Lake Qaraoun

Lake Qaraoun (Arabic: بحيرة القرعون‎ / ALA-LC: Buḥayrat al-Qara‘ūn) is an artificial lake or reservoir located in the southern region of the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon. It was created near Qaraoun village in 1959 by building a 61-metre-high (200 ft) concrete-faced rockfill dam (the largest dam in Lebanon) in the middle reaches of the Litani River (longest river in Lebanon). The reservoir has been used for hydropower generation (190 megawatts or 250,000 horsepower), domestic water supply, and for irrigation of 27,500 hectares (68,000 acres).[1][2]

Lake Qaraoun
Qaraoun Lake created behind the El Wauroun Dam
Lake Qaraoun
LocationBeqaa Valley
Coordinates33°34′11.63″N 35°41′51.18″E
TypeMultipurpose reservoir
Primary inflowsLitani River
Primary outflowsLitani River
Catchment area1,600 km2 (600 sq mi)
Basin countriesLebanon
Surface area1,190 hectares (2,940 acres)
Water volume220×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft)
Surface elevation861 metres (2,825 ft)
SettlementsQaraoun Village, Aitanit, Beirut 76 kilometres (47 mi) away

The annual surface water flow in the Litani River received at Lake Qaraoun is 420 million cubic metres (15 billion cubic feet). This flow is used for generating hydroelectric power of 600 GWh at three hydroelectric power stations at Markaba, Awali and Jun with the total installed capacity of 190 megawatts (250,000 hp). During the dry season, 30 million cubic metres (1.1 billion cubic feet) of water is diverted from Markaba power station to meet the needs of the Kassmieh irrigation project.[3]

The lake is a habitat for some 20,000 migratory birds which visit it annually.[2]

Geography
The Litani River

Note 420 million cubic meters is approximately 15 billion cubic feet or approximately 340,000 acre feet.

The upper Litani River, where the artificial lake or reservoir has been created with the dam at elevation of about 800 metres (2,620 feet), is in the inland region of the Beqaa Valley, whose elevation range generally lies between 650–1,600 metres (2,130–5,250 ft), with mountain peaks raising as high as 3,090 metres (10,140 ft).[3]

The Litani River drains the southern end of the Beqaa Valley plains (a continuation of the Jordan Rift Valley), crossing the southern periphery of the Mount Lebanon range and discharging into the sea north of Tyre, after traversing a length of 170 kilometres (110 miles) entirely in Lebanon. The hydrographical system of Lebanon consisting of 40 major streams is typecast into five regions, which includes the Litani River Basin formed by the Litani River in its eastern and southern part, with the river debouching into the sea at the southwestern end. The basin has a total catchment area of 2,120 square kilometres (820 square miles), which forms 20% area of the country, with about 1,600 km2 (600 sq mi) intercepted at Lake Qaraoun by El Wauroun Dam for providing various benefits.[3][4] The artificial lake is created across the Litani River in its middle reaches. Litani River is the longest river in Lebanon at the southern end of the Beqaa valley.[1][2][3][5]

The Litani River, which lies entirely within the territory of Lebanon rises near the historic city of Baalbek (now the site hardly discernible due to high rate of water extraction in this reach for pumping and ancient city development) and flows through for 170 kilometres (110 mi) before it outlets into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the 40 major streams in Lebanon and is the longest from the source to the Mediterranean Sea.[3]

The land on the periphery of the reservoir consists of agricultural lands on the eastern side where arable crops and olive orchards are seen. Grazing of sheep and goats is also noted. On the steep sloping western periphery of the lake there are fruit orchards and pasture land for grazing.[2]

Geology

The geological formation at the dam axis and the reservoir consists of limestone, chalky marl, and alluvial deposits with semi karstic and karstic limestones both upstream of the reservoir area and along the dam axis. Marl in the reservoir area has low permeability.[6]

Climate

The climate in the catchment of the reservoir is of continental type with 90% of rainfall occurring between November and April, with January experiencing the maximum precipitation. Snowfall is experienced at elevation above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). The rainfall incidence in the Beqaa Valley, which widely varies spatially and temporally, is an annual average of 1,500 millimetres (60 in) in the mountainous region of the upper valley to a low of 700 millimetres (30 in) in the south in the coastal region. However, the average annual rainfall is 800 millimetres (30 in) in the catchment area of about 1,600 km2 (618 sq mi) at the reservoir carted at the dam.[3]

Water resources

According to water balance studies carried out for the Litani River, the total inflow of the river at the reservoir location has been assessed as 1,280 million cubic metres (0 billion cubic feet) per year, of which 60% is accounted towards aquifer recharge and evapotranspiration. Of the balance of 500×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft) per year of surface water, 80×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft) per year is used for various uses by pumping before the flow reaches the dam. Thus, the flow of 420×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft) is available at the reservoir, in an average year (35-year average flows from 1920s). However, in drought years, the flow could reach a low of 320×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft), as recorded in 1972–73). Based on precipitation data, the total annual flow could be as high as 320 million cubic metres (0×10^9 cu ft). The average annual flow received at the reservoir is utilised through the dam created at the site and diverting it through a series of tunnels and ponds to generate 600 GWh of energy at three hydroelectric power stations (190 megawatts or 250,000 horsepower total installed capacity) located at Markaba, Awali and Jun. The planning done in the 1950s at the time of building the dam and the Qaraoun reservoir envisaged utilization of 800 metres (2,600 ft) head available between the dam and the Mediterranean Sea through the three power stations. The river outlet at the end of the cascade of power plants is now 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the north of its original outlet.[7] It is also utilised for providing irrigation benefits by diverting 30×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft) per year of water from a channel of the Markaba power station for the Kassmieh Irrigation Project.[3]

As result of this development the hydrological regime of the Litani River has been divided into two zones. The basin above the lake is known as the Upper Litani Basin (ULB), and that below the lake is called Litani's lower reaches.

Reservoir
Lake Qaraoun in the Litani River Basin at Qaraoun.

The Qaraoun reservoir or lake created by El Wauroun Dam on the Litani River has a water spread area of 11.9 km2 (5 sq mi). It is the largest artificial lake in Lebanon, located in the southern part of the fertile Beqaa Valley, with a total capacity of about 220×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft) and effective storage (live storage) of 160×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft). The power generation is a primary benefit, which meets about 7%–10% of the power requirements in Lebanon. However, the stored waters also provide irrigation benefits with flows of 140×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft), as 110 million cubic metres is used in South Lebanon and 30 million cubic metres in Beqaa, while 20×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft) is used for domestic water supply in the Southern Lebanon. Controlled reservoir operation also provides flood-control benefits and prevention of water logging in an area of about 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres).[3][4]

During 1999–2000, the water quality of the reservoir has been investigated from 16 sampling points on the river and its tributaries, by the Ministry of Environment and the Litani River Authority as a part of an exercise to evolve management plan for the Litani River and Lake Qaroun's catchment. It has been noted that seven sewer networks drain directly into the river. Untreated sewage from the towns of Baalbek, Houch el Rafqa, Qaa er Rim, Zahle, Chtoura, Qabb Elias, Bar Elias, Joub Jannine and Qaraoun flow into the Litani River or its tributaries, apart from industrial effluents many factories related to manufacture of sugar, paper, lead, limestone crushers, agro-industries and also from poultry farms, tanneries and slaughterhouses. The pollution is noted by the high recorded values of BOD5 (79 mg/L) and nitrates (1.7 mg/L) in the Litani River.[5]

The vegetation in the periphery of the lake consists of woodland, orchards, and low-growing scrub. During water-level variations in the lake, as the stored water is utilised for various beneficial uses, no submerged or emergent vegetation have been noticed. When the water level is at its lowest in the lake, a steppe-like land slope has been noticed with low vegetation of rocky shingle terrain where flocks of larks and lapwings are seen.[2]

The bird life in the reservoir area is very notable, as 20,000 migratory birds of species of raptors, storks, pelicans and others species of birds have been sighted. The ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca), pallid harrier (Circus macrourus), greater spotted eagle (Aquila clanga), eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) and sociable lapwing (Vanellus gregarius) are some of the birds which are of conservation concern, according to the 2008 IUCN Red List.[2]

El Qaroun Dam
Full view of El Wauroun Dam and Lake Qaraoun.

The El Wauroun Dam, built in the middle reaches of the Litani River, has created an artificial lake at (33°34′11.63″N 35°41′51.18″E) with water-spread area of 1,190 hectares (2,940 acres). It is situated about 70 km (43 mi) downstream of the historic city of Baalbek.[7][8] The dam had been under planning since 1964. The Qaraoun village transferred a land area of 760 hectares (1,878 acres) for building the dam. The dam, which created the artificial lake or reservoir, is the largest dam built in Lebanon for multipurpose uses of hydropower generation (190 MW), irrigation of 28,500 hectares (70,425 acres), and drinking-water supply. It is a concrete-faced rockfill dam (CFRD) of 61 metres (200 ft) height built with crest level at elevation 801 metres (2,628 ft), with a dam length of 1,090 metres (3,576 ft), over karstic limestone formations. The reservoir has a storage capacity of 220×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft) at a maximum pond elevation of 858 m (2,815 ft).[8] The High Flood Level (HFL) in the reservoir is 862 metres (2,828 ft), where the area of the lake is 12.6 km2 (5 sq mi). The average water level for power generation is 835 metres (2,740 ft), with the lowest level or the minimum draw-down level as 827 m (2,713 ft).[9]

The dam's upstream face is a concrete face of 47,000 m2 (506,000 sq ft) area, with thickness of concrete face varying from 50 centimetres (1.6 ft) at the bottom to 30 centimetres (1.0 ft) at the top. The spillway of the dam is designed for an inflow flood discharge of 450×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft). The reservoir has a storage capacity of 220×10^6 m3 (0×10^9 cu ft) at maximum pond elevation of 858 metres (2,815 ft).[8]

Future developments

The lake water is proposed to be integrated with a pumped-storage scheme planned under the "Qaraoun Lake-Marj et Taouil: Project". The plan is to utilise the water stored in this reservoir to be pumped to an upper reservoir, with a 50.6-metre-high (166 ft) dam at maximum water level of 1,679 metres (5,509 ft) to store water pumped from the Qaraoun Lake or reservoir) to maximize power generation during the daily lean period (off-peak hours) of power generation when load demand is low. In this mode of generation, the pumping will require 560 megawatts (750,000 hp), that would result in a generation of 388 megawatts (520,000 hp) of power.[9]

Archaeology

The archaeological site of Ain Jaouze overlooks Lake Qaraoun at the foot of Jebel Baruk on the west of the road from Chtaura to Jezzine.[10] Jesuit archaeologist, Auguste Bergy collected flints from the surface of this site, suggested to be similar to those of later neolithic Byblos.[11]

Visitor attractions

On the western periphery of the lake there are many restaurants and hotels which are popular during late spring and summer. During this time many large boats operate in the lake for lake viewing and also for fishing. In winter, when water level in the lake is high boats are operated to hunt for of birds such as wildfowl, mainly storks, heron, egrets and lark species.[2]

gollark: 64^11 or so.
gollark: It won't do much. There are a lot of possible video IDs.
gollark: Certainly.
gollark: I am complaining about your unwarranted pingination.
gollark: No.

References
  1. "Qaraoun Village". aub.edu.lb. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  2. "Lake Qaraoun". Birdlife.org. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  3. "Chapter 2. Assessing Lebanon's Water Balance". International Development Research Centre (idrc). Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  4. "Lebanon". FAO-Forestry. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  5. "Lebanon State of the Environment Report" (PDF). Ministry of Environment, Government of Lebanon. Archived from the original (pdf) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  6. International Commission on Large Dams; International Association for Hydraulic Research; International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (2008). International journal on hydropower & dams. Aqua-Media International. pp. 77–. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  7. C. A. Brebbia; K. L. Katsifarakis (2007). River Basin Management IV. WIT Press. pp. 484–. ISBN 978-1-84564-075-0. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  8. International Commission on Large Dams; International Association for Hydraulic Research; International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (2008). International journal on hydropower & dams. Aqua-Media International. pp. 76–77. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  9. "Introducing Pumped Storage in Lebanon:Towards a Prospective National Master Plan" (pdf). Littani River Authority. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  10. Université Saint-Joseph (Beirut; Lebanon) (1966). Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph. Impr. catholique. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  11. Moore, A.M.T. (1978). The Neolithic of the Levant. Oxford University, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. pp. 436–442.
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