Lauderdale
Lauderdale is a long narrow geographical district in the Scottish Borders, Scotland, being the valley of the Leader Water, (a tributary of the River Tweed), above which rivulet St. Cuthbert had a vision of St. Aidan's soul being conducted to heaven.[1] It is traversed from end to end by the A68 trunk road which terminates at Edinburgh.
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Roman Road
Many ancient camps, and many tumuli, are found in Lauderdale.[2] The Roman road into Scotland, Dere Street, which means 'the road into the country of the wild animals', crossed a ford at Newstead, near Melrose, where there had been a Roman fort and garrison, and entered Lauderdale. Dere Street is said to have been reconditioned by King Malcolm Canmore and probably used by him in his almost constant warfare against England. The Roman road has now been traced from the Tweed through Lauderdale to Soutra.[3]
Etymology
The valley is said to take its name from the principal town of Lauderdale, the Royal Burgh of Lauder,[4] The town is said to derive its name from the ancient family of the same name.[5] The name of the river between 1124 and 1165 was spelt Leder and Ledre, whilst the name of the town has always been spelt Lauueder, Lawedir, Laudre, Lawder, Lawedere, Lauueder, &c.[6][7][8] In a charter of William the Lion (1165 - 1214) both Lauueder and Lauuederdale are mentioned, as is Loweder in another document of the same reign.[9]
Dael is said to be Old English for valley. Lauder parish, or Lauderdale proper, extended to 58 square miles (150 km2) in 1845.[10]
Medieval period
Symeon of Durham (d. c1130) claimed that the "land beyond the Tweed from the place where rises the river Whiteadder on the north as far as to the place where it falls into the Tweed; and all the land which lies between the river Whiteadder and another river which is called the Leader towards the west; and all the land which lies on the eastern side of that river called the Leader, as far as to the place where it falls into the Tweed towards the south; and all the land which pertains to the monastery of St. Baldred called Tyninghame, from Lammermoor even to Eskmouth, pertains to the land of Lindisfarne."[11]
King David I of Scotland created a feudal Lordship of Regality of Lauderdale which he awarded to one of his favourites, the Anglo-Norman Hugh de Morville (d. 1162), whom he also made Constable of Scotland. The boundaries of his fief are still unclear, but the town existed before de Morville's arrival,[12] the Lauder family already holding various lands direct from the Crown prior to this, part of which was the estate attached to Whitslaid Tower. The de Morvilles of Lauderdale failed in the male line and their Lordship passed by marriage to Alan of Galloway, and a charter exists of "Alani constabularii Scotie, de Alwentchawis" (Allanshaws) in which mention is also made of "terras in territorio de Lauuedir".[13] The Lordship passed to his grandson, John Balliol, and after his forfeiture Robert The Bruce granted it to Sir James Douglas, his great supporter. Archibald Douglas husband of Princess Margaret, daughter of King Robert III, had a reconfirmation c1390 of the Lordship of "Lauderdaill" as heir of the Earl of Douglas. Archibald is herein also called "Lord of Galloway, Lord of Annandale, and of Lowedre".[14] Finally the Douglases were also forfeited.
Towards the southern end of Lauderdale is the town of Earlston, an ancient superiority of the Earls of Dunbar or March. "Robertus de Lauuedirr tunc noster seneschallus" witnessed a charter of "Patricii de Dunbar, comitis Marchie" during the reign of Robert the Bruce, and "Robetus de Lawedre, consanguineus noster" (a cousin) witnessed a charter of "Georgii comitis Marchie" relating to Sorrowlessfield, a still extant property on the (A68) road south of Earlston in the reign of Robert III.[9]
Geography
Southern Lauderdale could be considered to commence in the vicinity of Newstead. In the north Lauderale ends at part of the Lammermuir Hills where they reach 1733 feet,[10] where in winter the weather can be severe, often leading to road closures. The full length of Lauderdale exceeds ten miles (16 km) and its breadth varies from three to seven miles.[10]
Up until the 17th century Lauderdale was an immense forest. From the time of Malcolm Canmore, at least, it was a Royal hunting ground. The entire district between the Leader and Gala Waters was covered with Lauder forest,[15] "the property of the Lauders of Lauder from a very early date"[16] and which was still in the possession of the family of Lauder of that Ilk through to the late 17th century.[17][18]
Today Lauderdale is almost completely agricultural.
The principal country house is Thirlestane Castle, the seat since 1595 of the Earl of Lauderdale, and where annual horse trials are held.
The district is part of the Scottish Borders Council's region.
See also
Notes
- Anderson, Alan O., MA., Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers AD500 - 1286, London, 1908, p.23n.
- Wilson's Gazetteer of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1882
- Hardie, R. P., The Roads of Mediaeval Lauderdale, Edinbugh & London, 1942, p.viii, xi, & xiv.
- Lower, M. A., Patronymica Britannica.
- Stewart Smith, J., The Grange of St. Giles, Edinburgh, 1898, p.153
- Thomson, A., FSA Scot., Lauder and Lauderdale, Galashiels, 1903, p.4
- Young, James, editor, Historical References to the Scottish Family of Lauder, Glasgow, 1884, pps: 13 - 20
- Hardie (1942) p.x, where he states: "the names Leader and Lauder are said by the experts to have no connection with each other."
- Young (1884) p.19
- Thomson (1903) p.2
- Anderson (1908)p.60-1
- Thomson (1903) p.21
- Young (1884) p.18
- Romanes of Harryburn, Robert, Lauder - A Series of Papers, 1903, p.17
- Thomson (1903) p.6
- Romanes (1903) p.10
- The Great Seal of Scotland, Charter no.1833 dated July 30, 1631
- National Archives of Scotland Deed ref: RH15/25/59