La Cinq

La Cinq (French for 'The Five') was France's first privately owned free-to-air television network. Created by politician Jérôme Seydoux and Italian media mogul Silvio Berlusconi, the network broadcast from 1985 to 1992.

Not to be confused with France 5, LA-5, or Le Cinq.

La Cinq
Launched20 February 1986 (1986-02-20)
Closed12 April 1992 (1992-04-12)
Owned by
Picture formatSECAM 576i (4:3 SDTV)
Audience share13% (1989, Mediametrie)
Slogan
  • "La Cinq, votre nouvelle amie" ("La Cinq, your new friend") (1986)
  • "Cinq you La Cinq!" ("Cinq you, La Cinq!") ( (1987)
  • "Cinéma ou télévision, La Cinq, tous les soirs un film" ("Cinema or Television, a movie every night on La Cinq") (1988)
  • "La Cinq, la télé qui ne s'éteint jamais" ("La Cinq, the channel that never goes off") (1989)
  • "L'information sans concession, c'est sur La Cinq!" ("Uncompromising information, it's on La Cinq!") (1990)
  • "La 5, c'est 5 sur 5" ("La 5, it's 5 out of 5") (1991)
  • "Faites la chaîne pour votre chaîne" ("Make the channel for your channel") (1992)
CountryFrance
LanguageFrench
Replaced byArte
France 5 (known as "La Cinquième" before 2002) (1994)

The contract for France's fifth terrestrial network, which was supposed to have been in effect for an 18-year term, was granted to Seydoux and Berlusconi in November 1985. Programming began on 20 February 1986 at 8:30 pm; the first program on La Cinq was Voilà la Cinq, which was taped at Canale 5's studios in Milan, Italy.

History
Audience share
(1986–1991)
19864.2%
19877.3%
198810.3%
198913.0%
199011.7%
199110.9%

Pre-launch (1985–1986)

On 20 November 1985, the government granted an 18-year concession to France Cinq, allowing them to operate the fifth national television network. This decision was criticized by the Minister of Culture and some of the President's advisers, who wanted to see cultural programming, and by the Haute Autorité de la Communication Audiovisuelle, which did not approve of the conditions but had no power to change them. At a press conference on 22 November 1985, Jérome Seydoux and Silvio Berlusconi presented the focus and style of the programs that would be broadcast on the future fifth television channel. In response to critics who accused them of wanting to create "Coca-Cola" TV, Berlusconi, who developed La Cinq's programming from his catalogs, replied that the channel would be "neither Coca-Cola TV, nor spaghetti TV, but rather Beaujolais TV, a Saturday champagne.[1] He also promised to feature well-liked TV or film stars.

Determined to block this project, 60 senators had the Constitutional Council[2] declare "The Eiffel Tower Amendment" (fr: amendement Tour Eiffel) unconstitutional on 13 December 1985.[3] This forced the government to draft a new bill, which was accepted by Parliament on 21 December. On 16 January 1986 the RTL Group (at the time the Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion (CLT) unsuccessfully attempted to have the Council of State cancel the concession agreement; instead the government gave the RTL Group the right to use one of the two remaining free channels of the future TDF 1 satellite. On 20 January 1986 Silvio Berlusconi presented the programs of his future commercial channel, officially known as La Cinq, to journalists, industrialists and advertisers in order to convince them to buy advertising airtime to finance the channel. The next day, the police were forced to intervene in order to allow TDF technicians to come install La Cinq's transmitters at the top of the Eiffel Tower, after the City of Paris refused to do so for security reasons.[4][5]

Launch (1986–early 1987)

After three months of animosity[6] and a month of technical testing, La Cinq was finally able to start broadcasting on Thursday 20 February 1986 at 20:30, airing an introductory broadcast entitled Voila la Cinq, which had been recorded in the Fininvest[7] Group's Milan studio. Up until midnight, Christian Morin, Roger Zabel, Amanda Lear, Ėlisabeth Tordjman and Alain Gillot-Pétré hosted major French stars (Johnny Hallyday, Serge Gainsbourg, Mireille Mathieu, Charles Aznavour) as well as international stars like Ornella Muti, who had been invited by Silvio Berlusconi to support a show that would be able to compete with TF1 or Antenne 2.[8][9][10][11] For the next few weeks, the programming consisted of game shows and variety shows like Pentathlon, C’est beau la vie, and Cherchez la femme, which had been adapted from successful shows on Silvio Berlusconi's Italian network, Canale 5, and had also been influenced by French magazines like Mode. The programs were repeated every four to five hours and had up to three commercial breaks per show. The first hosts had formerly been presenters on TF1 (Christian Morin), Antenne 2 (Alain Gillot-Pétré, Roger Zabel and Élisabeth Tordjman), or one of Berlusconi's Italian networks (Amanda Lear). A continuity announcer presented the programs.[12]

Starting in February 1986, American TV series aired during daytime and late night programming. Most of these series were familiar to viewers, because they were broadcast on other French networks in the 1960s and 1970s: Diff'rent Strokes, Happy Days, Mission: Impossible, The Twilight Zone, Star Trek, The Dukes of Hazzard and Wonder Woman.

Children's programming

La Cinq's children-oriented programming block, Youpi! L'école est finie ("Hooray! School's over!"), began broadcasting on 2 March 1987, and would last until the channel's dissolution. Broadcasting in the morning between 7 and 9 AM and in the evening between 5 and 6 PM, the block was notable for airing French-language dubs of numerous Japanese anime series, including:

In addition to the Japanese-based animated programs listed above, the channel also aired some animated programs from other sources, including Robotech, Clémentine, Snorks, Manu, Bucky O'Hare and the Toad Wars, and The Smurfs. Many of the Youpi! series were also aired in Italy as they had been licensed by Fininvest. The block helped popularise Japanese animation in France — it was sufficiently prominent in 1989 to be a target of criticism by then-representative Ségolène Royal.[13]

Decline (late 1987–1992)

Beginning in 1987, La Cinq ran into serious financial problems that would later be escalated by the privatisation of TF1 in the late 1980s and the early 1990s recession. Robert Hersant took over the channel in February 1987 and would remain the channel's president until September 1990, when Fininvest sold the channel to Hachette. In 1989, the channel's audience share peaked at 13.0%.

When Yves Sabouret and Hachette took over control of La Cinq in the fall of 1990, the channel's audience share had declined to 11.7%. On 2 April 1991, the channel's second and final logo was introduced. Instead of trying to reduce the channel's budget deficit, Hachette commissioned an abundance of newer television series, including American import Twin Peaks and the game show Que le meilleur gagne. The continued commission and production of newer programmes by La Cinq increased the channel's budget deficit significantly; by mid-1991, the channel's deficit amounted to 3.5 billion francs. As a result, Berlusconi sold the rights of several of the children's programmes to AB Productions; those programmes were subsequently moved to TF1 before the end of the year.

Bankruptcy and liquidation

On 17 December 1991, in a cost-cutting move, the channel laid off 576 employees, which amounted to more than 75% of the channel's staff. This did not have any effect on the channel, as it would file for bankruptcy only fourteen days later. On 3 January 1992, the channel was placed into legal redress due to its inability to repay its entire debt. Later that month, Berlusconi proposed a plan involving an increase in capital that would have saved the channel. Due to governmental pressure, Berlusconi's plan was withdrawn on 24 March.

As a result of the withdrawal of the rescue plan, on 3 April 1992, the Paris Commercial Court announced that, effective 12 April 1992 at midnight CET, La Cinq would be liquidated. The channel closed down permanently on 12 April 1992 at midnight (the same date that Euro Disney Resort opened[14]), following its final program, Vive La Cinq (also known as Il est Moins 5), which pulled in an audience share of 21.5% (equal to about 6 to 7 million viewers).

The channel's final images before closing down entirely were a planet with the number 5 rotating around it being blocked by a larger planet, creating a total eclipse, as the opening to Also Sprach Zarathustra was played. This was followed by a group of text slides that read this message:

"La Cinq vous prie de l'excuser pour cette interruption définitive de l'image et du son ... C'est fini"
La Cinq would like to apologise for this permanent loss of picture and sound... It's over

— La Cinq channel closedown message on 12 April 1992[15]

It would be almost two years before the network's infrastructure was reactivated as a public educational channel, La Cinquième (now France 5).

Visual identity

La Cinq was one of the first French television channels to utilize a digital on-screen graphic when it launched in 1986. Its initial logo was derived from the first logo of Canale 5, which was introduced in 1985. However, the flower and the stylized symbol of the biscione were replaced with a gold star and the channel's name, respectively. In 1987, the channel's name was removed from the logo, which would continue to be used (albeit with a minor modification in October 1990) until April 1991.

The channel's second and final logo, which was designed by Jean-Paul Goude, consisted of the number 5 being superimposed on other numbers. It would be used from April 1991 until the channel's liquidation on 12 April 1992. The DOG accompanying the logo only displayed the number 5.

News operation

La Cinq's news operation consisted of a series of daily newscasts entitled Le Journal. The program was originally presented with a lunchtime newscast at 12:30 p.m. (later 1:00 pm) and a primetime newscast at 8:00 p.m. In the summer of 1990, the lunchtime newscast was moved to 12:45 p.m., where it would remain until the channel's closure in April 1992. Short-form news updates were also broadcast at various times of the day during breaks in the channel's programming.

From 1987 to April 1991, the theme music for the newscasts was a modified version of "Also sprach Zarathustra" (which would later be used on the channel's final newscast on 12 April 1992). During that time, the openings to all of the newscasts featured a rotating globe and a satellite, before showing the channel's logo and the newscast's title. When La Cinq's logo was changed in April 1991, the newscasts' openings were changed to a variant of the channel's ident with the word Information superimposed onto the channel's logo; this would be used until shortly before the channel's closure one year later. It was accompanied by a hard-hitting news music package.

Notable former on-air staff
gollark: I can think of:MS Office stuffOSesBrowsersmyself.
gollark: Can you think of anything which would be more than a million lines generally as an example?
gollark: Why 1 million specifically?
gollark: What? no.
gollark: I *might* not be.

See also

References
  1. Ina.fr, Institut National de l’Audiovisuel – (22 November 1985). "Conférence de presse de Silvio Berlusconi". Ina.fr. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  2. Lefebvre, Pascal (1 April 1998). Havas et l'audiovisuel 1920-1986. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 9782296352056. Retrieved 8 May 2017 – via Google Books.
  3. NEXINT (10 November 2015). "Conseil Constitutionnel". www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  4. Ina.fr, Institut National de l’Audiovisuel – (21 January 1986). "Tour Eiffel - TDF". Ina.fr. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  5. Ina.fr, Institut National de l’Audiovisuel – (22 January 1986). "Affaire tour Eiffel". Ina.fr. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  6. Ina.fr, Institut National de l’Audiovisuel –. "Gestation 5ème chaîne". Ina.fr. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  7. "Le site historique de LA CINQ !". lacinq.tv.free.fr. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  8. Soiree d'ouverture de la Cinq on YouTube
  9. Inaguration la 5 on Dailymotion
  10. Inaguration la 5 Partie 2 on Dailymotion
  11. La 5 1986 ouverture on Dailymotion
  12. Speakrine la cinq on Dailymotion
  13. Royal, Ségolène (1989). Le ras-le-bol des bébés zappeurs. Laffont. ISBN 2221058267. OCLC 801931469.
  14. 19/20 FR3 du 12 avril 1992 - Fin de La 5 et ouverture d'Eurodisney | Archive INA on YouTube
  15. Culte : les derniers instants de La Cinq | Archive INA on YouTube
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