.
  8. Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 88; cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.463.
  9. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, 1945-1946, p.132.
  10. Benvenisti, 2000, p. 127
  11. Mills, 1932, p. 107
  12. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 70 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  13. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 119 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  14. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 169 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  15. Morris, 2004, p. 251
  16. Chapman, 1983, p.73 quoting the "Book of the Palmach"
  17. Morris, 1987, p.123
  18. Morris, 1987, pp. 120-124 and Nazzal, 1978, pp. 46-48; cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.463.
  19. Nazzal, 1978, pp. 47-48.
  20. Benvenisti, 2000, p. 291

Bibliography
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