Lake George (New South Wales)

Lake George (or Weereewa in the indigenous language) is an endorheic lake in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) north-east of Canberra located adjacent to the Federal Highway en route to Goulburn and Sydney. Lake George is also the name of a locality on the western and southern edges of the lake, within the area of the Queanbeyan–Palerang Regional Council.

Lake George
Part of Lake George in 2020 after it was partially filled by several days of rain
Location	New South Wales
Coordinates	35°10′S 149°25′E
Lake type	Intermittent
Primary outflows	evaporation
Basin countries	Australia
Max. length	25 km (16 mi)
Max. width	10 km (6.2 mi)
Average depth	1 metre (3 ft 3 in)
Max. depth	7.5 m (25 ft)

Geography and hydrology

Lake George is an endorheic lake, as it has no outflow of water to rivers and oceans.

The lake is believed to be more than a million years old. Originally, small streams drained its catchment into the Yass River, but then the Lake George Escarpment rose due to major crustal movement along a strong fault line, blocking this drainage and forming the lake.[1] Lake George has in previous Ice Ages been much larger and deeper.

The thickness of sediment beneath the lake exceeds 250 metres (820 ft), according to a Bureau of Mineral Resources Canberra drilling programme in the 1982/83 summer. The oldest sediments, which lie some distance above the bedrock, were dated at 4–5 million years using spore and pollen analysis and magnetic reversal stratigraphy.

At 25 km (16 mi) long and 10 km (6.2 mi) wide, Lake George is long, largely flat and extremely shallow, with a very small catchment. Resultant evaporation rates as well as a tendency for strong winds to blow the water back on itself explain the mysterious filling and drying episodes on both short term (hours) and long term (years) time scales that have been observed.

The lake's depth when full can range from 1.5–4.5 metres (4 ft 11 in–14 ft 9 in); however in many areas it is only around 0.8–1.0 metre (2 ft 7 in–3 ft 3 in) deep. Its deepest point has been measured as 7.5 metres (25 ft). When full, the lake holds about 500,000,000 cubic metres (1.8×10¹⁰ cu ft) of water. Between the late 1980s and mid-1990s, the lake lapped the Federal Highway on its western edge.

Lake George is one of the most studied lakes in Australia. The palaeontologist Patrick De Deckker has commented that "it is actually a depression that turns into a lake when it fills. There’s always water below the lake floor, and amazingly, it is saline, but if you have more rainfall, the lake fills up".

Activities

Zebra herd, where it was first installed in 2010

Lake George is the site of an experimental scientific wave behaviour platform established by researchers from the Civil Engineering department of the Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra.

Lake George has been a popular fishery at times, after high water levels and stockings of fish.

Since the 1960s hang gliders have been flown from the escarpment when easterly winds form standing waves. Pilots can then fly along the length of the lake. Unpowered model aircraft are also flown from this area, and powered models are flown from the lake floor.

Wine grapes are grown along the western edge of the lake, on the escarpment. Sheep are grazed on the lake when it is dry or nearly so.

Public art

Lake George was an important subject for the Canberra artist, Rosalie Gascoigne (1917-1999) who told Kate Davidson in 1996 that she ‘was enraptured with the feeling of getting out of my car at the top of the range above Lake George and Gundaroo and seeing Australia stretch away under a big dome of sky. Nothing is there, but everything is there. It was very free and uncalculated. You cannot really express it in concrete terms, you have to be elusive and allusive at the same time.(Davidson, Kate and Michael Desmond, Islands: Contemporary installations from Australia, Asia, Europe and America, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, 1996). Works inspired by Lake George include Pale landscape 1977 (Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington), Feathered fence 1978-79 and Suddenly the lake 1994-95 (both National Gallery of Australia), But mostly air 1994-95 (Art Gallery of South Australia) and Lake 1991 (Garangula Gallery NSW). Pale landscape 1977 and Feathered fence 1978-79 were both made with thousands of swans feathers found at a sanctuary at the southern end of the lake in the mid-1970s, no longer there since the lake dried up.

In 2010, Canberra artists Alan and Julie Aston installed a herd of zebras on the lake adjacent to the highway stop commemorating Kevin "Dasher" Wheatley VC, used as a "Driver Reviver" site. They were named Stopper, Reviver, Survivor, and Dasher. They were a sensation, but the Government of New South Wales ordered that they be removed, following a complaint from the leaseholder of the land.[2] They reappeared at Floriade in September 2010, along with a baby, George.

History

The local indigenous people called the lake Werriwa (originally spelled Weereewa in the journals of the explorers who noted the name), which may mean "bad water"; even when full, the lake is one of the saltiest bodies of water in inland NSW, almost as saline as seawater.[3] However, the name is also similar to regional indigenous word for eagle, which often fly there. The first European to visit the lake was Joseph Wild on 19 August 1820,[4] and it was named for King George III on 28 October 1820 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, who was touring the area as part of a Royal Commission inquiring into the condition of the Colony.[5]

Looking east over a dry lake bed

A large and beautiful billabong existed at the northern end of the lake, and in the 1850s it was stocked by the landowner with Murray cod fished out of the Molonglo River at Yarralumla. At some time the billabong overflowed and introduced Murray cod into the lake itself. They bred rapidly and, from the 1850s to the 1890s, Lake George abounded with them.[6] The long Federation Drought commenced in the mid-1890s, and by 1902 the lake had dried out completely. In their search for water to survive in, the Murray cod flocked into the mouths of the few small creeks feeding the lake and were killed by the thousands.[7]

One of the original 75 electoral divisions of the Australian House of Representatives in 1901 was named "Werriwa". By 1913, it no longer included the lake, and the electorate is currently centred in the south-western suburbs of Sydney.

In the early 1900s an area immediately to the east of the lake was surveyed as a possible site for the capital city of Australia. Instead, the Australian Capital Territory and city of Canberra were established some 30 km (19 mi) south-west of the lake.

During World War II, a wooden 'dummy' ship was floated on the lake and used for bombing practice by the Royal Australian Air Force. It is possible that there is still unexploded ordnance settled into the lake bed.

On 8 July 1956 five cadets from the Royal Military College, Duntroon died due to hypothermia in a yachting accident.

Due to the ongoing drought in New South Wales, Lake George dried out completely in November 2002, and remained so until February 2010 when it started to refill. The previous time the lake had dried out completely was during a severe drought in the 1940s,[3] although it was partially dry in 1986, leaving large pools of water. When the lake is empty it is used by farmers to graze sheep and cattle. During September 2016, the lake filled for the first time since 1996. In the intervening years the level of water in the lake had never been as high as that in September 2016.

The unusual fluctuations in the water level have given rise to fanciful urban myths that the lake is somehow connected to lakes in Peru or South Africa, although NSW government ecologist Justin Nancarrow theorises that the lake may indeed be connected to the nearby Yass River by subterranean aquifers which pass under the surrounding escarpment, and that this connection may explain the salinity of the river.[3]

Wind-power generation

The 140-megawatt (190,000 hp) Capital Wind Farm completed in 2009 is located along the south-eastern side of Lake George.

Capital Wind Farm near Lake George

Locality

Lake George New South Wales
Lake George Location in New South Wales
Coordinates	35°06′19″S 149°22′17″E
Population	98 (2016 census)[8]
Postcode(s)	2581
Location	34 km (21 mi) NE of Canberra 59 km (37 mi) SW of Goulburn
LGA(s)	Queanbeyan–Palerang Regional Council
Region	Southern Tablelands
County	Murray
Parish	Lake George
State electorate(s)	Monaro
Federal Division(s)	Eden-Monaro
Localities around Lake George: Lerida Collector Currawang Gundaroo Lake George Tarago Bywong Bungendore Mount Fairy

Lake George is a locality covering territory on the western and southern edges of the lake, largely within the area of the Queanbeyan–Palerang Regional Council, although some hillside areas are in the Yass Valley Council.[9] At the 2016 census, it had a population of 98.[8]

References

1. Cartwright, Sarah; Gary Jones (2002). "By George, It Really Is a Lake!" (PDF). Watershed, Issue No. 27 - August 2002. Co-operative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology. Archived from the original (pdf (see pages 9 - 10)) on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2007. Lake George, one of the world's oldest lakes, is shallow and has a history of dramatically fluctuating water levels, despite being closed with no outlet. Originally there was no lake at all, and water drained from the Great Dividing Range west to the Yass River. That was before geological uplift, five million years ago, which formed the Lake George Range — a natural dam blocking the creeks.
2. Rudra, Natasha (16 July 2010). "Goodbye Stopper, Reviver and Survivor". Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
3. Woodford, James (30 November 2002). "Getting to the bottom of the Lake George mystery". Sydney Morning Herald.
4. Canberra's Engineering Heritage, William Charles Andrews, Institution of Engineers, Canberra, 1990 p2
5. Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1931 (ABS cat. no. 1301.0)
6. "(Leader:) The Golden Age". The Golden Age. IV (133). New South Wales, Australia. 26 March 1863. p. 2. Retrieved 7 August 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
7. "The Fisheries". The Sydney Morning Herald (21, 794). New South Wales, Australia. 23 November 1907. p. 14. Retrieved 7 August 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
8. Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Lake George". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
9. "Lake George". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 3 August 2017.

External links

• "Murrumbidgee and Lake George catchments" (map). Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales.