Litani River

The Litani River (Arabic: نهر الليطاني‎, Nahr al-Līṭānī), the classical Leontes (Greek: Λέοντες, Léontes, lit. 'lions'), is an important water resource in southern Lebanon. The river rises in the fertile Beqaa Valley, west of Baalbek, and empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre. Exceeding 140 km in length, the Litani River is the longest river in Lebanon and provides an average annual flow estimated at 920 million cubic meters.[1][2] The waters of the Litani both originate and flow entirely within the borders of Lebanon. It provides a major source for water supply, irrigation and hydroelectricity both within Southern Lebanon, and the country as a whole.

Litani River
The Litani River in maroon, the Lebanese capital city Beirut in red
This article is about the Lebanese river. For the WWII battle, see Battle of the Litani River. For the South American river, see Litani River (South America).

Etymology

The Litani River is named after the Canaanite deity Lotan, a seven-headed sea serpent and servant of the sea god Yam.[3] The river that winds and coils like a serpent through the Beqaa Valley was believed to be the personification of the deity.[4]

History

Historians in the past have claimed that the location of Biblical Misrephoth Maim, the place to which Joshua chased the various tribes after their defeat at the waters of Merom, was the river-mouth of the Litani River, but it is unlikely as the name Litani predates that of the Biblical story.[5]

The Litani was a natural frontier that prevented the Seleucids from encroaching on the Ptolemaic dominion in the Levant.[6]

Southern flow
The southern part of the Litani River.

After heading south parallel to the Syrian border, the course of the river bends dramatically westward. Near this bend, the Litani comes within five km of the Hasbani River.

Qasimiyeh

The portion of the river flowing west is called the Qasimiyeh. The Qasmieh-Ras-el-Aïn region, irrigated from the river's lower reaches from main irrigation canals, to south and north, is one of the largest irrigated areas in the nation, consisting of 32.64 km², shared among 1257 irrigating farmers, who concentrate on citrus crops and bananas (Raad 2004). For the entire stretch of the Qasimiyeh as it flows into the Mediterranean Sea, the Litani River remains nearly parallel to (and about 29 km (18 mi) north of) the Israeli-Lebanese border. 10 km north of Tyre, the river is crossed by the ancient Leontes Bridge. In June 1941, the mouth of the river was the site of an attack by British commandos and Australian troops on Vichy French forces that became known as the Battle of the Litani River.

The Litani River Dam, as seen from the highway to the west.

Litani River Dam

Qaraoun, an artificial lake of 12 square km, was created by the Litani River Dam, 60 meters high and 1,350 meters in length, which was completed in 1959.[7] A spillway of 6503 meters carries the water to the underground station where generators produce a maximum of 185 megawatts of electricity, the largest hydroelectric project in Lebanon. The dam was intended eventually to provide irrigation for 310 km² of farmland in South Lebanon and 80 km² in the Beqaa Valley. The office is at the southern (dam) end of the lake on the left side. The lakeside has a hotel and a number of restaurants specializing in fresh trout.

The Litani River Authority
The Upper Litani Basin (ULB)

The Litani River Authority[8] was formed in 1954 to facilitate the integrated development of the Litani River Basin. Shortly after its formation, the authority engaged in a massive hydroelectric development project[8] that tapped the 850 meter head potential between Lake Qaraoun and the Mediterranean. This development has brought about major hydrological changes to the Litani River Basin, where the flows from its upper reaches above Lake Qaraoun, referred to as the Upper Litani Basin, are diverted through a system of tunnels, ponds and plants, to meet the Mediterranean several kilometers north of its original natural tailwater. These changes have resulted in the effective hydrological separation between the Upper Litani Basin and the lower reaches. The advent of a protracted civil strife in the 1970s followed by a prolonged occupation in the 1980s that lasted into the 1990s, have plunged the country into disarray, freezing development and investment in infrastructure. The subsequent return to normal conditions has encouraged the river authority to initiate several major water diversion projects from the Upper Litani Basin worth hundreds of millions of US dollars.

Bridges over the Litani
  • Jisr el Kasmieh (Leontes Bridge)
  • Jisr el Akai
  • Jisr el Khardali
  • Jisr el Khatueh (Kakhieh)
  • Jisr el Burghuz
  • Jisr el Meshghara
  • Jisr el Karaoum
gollark: I mean, here, you can get tap water from restaurants and such free, as far as I know.
gollark: I mostly only regularly carry around a phone, my keys/USB stick, and wallet.
gollark: Maybe there's a niche for collapsible water bottles you can keep in your wallet when they're empty, or something.
gollark: It costs several hundred times more, or arguably infinitely more since most places provide free tap water here, because you... don't have to carry a bottle around?
gollark: I mean, you ship water from around the world at great expense despite there being perfectly good water locally. It's strange.

See also

Notes
  1. "LEBANON, Water resources". FAO UN. Archived from the original on 6 June 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  2. "The Characteristics of the Litani River". The Litani River Authority. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  3. Price, Robert. Bart Ehrman Interpreted. Pitchstone Publishing, Durham, NC. 2018, p. 153.
  4. Price (2018), p. .
  5. Bekkum, Koert va. From Conquest to Coexistence: Ideology and Antiquarian Intent in the Historiography of Israel's Settlement in Canaan Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherland, 2011, p. 178.
  6. Bickerman, Elias Joseph. The Jews in the Greek Age, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998, pp. 69-70.
  7. "The Qaraoun Dam". The Litani River Authority. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  8. "Litani River Basin Management Support Project (LRBMS)". "Globalwaters". Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.

References
  • Ramadan, H.H., Beighley, R.E and Ramamurthy, A.S. (2013). "Temperature and precipitation trends in Lebanon’s largest river: the Litani Basin”, American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 139 (1), pp. 86–95.
  • Ramadan, H.H., Ramamurthy, A.S., and Beighley, R.E (2012). "Inter-annual temperature and precipitation variations over the Litani Basin in response to atmospheric circulation patterns”, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Volume 108, Numbers 3-4 (2012), pp. 563–577.
  • Ramadan, H.H., Beighley R.E. and Ramamurthy A.S. (2012). "Modeling Streamflow Trends for a Watershed with Limited Data: A case on the Litani Basin, Lebanon” Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (8), pp. 1516–1529.
  • Ramadan, H.H., Ramamurthy A.S. and Beighley R.E. (2013). "Sensitivity of the Litani Basin’s runoff in Lebanon to climate change.” International Journal of Environment and Pollution (in press).
  • Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2
  • Raad, Daoud, 2004. "Localized irrigation in Qasmieh-Ras-el-Aïn: a technique to be encouraged" pdf file
  • Amery, H. A. 1993. "The Litani River of Lebanon", Geographical Review 83 (3) pp229–237.
  • Where the western Litani empties into the Mediterranean, on Wikimapia
  • Old Feud Over Lebanese River Takes New Turn
  • Assaf, Hamed and Saadeh, Mark. "Development of an Integrated Decision Support System for Water Quality Control in the Upper Litani Basin, Lebanon", Proceedings of the iEMSs Third Biennial Meeting, "Summit on Environmental Modelling and Software". International Environmental Modelling and Software Society, Burlington, USA, July 2006.


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