Planet Hunters

Planet Hunters is a citizen science project to find exoplanets using human eyes. It does this by having users analyze data from the NASA Kepler space telescope and the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite.[1][2] It was launched by a team led by Debra Fischer at Yale University,[3] as part of the Zooniverse project.[4]

Planet Hunters
Type of site
Volunteer Scientific Project
Available inEnglish
OwnerPlanet Hunters Team
Created byPlanet Hunters Team
URLwww.planethunters.org
CommercialNo
RegistrationOptional
Launched16 December 2010 (2010-12-16)
Current statusOngoing

History

Planet Hunters and Planet Hunters 2.0

The project was launched on December 16, 2010 after the first Data Release of Kepler data as the Planet Hunters Project.[5] 300,000 volunteers participated in the project and the project team published 8 scientific papers. On December 14, 2014 the project was re-launched as Planet Hunters 2.0, with an improved website and considering that the volunteers will look at K2 data.[6] As of November 2018 Planet Hunters identified 50% of the known planets with an orbital period larger than 2 years.[7]

Non-Planet Hunters project: Exoplanet Explorers

In 2017 the project Exoplanet Explorers was launched. It was another planet hunting project at Zooniverse and discovered the system K2-138 and the exoplanet K2-288Bb. This project was launched during the television program Stargazing Live and the discovery of the K2-138 system was announced during the program.[8]

Planet Hunters: TESS

On December 6, 2018 the project Planet Hunters: TESS was launched. This project uses data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and is currently active (as of February 2020).[2] This project discovered the Saturn-sized exoplanet TOI-813b.[9][10]

Planet hunting

The Planet Hunters project exploits the fact that humans are better at recognising visual patterns than computers. The website displays an image of data collected by the NASA Kepler Space Mission and asks human users (referred to as "Citizen Scientists") to look at the data and see how the brightness of a star changes over time. This brightness data is represented as a graph and referred to as a star's light curve. Such curves are helpful in discovering extrasolar planets due to the brightness of a star decreasing when a planet passes in front of it, as seen from Earth.[11] Periods of reduced brightness can thus provide evidence of planetary transits, but may also be caused by errors in recording, projection, or other phenomena.[12]

Special occurrence

Eclipsing binary stars

From time to time, the project will observe eclipsing binary stars. Essentially these are stars that orbit each other. Much as a planet can interrupt the brightness of a star, another star can too. There is a noticeable difference on the light curves. It will appear as a large transit (a large dip) and a smaller transit (a smaller dip).[13][14]

Multiplanet systems

As of December 2017, there are a total of 621 multiplanet systems, or stars that contains at least two confirmed planets.[15] In a multiplanet system plot, there are many different patterns of transit. Due to the different sizes of planets, the transits dip down to different points.[16]

Stellar flares

Stellar flares are observed when there is an explosion on the surface of a star. This will cause the star's brightness to shoot up considerably, with a steep drop off.[17]

Discoveries

So far, over 12 million observations have been analyzed. Out of those, 34 candidate planets had been found as of July 2012.[18] In October 2012 it was announced that two volunteers from the Planet Hunters initiative had discovered a novel Neptune-like planet which is part of a four star double binary system, orbiting one of the pairs of stars while the other pair of stars orbits at a distance of around 1000 AU. This is the first planet discovered to have a stable orbit in such a complex stellar environment. The system is located 7200 light years away,[19] and the new planet has been designated PH1b, short for Planet Hunters 1 b.[20][21]

Key
# circumbinary planet
Planet orbiting around one star in a multiple star system (S-class or Satellite-class planet)
Host star with a Planetary system (two or more planets)

Yellow indicates a circumbinary planet. Light green indicates planet orbiting around one star in a multiple star system. Light blue indicates host stars with a planetary system, consisting out of two or more planets. Values for the host stars are acquired via SIMBAD[22] and otherwise are cited. The apparent magnitude represents the V magnitude.

Planet Mass
(MJ)		 Radius
(RJ)		 Orbital
period
(d)		 Semimajor
axis
(AU)		 Orbital
ecc.		 Inclin.
(°)		 Star Constell.
 App.
mag.		 Distance
(ly)		 Spectral
type		 Year of confirmation Ref
PH1b#
(Kepler-64b)		<0.5310.55138.30.650.0790.1kepler-64Cygnus13.7187200F/M2012[21][23]
PH2b
(Kepler-86b)		<80.0 0.9282.52550.8280.12 - 0.4989.8kepler-86Cygnus12.699 1200~G42013[24][25][26]
PH3b
(Kepler-289b)		 0.002 - 0.04 0.19 34.545 0.2 89.6 Kepler-289 Cygnus 14.144 2300 2014 [27][28][25]
PH3c
(Kepler-289c)		0.4 1.03 125.85 0.5 89.8 Kepler-289Cygnus 14.144 2300 2014[27][29]
PH3d
(Kepler-289d)		 0.01 0.24 66.1 0.3 89.7 Kepler-289 Cygnus 14.144 2300 2014 [27][30]
WASP-47d 0.04 0.32 9.031 0.07 - 0.1 <0.014 89.3 WASP-47 Aquarius 11.9 870 G9V 2015 [31][32][33]
WASP-47e 0.02 0.16 0.7896 0.02 0.01 - 0.07 86.0 WASP-47 Aquarius 11.9 870 G9V 2015 [31][32][34]
Kepler-455b 0.6 1311.1 - 1708.4 90.0 Kepler-455 Cygnus 14.355 4100 2015 [35][36][25]
Kepler-456b 0.2 - 2.9 1167.6 - 13,721.9 89.8 Kepler-456 Lyra 12.819 2500 F5V 2015 [37][36][25]
Kepler-457b 0.2 - 0.6 31.81 89.3 Kepler-457 Lyra 14.331 3600 2015 [38][36][25]
Kepler-457c 0.1 - 0.4 74.1 - 114.1 89.7 Kepler-457 Lyra 14.331 3600 2015 [39][36]
Kepler-458b 0.4 572.38 89.8 Kepler-458 Cygnus 14.083 5500 F6IV 2015 [40][36][25]
Kepler-459b 0.5 854.08 89.9 Kepler-459 Lyra 15.487 5000 2015 [41][36][25]
Kepler-460b 0.6 440.78 89.9 Kepler-460 Lyra 13.827 4300 F6IV 2015 [42][36][19][25]
TOI-813b 0.60 83.89 0.42 89.6 TOI-813 Dorado 10.286 870 G0 IV 2020 [43][9]
TOI-1338b# 94 TOI-1338 Pictor 11.722 1300 2020(?) [44][45]

Variable stars and unusual systems

In September 2013 the project discovered the unusual cataclysmic variable KIC 9406652.[46] In April 2014 the unusually active SU Ursae Majoris-type dwarf nova GALEX J194419.33+491257.0 was discovered. This cataclysmic variable was discovered as a background dwarf nova of KIC 11412044.[47]

In January 2016 unusual dips in KIC 8462852 were announced. The unusual light curve of KIC 8462852 (also known as Boyajian's Star)[48] has engendered speculation that an alien civilization's Dyson sphere[49][50] is responsible.[51]

In June 2016 the project found 32 likely eclipsing binaries. The work also announced likely exoplanets.[52]

In February 2018 the first transiting exocomets were discovered. The dips were found by one of the authors, a Planet Hunters participant, in a visual search over 5 months of the complete Q1-Q17 Kepler light curve archive spanning 201250 target stars.[53][54]

gollark: So if you offer something, it'll give a warning if they can't accept it.
gollark: That could *partly* be fixed by an egglocked indicator on trades.
gollark: When you breed together sinomorphs, is the color random?
gollark: *d***i*****n****__o__*
gollark: *uupz*

See also

Zooniverse projects:

References
  1. "What is Planet Hunters". Planet Hunters website. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  2. Zooniverse, The (2018-12-06). "Planet Hunters TESS". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  3. http://news.yale.edu/2010/12/16/citizen-scientists-join-search-earth-planets
  4. "The Zooniverse". Zooniverse website. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  5. Meg (2010-12-16). "Planet Hunters Introduction". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  6. Meg (2014-09-18). "A Brand New Planet Hunters". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  7. debrafischer (2018-11-26). "Planet Hunters: a new beginning!". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  8. Miller, Daniel (2017-04-06). "Stargazing Live viewers find four-planet solar system". ABC News. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  9. Eisner, N. L.; Barragán, O.; Aigrain, S.; Lintott, C.; Miller, G.; Zicher, N.; Boyajian, T. S.; Briceño, C.; Bryant, E. M.; Christiansen, J. L.; Feinstein, A. D. (January 2020). "Planet Hunters TESS I: TOI 813, a subgiant hosting a transiting Saturn-sized planet on an 84-day orbit". MNRAS. 494 (1): 148. arXiv:1909.09094. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.494..750E. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa138. ISSN 0035-8711.
  10. "The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — TOI-813 b". exoplanet.eu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  11. Administrator, NASA Content (2015-04-16). "Light Curve of a Planet Transiting Its Star". NASA. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  12. "Planet Hunting Tutorial". Planet Hunters website. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  13. "Eclipsing Binary Stars". Planet Hunters website. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  14. "Eclipsing Binary Light Curves". imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  15. Schneider, Jean (16 December 2017). "Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog". The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
  16. "Multiplanet Systems". Planet Hunters website. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  17. "Stellar Flares". Planet Hunters website. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  18. "Planetometer". Planet Hunters website. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  19. Gaia Collaboration (2018-08-01). "Gaia Data Release 2 - Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616: A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. ISSN 0004-6361.
  20. "Planet with four suns discovered by volunteers". BBC. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
  21. Schwamb, Megan E.; Orosz, Jerome A.; Carter, Joshua A.; Welsh, William F.; Fischer, Debra A.; Torres, Guillermo; Howard, Andrew W.; Crepp, Justin R.; Keel, William C.; et al. (2012). "Planet Hunters: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet in a Quadruple Star System". The Astrophysical Journal. 1210 (2): 3612. arXiv:1210.3612. Bibcode:2013ApJ...768..127S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/2/127.
  22. "SIMBAD Astronomical Database - CDS (Strasbourg)". simbad.u-strasbg.fr. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  23. "PH1b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  24. Wang, Ji; Fischer, Debra A.; Barclay, Thomas; Boyajian, Tabetha S.; Crepp, Justin R.; Schwamb, Megan E.; Lintott, Chris; Jek, Kian J.; Smith, Arfon M.; Parrish, Michael; Schawinski, Kevin (October 2013). "Planet Hunters. V. A Confirmed Jupiter-size Planet in the Habitable Zone and 42 Planet Candidates from the Kepler Archive Data". Astrophysical Journal. 776 (1): 10. arXiv:1301.0644. Bibcode:2013ApJ...776...10W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/10. ISSN 0004-637X.
  25. Zacharias, N.; Finch, C.; Subasavage, J.; Bredthauer, G.; Crockett, C.; Divittorio, M.; Ferguson, E.; Harris, F.; Harris, H.; Henden, A.; Kilian, C. (October 2015). "The First U.S. Naval Observatory Robotic Astrometric Telescope Catalog". AJ. 150 (4): 101. arXiv:1508.04637. Bibcode:2015AJ....150..101Z. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/4/101. ISSN 0004-6256.
  26. "PH2b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  27. Schmitt, Joseph R.; Agol, Eric; Deck, Katherine M.; Rogers, Leslie A.; Gazak, J. Zachary; Fischer, Debra A.; Wang, Ji; Holman, Matthew J.; Jek, Kian J.; Margossian, Charles; Omohundro, Mark R. (November 2014). "Planet Hunters. VII. Discovery of a New Low-mass, Low-density Planet (PH3 C) Orbiting Kepler-289 with Mass Measurements of Two Additional Planets (PH3 B and D)". Astrophysical Journal. 795 (2): 167. arXiv:1410.8114. Bibcode:2014ApJ...795..167S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/795/2/167. hdl:1721.1/93116. ISSN 0004-637X.
  28. "Kepler-289 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  29. "Kepler-289 c". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  30. "Kepler-289 d". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  31. Zooniverse, The (2015-11-04). "Hot Friends of Hot Jupiters: The WASP-47 system". Planet Hunters. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  32. Becker, Juliette C.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Adams, Fred C.; Rappaport, Saul A.; Schwengeler, Hans Martin (October 2015). "WASP-47: A Hot Jupiter System with Two Additional Planets Discovered by K2". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 812 (2): L18. arXiv:1508.02411. Bibcode:2015ApJ...812L..18B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/812/2/L18. hdl:1721.1/100813. ISSN 0004-637X.
  33. "WASP-47 d". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  34. "WASP-47 e". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  35. "KIC 3558849 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  36. Wang, Ji; Fischer, Debra A.; Barclay, Thomas; Picard, Alyssa; Ma, Bo; Bowler, Brendan P.; Schmitt, Joseph R.; Boyajian, Tabetha S.; Jek, Kian J.; LaCourse, Daryll; Baranec, Christoph (December 2015). "Planet Hunters. VIII. Characterization of 41 Long-period Exoplanet Candidates from Kepler Archival Data". Astrophysical Journal. 815 (2): 127. arXiv:1512.02559. Bibcode:2015ApJ...815..127W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/127. ISSN 0004-637X.
  37. "KIC 5951458 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  38. "KIC 8540376 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  39. "KIC 8540376 c". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  40. "KIC 9663113 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  41. "KIC 10525077 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  42. "KIC 5437945 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  43. "TOI-813 b". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  44. "Discovery Alert! High School Student Finds a World With Two Suns". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  45. "ExoFOP TIC 260128333". exofop.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  46. Gies, Douglas R.; Guo, Zhao; Howell, Steve B.; Still, Martin D.; Boyajian, Tabetha S.; Hoekstra, Abe J.; Jek, Kian J.; LaCourse, Daryll; Winarski, Troy (September 2013). "KIC 9406652: An Unusual Cataclysmic Variable in the Kepler Field of View". Astrophysical Journal. 775 (1): 64. arXiv:1308.0369. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775...64G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/64. ISSN 0004-637X.
  47. Kato, Taichi; Osaki, Yoji (April 2014). "GALEX J194419.33+491257.0: An unusually active SU UMa-type dwarf nova with a very short orbital period in the Kepler data". PASJ. 66 (2): L5. arXiv:1403.0308. Bibcode:2014PASJ...66L...5K. doi:10.1093/pasj/psu025. ISSN 0004-6264.
  48. Boyajian, T. S.; et al. (27 January 2016). "Planet Hunters X: KIC 8462852 – Where's the flux?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 457 (4): 3988–4004. arXiv:1509.03622. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.457.3988B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw218.
  49. Bodenner, Chris (16 October 2015). "Maybe It's a Dyson Sphere". Notes. The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  50. Bodenner, Chris (17 October 2015). "Maybe It's a Dyson Sphere, Cont'd". Notes. The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  51. Andersen, Ross (13 October 2015). "The Most Mysterious Star in Our Galaxy". The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  52. Schmitt, Joseph R.; Tokovinin, Andrei; Wang, Ji; Fischer, Debra A.; Kristiansen, Martti H.; LaCourse, Daryll M.; Gagliano, Robert; Tan, Arvin Joseff V.; Schwengeler, Hans Martin; Omohundro, Mark R.; Venner, Alexander (June 2016). "Planet Hunters. X. Searching for Nearby Neighbors of 75 Planet and Eclipsing Binary Candidates from the K2 Kepler extended mission". AJ. 151 (6): 159. arXiv:1603.06945. Bibcode:2016AJ....151..159S. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/159. ISSN 0004-6256.
  53. EDT, Meghan Bartels On 10/30/17 at 2:24 PM (2017-10-30). "Astronomers have detected comets outside our solar system for the first time ever". Newsweek. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  54. Rappaport, S.; Vanderburg, A.; Jacobs, T.; LaCourse, D.; Jenkins, J.; Kraus, A.; Rizzuto, A.; Latham, D. W.; Bieryla, A.; Lazarevic, M.; Schmitt, A. (February 2018). "Likely transiting exocomets detected by Kepler". MNRAS. 474 (2): 1453–1468. arXiv:1708.06069. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.474.1453R. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2735. ISSN 0035-8711. PMC 5943639. PMID 29755143.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.