List of peasant revolts

This is a chronological list of conflicts in which peasants played a significant role.

Background

History of peasant wars spans over a period of over two thousand years. A variety of reasons fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including:[1]

• Tax resistance
• Social inequality
• Religious war
• National liberation
• Resistance against serfdom
• Redistribution of land
• External factors such as plague and famine

Later peasant revolts such as the Telangana Rebellion were also influenced by agrarian socialist ideologies such as Maoism.[2]

The majority of peasant rebellions ended prematurely and were unsuccessful. Peasants suffered from limited funding and lacked the training and organisational capabilities of professional armies.[3]

Chronological list

The list gives the name, the date, the peasant allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:

  Peasant victory

  Peasant defeat

  Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result unknown or indecisive)

  Ongoing conflict

Date	Conflict	State	Peasants	Result	Image	References
209–206 BC	Anti-Qin revolts (including Dazexiang Uprising)	Qin dynasty	Peasants under several rebel leaders, including Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, Xiang Yu, and Liu Bang	Qin dissolution		[4]
205–186 BC	Great revolt of the Egyptians	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Native Egyptian peasants and soldiers under secessionist Pharaohs Hugronaphor and Ankhmakis	Suppression of the rebellion		[5]
17–25	Lülin	Xin dynasty	Lülin rebels	Collapse of Xin dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Liu Xiu after infighting among Lülin forces
17–27	Red Eyebrows	Xin dynasty	Red Eyebrows rebels	Goal of the rebellion partially achieved, but eventual defeat of the movement by Liu Xiu
172–173	Bucolic War	Roman Empire	Egyptian peasants under Isidorus	Suppression of the rebellion		[6]
184–205	Yellow Turban Rebellion	Han dynasty	Yellow Turban rebels	Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened		[7]
185–205	Heishan bandit movement	Han dynasty	Bandit confederacy of the Taihang Mountains Gongsun Zan's forces	Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened
3rd–5th century	Bagaudae	Roman Empire	Bagaudae Suebi	Gain control of some territory; end with the general collapse of the Roman Empire
4th–late 5th century	Circumcellions	Roman Empire (until 435) Catholic Church (until 435) Vandal Kingdom (since 435) African landlords	Berber and Roman peasants Donatist authorities Rebellious Roman military under Gildo (in 398)	End of Roman Catholic rule in Africa, but suppression of the rebellion by Vandals and Arian authorities		[8]
611–619	Anti-Sui rebellions	Sui dynasty	Peasants under several rebel leaders Defected military forces under several rebel generals, officials and nobles	Collapse of Sui dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Li Yuan after infighting among rebel forces
841–843	Stellinga Uprising	Saxon nobility Frankish military under Louis the German	Stellinga	Suppression of the rebellion
859–860	Rebellion of Ch'iu Fu	Tang dynasty	Chinese peasants and bandits under Ch'iu Fu	Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened		[9]
874–878	Rebellion of Wang Xianzhi	Tang dynasty	Chinese peasants and bandits under Wang Xianzhi and Shang Junzhang	Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened		[10]
875–884	Rebellion of Huang Chao	Tang dynasty	Chinese peasants and bandits under Huang Chao	Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened		[11]
928–932	Basil the Copper Hand Rebellions	Byzantine Empire	Peasants under Basil the Copper Hand	Suppression of the rebellion		[12]
993–995	Da Shu rebellion in Sichuan	Song dynasty	Peasants under Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun	Suppression of the rebellion		[13]
996	Peasants' revolt in Normandy	Normandy under Rodulf of Ivry and Richard II, Duke of Normandy	Norman peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[14]
1277–1280	Uprising of Ivaylo	Bulgarian nobility Byzantine Empire Golden Horde	Peasants under Ivaylo	Murder of Ivaylo		[15]
1323–1328	Peasant revolt in Flanders	Kingdom of France	Flemish peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1343–1345	St. George's Night Uprising	Teutonic Order Kingdom of Denmark	Estonian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[16]
1351–1368	Red Turban Rebellion	Yuan dynasty Goryeo	Red Turban Armies of White Lotus members, Manichaeans and Chinese peasants	Fall of Yuan dynasty and retreat of the Mongols into Mongolia as the Northern Yuan dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang after infighting among rebel forces
1358	Jacquerie	Kingdom of France	French peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1381	Peasants' Revolt	Kingdom of England	English peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1382	Harelle	Kingdom of France	French peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[17]
1401–1404, 1409	Samogitian uprisings	Teutonic Order Švitrigaila's followers	Samogitian peasants Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland	Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, though disputes over Samogitia continue until 1422
1428	Shocho uprising	Ashikaga shogunate	Japanese peasants	Peasant debts cancelled.
1437	Transylvanian peasant revolt	Kingdom of Hungary	Transylvanian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1438	Hallvard Graatops Revolt	Kalmar Union	Norwegian rebels	Suppression of the rebellion
1441	Kakitsu uprising	Ashikaga shogunate	Do-ikki (leagues) of peasants and jizamurai	Peasant debts cancelled, Ashikaga shogunate is severely weakened.		[18]
1441	Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions	Kingdom of Denmark	Danish peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1450	Jack Cade Revolt	Kingdom of England	English peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[19]
1450–1451	John and William Merfold's Uprising	Kingdom of England	English peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[20]
1453–1454	Morea revolt of 1453–54	Despotate of the Morea Ottoman Empire	Greek peasants under Manuel Kantakouzenos Albanians under Peter Bua Latin loyalists under John Asen Zaccaria	Suppression of the rebellion		[21]
1462–1472, 1485–1486	War of the Remences	Catalan constitutionalists and nobility (1462–1472) Crown of Aragon (1485–1486)	Catalan peasants Royalists under John II of Aragon (1462–1472)	Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, Sentència de Guadalupe signed		[22]
1467–1469	Galician Irmandiños Revolt	Kingdom of Galicia (Crown of Castille)	Galician peasants, led by Galician burgeoisie and part of the local lower nobility	Suppression of the rebellion by feudal armies		[23]
1478	Carinthian Peasant Revolt	Holy Roman Empire	Carinthian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[24]
1482–1511	Yamashiro-ikki uprisings	Ashikaga shogunate	Yamashiro peasant leagues Hatakeyama clan Hosokawa clan Ōuchi clan	Most ikki submit to the shogunate in 1493, though continue to retain autonomy until gradual dissolution of the movement		[25]
1487–1488	Kaga Rebellion	Togashi clan	Ikkō-ikki Motoori clan Yamagawa clan	Decisive victory for the Ikkō-ikki.		[26]
1488–1582	Ikkō-ikki Uprisings	Several major samurai clans (including Oda clan and Tokugawa clan) Nichiren sect Tendai sōhei Jōdo-shū sōhei	Ikkō-shū peasant and ji-samurai leagues Jōdo Shinshū sōhei Mōri clan Azai clan Asakura clan	Destruction of most militant Ikkō-shū leagues; Jōdo Shinshū sect and remaining Ikkō-ikki submit to Toyotomi Hideyoshi		[27]
1498–1878	Opryshky movement	Kingdom of Poland Holy Roman Empire	Ukrainian peasants	Suppression of the movement
1511	Friulian Revolt	Republic of Venice	Friulian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1514	Poor Conrad Rebellion	Duchy of Württemberg	Württemberg peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[28]
1514	György Dózsa Rebellion	Kingdom of Hungary	Hungarian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[29]
1515	Slovene Peasant Revolt	Holy Roman Empire	Slovene peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[30]
1515–1523	Frisian peasant rebellion	Habsburg Netherlands	Arumer Zwarte Hoop Charles II, Duke of Guelders	Suppression of the rebellion
1516–1521	Trần Cảo Rebellion	Lê dynasty	Vietnamese peasants under Trần Cảo and Trần Cung	Suppression of the rebellion, though Lê dynasty is severely weakened		[31]
1524–1525	German Peasants' War	Swabian League	German peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1524–1533	Dalecarlian Rebellions	Sweden	Dalarna peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1525	Palatine Peasants' War	Electoral Palatinate	Palatine peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1534	Skipper Clement's Rebellion	Christian III Kingdom of Denmark	Danish Peasants under Skipper Clement  Christian II	Suppression of the rebellion
1540	Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark	Denmark–Norway	Norwegian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1542–1543	Dacke War	Sweden	Småland peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[32]
1549	Kett's Rebellion	Kingdom of England	English peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1573	Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt	Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Croatia	Slovene peasants Croatian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[33]
1596–1597	Cudgel War	Sweden	Finnish peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[34]
1606–1607	Bolotnikov Rebellion	Tsardom of Russia	Russian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1626–1636	Peasants' War in Upper Austria	Electorate of Bavaria	Austrian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[35]
1630–1645	Rebellion of Li Zicheng	Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1645)	Peasants under Li Zicheng, Gao Guiying and other generals of the Shun dynasty	Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty
1630–1647	Rebellion of Zhang Xianzhong	Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1647)	Peasants and bandits under Zhang Xianzhong	Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty		[36]
1635	Second Slovene peasants' revolt	Holy Roman Empire	Peasants under a scattered leadership of verious leaders	Suppression of the rebellion
1637–1638	Shimabara Rebellion	Tokugawa shogunate Dutch Empire	Christian peasants and rōnin	Suppression of the rebellion		[37]
1651	Kostka-Napierski Uprising	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth	Polish peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[38]
1652	Guo Huaiyi Rebellion	Dutch East India Company Aboriginal Taiwanese	Chinese peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1653	Swiss peasant war of 1653	Republic of the Swiss	Swiss peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[39]
1667–1671	Stepan Razin Rebellion	Tsardom of Russia	Russian peasants Don Cossacks	Suppression of the rebellion		[40]
1669–1670	Peasant Rebellion in Podhale	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth	Polish peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[41]
1704	Kuridža's Rebellion	Republic of Venice	Orthodox peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1705–1706	Bavarian People's Uprising	Habsburg Monarchy	Bavarian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1707–1708	Bulavin Rebellion	Tsardom of Russia	Russian peasants Don Cossacks	Suppression of the rebellion
1713	Slovene peasant revolt in Tolmin	Holy Roman Empire	Peasants under a scattered leadership of verious leaders, including Ivan Miklavčič	Suppression of the rebellion
1730–1769	Peasant revolts for the restoration of the Lê dynasty and land reforms	Trịnh lords Nguyễn lords	Vietnamese peasants Lê dynasty	Suppression of the rebellions and eventual collapse of Lê dynasty, but start of Tây Sơn Revolt
1765	Strilekrigen	Denmark-Norway	Norwegian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1768–1769	Koliyivshchyna	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Russian Empire	Haidamaka movement	Suppression of the rebellion
1769–1788	Tây Sơn Revolt	Nguyễn lords (until 1776) Nguyễn Ánh's forces (since 1776) Trịnh lords (until 1786) Siam (in 1785) Lê dynasty (1786-1788) Qing Dynasty (1787-1788)	Tây Sơn dynasty	Goal of the rebellion achieved; reunification of Vietnam and introduction of land reforms under Tây Sơn dynasty
1773–1775	Pugachev's Rebellion	Russian Empire	Russian peasants Ural Cossacks Bashkirs	Suppression of the rebellion		[42]
1784	Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan	Austrian Empire	Romanian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[43]
1786–1787	Lofthusreisingen	Denmark-Norway	Norwegian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1786–1787	Shays' Rebellion	United States	American farmers	Suppression of the rebellion
1790	Saxon Peasants' Revolt	Saxony	Saxon peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[44]
1791–1794	Whisky Rebellion	United States	American farmers	Suppression of the rebellion.
1793–1796	War in the Vendée	French Republic	Catholic and Royal Army Chouan rebels Émigrés  Great Britain	Suppression of the rebellion
1793–1804	Chouannerie	French Republic	Chouan rebels Catholic and Royal Army Émigrés  Great Britain	Suppression of the rebellion
1794	Kościuszko Uprising	Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Polish loyalists	Polish nationalist nobility Polish peasants Polish Jacobins	Suppression of the rebellion		[45]
1794–1804	White Lotus Rebellion	Qing Dynasty	White Lotus rebels	Suppression of the rebellion
1798	Peasants' War	French Republic	Low countries peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[46]
1800-1802	Lærdal Rebellion	Denmark-Norway	Norwegian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[47]
1809	Tyrolean Rebellion	French Empire  Bavaria Saxony  Napoleonic Italy	Tyrolean peasants  Austria	Suppression of the rebellion
1809	Gottscheer Rebellion	First French Empire	Gottschee German peasants Slovene peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1826–1854	Peasant uprisings during the reign of Nicholas I of Russia	Russian Empire	Russian peasants	About 556 small-scale rural uprisings took place during Nicholas' reign. All were suppressed, but contributed to the Russian Emperor's reluctance to end the serfdom in Russia.		[48]
1834–1835	Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35)	Egypt Eyalet	Arab peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[49]
1839–1845	Anti-Rent War	United States	American tenant farmers	initially suppressed by the state militia, rebel anti-rent leaders arrested though they were either pardoned or not sentenced, anti-renters continued to rebel decades after the trials, the Antirenter party was formed and tenant rights were granted.
1846	Galician slaughter	Austrian Empire	Polish peasants	De facto suppression of the rebellion, although it was sparked and extinguished by the Austrian authorities and eventually led to abolition of serfdom in Galicia and Lodomeria two years later.		[50]
1850–1864	Taiping Rebellion	Qing Dynasty	Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	Suppression of the rebellion
1858	Mahtra War	Russian Empire	Estonian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[51]
1861	Bezdna unrest	Russian Empire	Russian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[52]
1862	Great Peasant Uprising of 1862	Joseon Dynasty	Korean peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1884	Chichibu Incident	Japan	Japanese peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1894–1895	Donghak Peasant Revolution	Japan Joseon Dynasty	Korean peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1896–1897	War of Canudos	First Brazilian Republic	Canudos inhabitants	Suppression of the rebellion
1905–1908	Maji Maji Rebellion	German East Africa	Matumbi people, Ngoni people, and other Tanganyikans	Suppression of the rebellion		[53]
1907	1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt	Kingdom of Romania	Romanian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1911	Peasant rebellion in eastern Henan	Qing dynasty	Yellow Way Society	Suppression of the rebellion		[54][55]
1913	Peasant revolt in Northern Shaanxi	Republic of China	Chinese poppy farmers and bandits under a sect leader	Spread of the revolt; poppy plant eradication campaign stopped		[56]
1914	Peasant Revolt in Albania	Principality of Albania Catholic Militia	Muslim peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1916	Urkun	Russian Empire	Kyrgyz and Kazakh peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[57]
1917	October Revolution	Russia	Russian peasants and workers	Beginning of the Russian Civil War
1918	Arsk Uprising	Russian SFSR	Tatar peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1919–1922	Rebellion of "Chu the Ninth" (Ming pretender)	Republic of China	Yellow Way Society	Suppression of the rebellion		[58]
1920	Pitchfork uprising	Russian SFSR	"Black Eagle" rebels	Suppression of the rebellion
1920–1921	Tambov Rebellion	Russian SFSR	Green armies	Suppression of the rebellion
1921	Peasant Rebellion of Sorokino	Russian SFSR	Russian peasants and White Army veterans	Suppression of the rebellion
1921	Malabar rebellion	India	Indian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[59]
1924	Rebellion of "Wang the Sixth" (Ming pretender)	Republic of China	Wang's followers	Suppression of the rebellion		[58]
1925	Rebellion of Chu Hung-teng (Ming pretender)	Republic of China	Heavenly Gate Society	Suppression of the rebellion		[60]
1927	Autumn Harvest Uprising	Republic of China	Hunan Soviet	Suppression of the rebellion
1928–1929	Red Spears' uprising in Shandong	Republic of China	Red Spear Society	Suppression of the rebellion		[61]
1932	Salvadoran peasant massacre	El Salvador	Salvadoran peasants	Suppression of the rebellion
1932	Lesko uprising	Poland	Polish peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[62]
1932	Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Su County	Republic of China Kuomintang members and allied gentry	Chinese poppy farmers and gentry under Wang Xiaobai and Ma Fengshan	Suppression of the rebellion		[63]
1932	Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Lingbi County	Republic of China	Chinese poppy farmers under Tian Xuemin	Goal of the rebellion achieved		[64]
1936	Miyun District rebellion	East Hebei Autonomous Council Empire of Japan	Yellow Sand Society	Suppression of the rebellion		[65][66]
1944	Peasant revolt in Beichuan County	Republic of China	Chinese poppy farmers of Xiaoyuan and Houyuan	Goal of the rebellion achieved		[67]
1946–1951	Tebhaga movement	Bengal landlords	Bengal peasants (All India Kisan Sabha) Communist Party of India	Goal of the rebellion partially achieved		[68]
1946–1951	Telangana Rebellion	Razakars Hyderabad landlords Hyderabad State	Hyderabad peasants (Andhra Mahasabha) Communist Party of India	Goal of the rebellion achieved		[69]
1947-1954	Hukbalahap Rebellion	Philippines	Filipino peasants (Hukbalahap)	Suppression of the rebellion		[70]
1949	Nankar Rebellion	Pakistan Various Bengali Zamindars	Communist Party and Peasants Association	Goal of the rebellion achieved		[71]
1950	Cazin rebellion	Yugoslavia	Yugoslavian peasants	Suppression of the rebellion		[72]
1952–1960	Mau Mau Uprising	British Kenya	Kikuyu farmhanders	Suppression of the rebellion
1959–1965	Escambray Rebellion	Cuba	Cuban peasants Batista loyalists DRE  United States	Suppression of the rebellion
1968–1969	Agbekoya	Nigeria	Yoruba peasants	Goal of the rebellion achieved
1970s	1970s peasant revolts in Thailand	Thailand	Thai peasants	Peasant leaders assassinated
1975–1991	Uprisings in Tigray and Eritrea; part of the Ethiopian Civil War	Ethiopia	Tigrayan and Eritrean peasants	Derg overthrown; Eritrean independence		[73]
1994	Zapatista uprising	Mexico	Mexican indigenous peasants	Ceasefire

See also

• Roman Servile Wars
• Peasant movement
• Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
• Maoism
• United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants

References

1. Frantisek Graus (5 February 2008). "The Late Medieval Peasant Wars". The Journal of Peasant Studies. 3: 1–9. doi:10.1080/03066157508437962.
2. Theda Skocpol (April 1982). "Review: What Makes Peasants Revolutionary?" (PDF). Retrieved 22 October 2014.
3. "Peasant Rebellions". Danmarkshistorien-Aarhus University. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
4. "Chen Sheng and Wu Guang's Revolt Against Qin". Retrieved 22 October 2014.
5. "The great revolt of the Egyptians (205–186 BC)". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
6. Dio Cassius, Epitome 72
7. Ulrich Theobald (28 June 2011). "The Yellow Turban Uprising". Retrieved 22 October 2014.
8. Baldwin, p. 3-11.
9. Somers, p. 688-692.
10. Somers, p. 727-736.
11. Somers, p. 727-762.
12. Kazhdan 1991, pp. 268–269
13. "Die Nördliche Song-Dynastie". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
14. Gowers, Bernard (2013). "996 and all that: The Norman peasants' revolt reconsidered". Early Medieval Europe. 21: 71–98. doi:10.1111/emed.12010.
15. Andreev, p. 221-228.
16. Vahtre, p. 79-90.
17. Sumption, p. 444.
18. Hall, Toyoda; pp. 28-30.
19. Thomson, p. 195-297.
20. Hicks, p. 33-55.
21. Cheetham, p. 218.
22. Rotger, 2011, p. 26-33.
23. Barros, 2006: O que sabemos dos irmandiños
24. Štih, Peter (2000). "Kmečki upor na slovenskem Koroškem" [The Peasant Revolt in Slovene Carinthia]. In Vidic, Marko (ed.). Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev [The Illustrated History of the Slovenes] (in Slovenian). Mladinska knjiga. p. 132. ISBN 978-86-11-15664-4.
25. Berry, p. 37-44.
26. Sugiyama 1994, p. 62.
27. Otani, p. 609-612.
28. "Der Aufstad des Armen Konrad". Gechichtsverein Kongen. 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
29. "Dózsa Rebellion". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
30. Štih, Peter (2000). "Slovenski kmečki upor" [The Slovene Peasant Revolt]. In Vidic, Marko (ed.). Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev [The Illustrated History of the Slovenes] (in Slovenian). Mladinska knjiga. p. 142. ISBN 978-86-11-15664-4.
31. Cooke, Vietnamese Confucianization, pp. 289–292.
32. "Dacke War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
33. "Губеца Матии восстание 1573". Большая Советская Энциклопедия. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
34. Veli Niinimaa. "Jaakko Ilkka". Retrieved 22 October 2014.
35. "Bauernaufstände in Oberösterreich – Einleitung". Verbundes Oberösterreichischer Museen (in German). Retrieved 14 August 2013.
36. "Chang Hsien-chung". Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. Qing Research Portal, Dartmouth College. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
37. Murray, Japan, pp. 258–262.
38. Majda, p. 17-30.
39. Suter, p. 146-155.
40. Avrich, Paul (1976). Russian Rebels, 1600-1800. New York: Schocken Books. pp. 83–117. ISBN 9780393008364.
41. Jacek Pędzimąż (17 May 2009). "Rzeczpospolita Podhalańska 1669/1670". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
42. Forster, Robert (1970). Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. pp. 163–181.
43. Pascu, p. 534-537.
44. "Sächsischer Bauernaufstand 1790". Bauerkriege. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
45. Żygulski; Wielecki, p. 49.
46. Kreins, p. 66-70
47. Daae, p. 88-90
48. Hildermeier (2016), p. 770.
49. Manna, 2009, p. 85-96.
50. Jerzy Lukowski; Hubert Zawadzki (6 July 2006). A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-521-85332-3. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
51. Raun, p. 45-60.
52. Hildermeier (2016), p. 892.
53. Iliffe, p. 68-176.
54. Xing & Li (1991), p. 64–69.
55. Billingsley (1988), p. 49.
56. Bianco, p. 110.
57. Bruce Pannier (2 August 2006). "Kyrgyzstan: Victims Of 1916 'Urkun' Tragedy Commemorated". RFE/RL. Retrieved 2 August 2006.
58. Perry (1980), p. 159.
59. "Battle of Pookottur commemorated". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 August 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
60. Tai (1985), p. 68.
61. Bianco (2015), pp. 5–9. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBianco2015 (help)
62. Głuszko, p. 71-79.
63. Bianco, p. 76-96.
64. Bianco, p. 76-96.
65. Morning Tribune Staff (1936), p. 9.
66. The China Monthly Review Staff (1936), p. 473.
67. Wakabayashi; Brook, p. 110.
68. Majumdar, p. 13.
69. "Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre". BBC News. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
70. Ladwig III, Walter C. "When the Police are the Problem: The Philippine Constabulary and the Hukbalahap Rebellion" (PDF). www.walterladwig.com. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
71. Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan (2004), p. 14. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFSansad_Bangali_Charitabhidhan2004 (help)
72. "Dokumentarni film o Cazinskoj buni na cazin.NET". Cazin. 6 May 2012. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
73. John Young, Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975–1991 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

Sources

• Berry, Baldwin (1962), "Peasant Revolt in Africa in the Late Roman Empire", in Lewis Thorpe (ed.), Nottingham Medieval Studies Vol. VI, W. Heffer & Sons Ltd., Cambridge
• Bianco, Lucien (2015). Peasants without the Party: Grassroots Movements in Twentieth Century China. Abingdon-on-Thames, New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-1563248405.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Billingsley, Phil (1988). Bandits in Republican China. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Sumption, Jonathan (2009). The Hundred Years War: Divided Houses. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4223-2.
• Daae, Ludvig (1870). Norske Bygdesagn. Cappelen. p. 88-90.
• Raun, Toivo (2001). Estonia and the Estonians. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-2852-0.
• Głuszko,Mariusz (2008). Bieszczady z historią i legendą w tle. Sandomierz.
• Vahtre, Sulev (1960). Bartholomäus Hoeneke: Liivimaa noorem riimkroonika. Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.
• Thomson, John A.F. (1983). The Transformation of Medieval England 1370-1529. Longman.
• Majda, Jan (1981). Literatura o Tatrach i Zakopanem (do roku 1918). Ossolineum-PAN Krakow. ISBN 978-83-04-00863-2.
• Hicks, Michael (2010). The Wars of the Roses. Yale University Press.
• Otani, Chojun (1968). Le mouvement insurrectionnel des Ikko-Ikki, adeptes de la secte Bouddhique Shin-Shu au XVème et au XVIème siècle. École pratique des hautes études.
• Andreev, J. (1996). Българските ханове и царе. Veliko Tarnovo. ISBN 978-954-427-216-6.
• Pipes, Richard. (1993). Russia under the Bolshevik regime.
• Berry, Mary Elizabeth. (1997). The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto. ISBN 9780520208773.
• Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich (1991). "Basil the Copper Hand". In Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 268–269. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Murray, David (1905). Japan. G.P. Putnam's Sons.
• Makhno, Peter Mikhail (2014) Crown Whims and Farmers' Endurance; Militarization, Over-Taxation and Farmers' Resistance in Denmark-Norway ca. 1500-1800. Nisus Publications.
• Suter, Andreas, ed. (2004). Kollektive Erinnerungen an historische Ereignisse – Chancen und Gefahren. Der Bauernkrieg als Beispiel. Zürich: Orell Füssli Verlag. pp. 146–155. ISBN 978-3-280-06020-9.
• Pascu, Ștefan (1984). Revoluția populară de sub conducerea lui Horea. București: Editura Militară. pp. 534–537.
• Kreins, Jean-Marie (2003). Histoire du Luxembourg (in French) (3rd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053852-3.
• Adel, Manna (2009), "Rereading the 1834 Revolt Against Muhammad Ali in Palestine and Rethinking Ottoman Rule", in Kamil Mansur; Leila Tarazi Fawaz (eds.), Transformed Landscapes: Essays on Palestine and the Middle East in Honor of Walid Khalid, American University of Cairo Press, ISBN 9789774162473
• Rotger, Agnès (2011). Pagesos contra nobles. Barcelona.
• Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge.
• Cheetham, Nicolas (1981), Mediaeval Greece, New Havan & London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-10539-1
• Żygulski, Zdzisław; Wielecki, Henryk. (1988), Polski mundur wojskowy, Kraków, ISBN 978-8303014832
• Bianco, Lucien (2015). Peasants Without the Party: Grass-Roots Movements in Twentieth-Century China. New York: Routledge.
• Wakabayashi, Bob T.; Brook, Timothy. (2000), Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-22009-6
• Majumdar, Asok (2011). The Tebhaga Movement : Politics of Peasant Protest in Bengal 1946-1950. Aakar Books. ISBN 978-9350021590.
• Cooke, Nola (September 1994). "Nineteenth-century Vietnamese Confucianization in historical perspective: evidence from the palace examinations (1463–1883)". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 25 (2): 270–313. doi:10.1017/S0022463400013515.
• Somers, Robert M. (1979), "The end of the T'ang", in Denis C. Twitchett (ed.), The Cambridge History of China Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906 AD, Part One, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521214469
• Sugiyama, Shigeki J. (1994). "Honganji in the Muromachi-Sengoku Period: Taking Up the Sword and its Consequences" (PDF). Pacific World. 2 (10): 56–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• John Whitney Hall; Takeshi Toyoda (1977), Japan in the Muromachi Age, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-02888-3
• Morning Tribune Staff (30 July 1936). "Yellow Sand Cult to be suppressed by Japanese". Morning Tribune. 1 (154). Peiping. p. 9. Retrieved 3 May 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• The China Monthly Review Staff (20 August 1936). ""Yellow Sand" Society Suppressed by Japanese in Demilitarized Zone". The China Monthly Review. 77. Custom House, Shanghai. p. 473.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Perry, Elizabeth J. (1980). Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Xing, Hansan; Li, Guoqiang (1991). "Yudong huangdao hui qiyi" [The uprising of the Huangdao Hui in east Henan in 1911]. Shixue Yuekan (Journal of Historical Science) (in Chinese). 5: 64–69.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Tai, Hsüan-chih (1985). The Red Spears, 1916-1949. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Centre for Chinese Studies Publications, University of Michigan.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hildermeier, Manfred (2016) [1st pub. 2013]. Geschichte Russlands. Vom Mittelalter bis zur Oktoberrevolution [History of Russia. From the Middle Ages to the October Revolution] (in German) (3rd ed.). Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-64551-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)