Kepler-86

Kepler-86, PH2[1] or KIC 12735740 (2MASS 19190326+5157453), is a G-type star[7][note 1] 1,130 ly (350 pc) distant[4] within the constellation Cygnus.[3] Roughly the size and temperature[5] of the Sun,[8] PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release.[9] The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2 b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet.[7]

Kepler-86 [1]

Artist's conception of Kepler-86 and its planet, Kepler-86 b, viewed from a hypothetical moon of the planet.
Credit: Haven Giguere, Matthew Giguere/Yale
Observation data
Epoch J2000[2]      Equinox J2000[2]
Constellation Cygnus[3]
Right ascension  19h 19m 03.2634s[4]
Declination 51° 57′ 45.4105″[4]
Characteristics
Spectral type G5V[5][note 1]
Apparent magnitude (J) 11.501±0.023[2]
Apparent magnitude (H) 11.182±0.03[2]
Apparent magnitude (K) 11.116±0.022[2]
Apparent magnitude (B1) 12.34[2]
Apparent magnitude (R1) 12.62[2]
B−V color index 0.072[5]
Astrometry
Proper motion (μ) RA: 3.366±0.053[4] mas/yr
Dec.: 16.026±0.061[4] mas/yr
Parallax (π)2.8796 ± 0.0302[4] mas
Distance1,130 ± 10 ly
(347 ± 4 pc)
Absolute bolometric
magnitude (Mbol)		5.01+0.12
−0.12[6][note 2]
Details
Mass0.94±0.02[7] M☉
Radius1.00±0.05[7] R☉
Luminosity (bolometric)0.79+0.09
−0.08[7] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.408±0.044[7] cgs
Temperature5629+42
−45[7] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]−0.07±0.05 dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)1.43±0.08 km/s
Other designations
2MASS 19190326+5157453 , KIC 12734750 , PH2
Database references
SIMBADdata
KICdata

Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2 b (or Kepler-86b[1]) is a "Jupiter-size" gas giant which may have a natural satellite suitable for hosting life.[9] The report of the confirmed detection of PH2 b was submitted on January 3, 2013.[7] It was discovered by amateur Pole Rafał Herszkowicz using his laptop and access to the Internet project with data from the Kepler space observatory.[10]

History of detection
The Kepler search volume, in the context of the Milky Way Galaxy.

PH2 b was detected, along with 42 other planet candidates, in archival data from Kepler by the Planet Hunters project, in which human volunteers analyze the light curves of Kepler target stars, searching for planetary transit signals which may be missed by computer programs.[7] Previous work by Planet Hunters helped to confirm the existence of PH1 b, a Neptune-mass planet within a four-star system.

All of the candidates in the second, including PH2 b, were identified by citizen scientists Abe J. Hoekstra, Thomas Lee Jacobs, Daryll LaCourse, Hans Martin Schwengler, Rafał Herszkowicz and Mike Chopin among others, with the help of Yale University astronomers.[7] In addition to PH2 b itself, twenty other planet candidates were found which are located in the habitable zones of their host stars; however, these have a relatively high probability of spurious detection and may well come from non-planetary sources.[7]

Although the planet's initial detection was made using Kepler data, PH2's stellar spectra, required to rule out background stars or faint companions with planets as sources for the observed transits, were collected using the HIRES instrument at the W. M. Keck Observatory.[7] Results of observations confirmed the existence of PH2 b with "99.9 percent confidence."[7][9]

Planetary system

PH2 is host to one confirmed planet, PH2 b, orbiting with a period of about 282 days, placing it and any possible moons in the habitable zone.[9] The temperature in the upper atmosphere of the planet could range from 185 K (−88 °C; −127 °F) to 303 K (30 °C; 86 °F).[7] A moon of PH2 b would likely have "a rocky core, plus a greenhouse atmosphere of some sort that could have liquid water on its surface" in the words of the researchers, thus further improving its prospects for habitability.[9]

The Kepler-86 planetary system[7]
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b — 0.828±0.009 282.5255±0.0010 0.41+0.08
−0.29		 89.83+0.03
−0.02°		 10.12±0.56 R⊕
gollark: We could use algorithms and coding™ to place GEORGE members in maximally visually distinct parts of colorspace, if necessary.
gollark: https://xkcd.com/color/rgb/
gollark: Consider the xkcd color list?
gollark: I have contrafloced osmarks.net.
gollark: The HNode™ has a wireguard link, yes.

See also

Notes

References
  1. Staff (September 25, 2013). "Congratulations! MT @planethunters: Our 2nd confirmed planet PH2 b has received the alternate Kepler designation of Kepler-86b". inagist/@NASAKepler. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
  2. "Gator Cone Search Result". The Two Micron All Sky Survey at IPAC. NASA/IPAC. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  3. "VizieR Detailed Page". VizieR. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  4. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  5. "Kepler Data Search Results". MAST. Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  6. Mamajek, Eric (December 30, 2012). "Basic Astronomical Data for the Sun (BADS)". University of Rochester. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  7. Wang, Ji (January 3, 2013). "Planet Hunters. V. A Confirmed Jupiter-Size Planet in the Habitable Zone and 42 Planet Candidates from the Kepler Archive Data". arXiv:1301.0644v1 [astro-ph].
  8. Williams, David R. (March 2, 2012). "Sun Fact Sheet". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  9. Howell, Elizabeth (11 January 2013). "Amateur Astronomers Discover 42 Alien Planets". Space.com. Space.com. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  10. "Polski informatyk Rafał Herszkowicz odkrył nową planete PH2b | Forsal.pl - Giełda, Waluty, Finanse" (in Polish). Forsal. 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2013-07-12.

Footnotes
  1. The stellar temperature is 5629 K, roughly the same as the G2V Sun's 5778 K.
  2. Calculated based on -2.5 log10 of luminosity differences.
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