Kozan, Adana

Kozan (formerly Sis Armenian: Սիս) is a city in Adana Province, Turkey, 68 kilometres (42 miles) northeast of Adana, in the northern section of the Çukurova plain. The city is the capital of the ilçe (district) of Kozan. The Kilgen River, a tributary of the Ceyhan, flows through Kozan and crosses the plain south into the Mediterranean. The Taurus Mountains rise up sharply behind the town.

Kozan
City
Kozan
Location of Kozan, Adana
Coordinates: 37°27′N 35°48′E
Country Turkey
RegionMediterranean
ProvinceAdana
DistrictKozan
Founded3000 BC (5020 years ago)
Incorporated1870 (1870)
Government
 • MayorMusa Öztürk (MHP)
Area
 • District1,872.56 km2 (723.00 sq mi)
Elevation
120 m (390 ft)
Population
 (2012)[2]
 • Urban
79,943
 • District
127,926
 • District density68/km2 (180/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
01xx
Area code(s)0322
Licence plate01
Websitehttp://www.kozan.gov.tr/

Sis was the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, today's Sis (ancient city), now called Kozan Kalesi, was built on a long rocky ridge in the center of the modern city.[3]

The population of the city has grown rapidly in recent years, from 15,159 in 1960, to 54,451 in 1990, to 72,463 in 2007 and to 74,521 in 2009 (census figures).

Names

The oldest known name is Sis or Siskia. Under the Roman Empire, it was for a time named Flavias or Flaviopolis.[4] The Greek version of the older name, Σίσιον Sision, came back into use in the later Byzantine period.[5] In Armenian, it is called Sis Սիս or Sissu.

The name "Kozan" (Ottoman Turkish قوزان qōzān) comes from the Qōzānoğlu dynasty of derebeys (1689-1865), descendants of a tribe which originated in the village of Qōzān near Gaziantep.[6]

Climate

Kozan has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa).

Climate data for Kozan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2)		 15.2
(59.4)		 18.8
(65.8)		 23.7
(74.7)		 28.4
(83.1)		 32.6
(90.7)		 35.6
(96.1)		 36.1
(97.0)		 33.9
(93.0)		 28.6
(83.5)		 21.6
(70.9)		 15.9
(60.6)		 25.4
(77.7)
Average low °C (°F) 5.8
(42.4)		 4.7
(40.5)		 7.9
(46.2)		 11.4
(52.5)		 14.7
(58.5)		 18.5
(65.3)		 21.9
(71.4)		 22.1
(71.8)		 19.2
(66.6)		 14.9
(58.8)		 10.2
(50.4)		 6.2
(43.2)		 13.1
(55.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 110
(4.3)		 91
(3.6)		 97
(3.8)		 90
(3.5)		 71
(2.8)		 45
(1.8)		 14
(0.6)		 13
(0.5)		 22
(0.9)		 54
(2.1)		 66
(2.6)		 122
(4.8)		 795
(31.3)
Source: Climate-data.org

History

From 3000 BC onwards, there were Hittite settlements in all these plains behind the Mediterranean coast, based on farming and grazing animals.

Under the Roman Empire, it was Flavias or Flaviopolis in the Roman province of Cilicia Secunda.

Middle Ages

In 704, Sis was besieged by the Arabs, but relieved by the Byzantines. The Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil took it and refortified it, but it soon returned to Byzantine hands. It was rebuilt in 1186 by Leo II, king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, one of the Rupenide dynasty who made the city the capital of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (from 1186 till 1375). During the Crusade the catholicate returned to Sis in 1294, and remained there 150 years.[7]

In 1266 Sis, the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, was captured and damaged by the Egyptian Mamluks led by Baibars. al-Said Barakah sent Qalawun to attack the city in 1277, but in 1375, Sis was taken and demolished by the Ramadanids, under the flag of the Mamluke Sultan of Egypt. The town never recovered its prosperity, not even when it passed into the power of the Ottomans in 1516. Sis became Kozan during overlordship of Kozanoğulları, a Turkmen clan between 1700–1866.

Ecclesiastical history

Sis had an important place in ecclesiastical history both the Armenian Apostolic Church and as a Roman Catholic titular see. It is first mentioned in Theodoret's life of St. Simeon Stylites.

In the Middle Ages, Sis was the religious center of Christian Armenians, until the Armenians moved the seat of Catholicos back to Vagharshapat (Echmiadzin), in Armenia. Lequien (II, 899) gives the names of several bishops of Sis, before and after Gregory IX.

Even prior to the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Sis was an episcopal see and several names of bishops and patriarchs can be found in the literature:

In 1441, Sis having fallen from its high estate, the Armenian clergy proposed to remove the see, and on the refusal of the Catholicos of the day, Gregory IX, installed a rival, namely Kirakos I Virapetsi (Kirakos of Armenia) at Echmiadzin, who, as soon as Selim I had conquered Greater Armenia, became the more widely accepted of the two by the Armenian church in the Ottoman Empire.[7]

The Catholicos of Sis (of the Holy See of Cilicia) maintained himself nevertheless, with under his jurisdiction several bishops, numerous villages and convents, and was supported in his views by the Catholic Pope up to the middle of the 19th century, when the patriarch Nerses, declaring finally for Echmiadzin, carried the government with him. In 1885, Sis tried to declare Echmiadzin schismatic, and in 1895 its clergy took it on themselves to elect a Catholicos; but the Porte annulled the election, and only allowed it six years later upon Sis renouncing its pretensions to independence. That Catholicos had the right to prepare the sacred myron (oil) and to preside over a synod, but was in fact not more than a metropolitan, and regarded by many Armenians as schismatic.[7]

Ottoman period

In the Ottoman period, Kozan was in the sanjak of Adana, and the seat of the kaza of Kozan.[8]

Modern
Panorama view of Sis (c.1855)
Panorama view of town and fortress (c.1870)

At the turn of the twentieth century, about 5,600 of its population of 8,000 were Armenians.[9] They were all deported during the course of the Armenian Genocide. Kozan was occupied by France between March 8, 1919 - June 2, 1920 during the Turkish War of Independence. After Turkey was declared a republic, Kozan was a province, compromising the districts of Kozan, Kadirli, Feke and Saimbeyli between 1923–1926.

Kozan today

Today Kozan is a city surrounded by vineyards, gardens and groves of cypress, sycamore fig, orange and lemon trees. In summer the great heat (40 plus degrees Celsius or 104 plus degrees Fahrenheit) compels the inhabitants to desert Kozan, retreating to cool off in the wooded higher ground.

Notable natives
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
  • Nerses Palianetsi - Armenian ecclesiastical figure, politician, book publisher of 13th-14th centuries
  • Grigor Khul - Armenian musician of 12th century
  • Manase Sevak - Armenian biochemist and public character, member of New York Academy of Sciences and Soviet Armenia's Academy of Sciences (1897–1967)
  • Grigor Kyulyan - Armenian writer (1912–1974)

Things to see

Today ruins of churches, convents, castles and palaces may be seen on all sides. The lofty castle and the monastery and church built by Leo II, and containing the coronation chair of the kings of Cilician Armenia, were still noteworthy up until the Armenian Genocide. Nowadays they are at the center of a legal battle between the Armenian Catholic Patriarchate and Turkey.

gollark: Hmm, where would it actually go? I guess I could repurpose one of the doors.
gollark: Other osmarks.net server room™ possibilities: loud VRRRRRRRRR noises (unless it's liquid-cooled); blinky lights; maintenance robots; tunnels running to other places (with network cables).
gollark: It would have ominous server racks with cooling systems and power/data cables.
gollark: Perhaps an osmarks.net server room.
gollark: I like this.

See also
  • Kozan Dam on the Kilgen River, 8 km (5 mi) north of Kozan

Football Club of the town - Kozan Belediye Spor www.kozanspor.com

Notes
  1. "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
  2. "Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
  3. User, Super. "Castles.nl - Sis Castle". www.castles.nl. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  4. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v. 'Sis'
  5. William Mitchell Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, p. 385
  6. A.G. Gould, "Ḳōzān" Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.) s.v.; print edition ISBN 9789004161214, 1960-2007
  7. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sis" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  8. Houshamadyan. "Maps - Vilayet of Adana - Sandjak of Sis :: Houshamadyan - a project to reconstruct Ottoman Armenian town and village life". www.houshamadyan.org. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  9. Kévorkian, Raymond H. and Paul B. Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire Ottoman à la veille du génocide. Paris: Editions d’art et d’histoire, 1992, p. 292.

References
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