Heraklion

Heraklion or Iraklion (/hɪˈrækliən/; Greek: Ηράκλειο, Irákleio, pronounced [iˈraklio])[3] is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete and capital of Heraklion regional unit. It is the fourth largest city in Greece with a population of 211,370 (Urban Area)[4] according to the 2011 census. The population of the municipality was 173,993.[5]

For other uses, see Heraklion (disambiguation).
Heraklion

Ηράκλειο
The Venetian fortress of Koules/Castello a Mare (1523–1540) in the inner harbor of Heraklion.
Flag
Seal
Heraklion
Location within the region
Coordinates: 35°20′N 25°8′E
CountryGreece
Administrative regionCrete
Regional unitHeraklion
Government
 • MayorVasilis Lambrinos
Area
 • Municipality244.6 km2 (94.4 sq mi)
 • Municipal unit109.0 km2 (42.1 sq mi)
Highest elevation
33 m (108 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Urban
211,370 [2]
 • Municipality
173,993
 • Municipality density710/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit
151,324
 • Municipal unit density1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Heraklian, Heraclian
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
70x xx, 71x xx, 720 xx
Area code(s)281
Vehicle registrationHK, HP, HZ
Websitewww.heraklion-city.gr

The Bronze Age palace of Knossos, also known as the Palace of Minos, is located nearby.

Heraklion was Europe's fastest growing tourism destination for 2017, according to Euromonitor, with an 11.2% growth in international arrivals.[6] According to the ranking, Heraklion was ranked as the 20th most visited region in Europe, as the 66th area on the Planet and as the 2nd in Greece for the year 2017, with 3.2 million visitors[7] and the 19th in Europe for 2018, with 3.4 million visitors.[8]

Names

The Arab traders from al-Andalus (Iberia) who founded the Emirate of Crete moved the island's capital from Gortyna to a new castle they called rabḍ al-ḫandaq (Arabic: ربض الخندق‎, "Castle of the Moat") in the 820s.[9] This was hellenized as Χάνδαξ (Chándax) or Χάνδακας (Chándakas) and Latinized as Candia, which was taken into other European languages: in Italian and Latin as Candia, in French as Candie, in English as Candy, all of which could refer to the island of Crete as a whole as well as to the city alone; the Ottoman name was Kandiye.

After the Byzantine reconquest of Crete, the city was locally known as Megalo Kastro (Μεγάλο Κάστρο, 'Big Castle' in Greek) and its inhabitants were called Kastrinoi (Καστρινοί, "castle-dwellers").

The ancient name Ηράκλειον was revived in the 19th century[10] and comes from the nearby Roman port of Heracleum ("Heracles's city"), whose exact location is unknown. English usage formerly preferred the classicizing transliterations "Heraklion" or "Heraclion", but the form "Iraklion" is becoming more common.

History
Knossos is located within the Municipality of Heraklion and has been called as Europe's oldest city[11]

Minoan Era

Heraklion is close to the ruins of the palace of Knossos, which in Minoan times was the largest centre of population on Crete. Knossos had a port at the site of Heraklion (at Poros - Katsambas[12] neighborhood) from the beginning of Early Minoan period (3500 to 2100 BC). Between 1600 and 1525[13] BC, the port was destroyed by a volcanic tsunami from nearby Santorini, leveling the region and covering it with ash.

The snake goddess (c.1600 BC) in Heraklion Archaeological Museum

Antiquity
Main article: Heracleium

After the fall of the Minoans, Heraklion, as well as the rest of Crete in general, fared poorly, with very little development in the area. Only with the arrival of the Romans did some construction in the area begin, yet especially early into Byzantine times the area was abound with pirates and bandits.[14]

Emirate of Crete

The present city of Heraklion was founded in 824 by the Arabs under Abu Hafs Umar who had been expelled from Al-Andalus by Emir Al-Hakam I and had taken over the island from the Eastern Roman Empire. They built a moat around the city for protection, and named the city rabḍ al-ḫandaq (ربض الخندق, "Castle of the Moat", hellenized as Χάνδαξ, Chandax). It became the capital of the Emirate of Crete (ca. 827–961). The Saracens allowed the port to be used as a safe haven for pirates who operated against Imperial (Byzantine) shipping and raided Imperial territory around the Aegean.

Byzantine era
Further information: Byzantine Crete

In 960, Byzantine forces under the command of Nikephoros Phokas, later to become Emperor, landed in Crete and attacked the city. After a prolonged siege, the city fell in March 961. The Saracen inhabitants were slaughtered, the city looted and burned to the ground. Soon rebuilt, the town remained under Byzantine control for the next 243 years.

Venetian era
The Venetian loggia (1626–28).
The Basilica of St Titus, the Patron Saint of Crete during the medieval times.
Further information: Kingdom of Candia
Further information: Siege of Candia

In 1204, the city was bought by the Republic of Venice as part of a complicated political deal which involved, among other things, the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade restoring the deposed Eastern Roman Emperor Isaac II Angelus to his throne. The Venetians improved on the ditch of the city by building enormous fortifications, most of which are still in place, including a giant wall, in places up to 40 m thick, with 7 bastions, and a fortress in the harbour. Chandax was renamed Candia and became the seat of the Duke of Candia, and the Venetian administrative district of Crete became known as "Regno di Candia" (Kingdom of Candia). The city retained the name of Candia for centuries and the same name was often used to refer to the whole island of Crete as well. To secure their rule, Venetians began in 1212 to settle families from Venice on Crete. The coexistence of two different cultures and the stimulus of Italian Renaissance led to a flourishing of letters and the arts in Candia and Crete in general, that is today known as the Cretan Renaissance.

Ottoman era
Further information: Cretan War (1645–1669)

During the Cretan War (1645–1669), the Ottomans besieged the city for 21 years, from 1648 to 1669, perhaps the longest siege in history. In its final phase, which lasted for 22 months, 70,000 Turks, 38,000 Cretans and slaves and 29,088 of the city's Christian defenders perished.[15] The Ottoman army under an Albanian grand vizier, Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha conquered the city in 1669.

Under the Ottomans, Kandiye (Ottoman Turkish قنديه) was the capital of Crete (Girit Eyâleti) until 1849, when Chania (Hanya) became the capital, and Kandiye became a sancak.[16] In Greek, it was commonly called Megalo Castro (Μεγάλο Κάστρο 'Big Castle').

During the Ottoman period, the harbour silted up, so most shipping shifted to Chania in the west of the island.

The Morosini fountain in Lions Square.

Modern era

In 1898, the autonomous Cretan State was created, under Ottoman suzerainty, with Prince George of Greece as its High Commissioner and under international supervision. During the period of direct occupation of the island by the Great Powers (1898–1908), Candia was part of the British zone. At this time, the city was renamed "Heraklion", after the Roman port of Heracleum ("Heracles' city"), whose exact location is unknown.

In 1913, with the rest of Crete, Heraklion was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece. Heraklion became again capital of Crete in 1971, replacing Chania.[17]

Architecture, urban sculpture and fortifications
The Saint Mark's basilica in Lions Square
Further information: Fortifications of Heraklion

Venetian constructions such as the Koules Fortress (Castello a Mare), the ramparts and the arsenal dominate the port area.

Several sculptures, statues and busts commemorating significant events and figures of the city's and island's history, like El Greco, Vitsentzos Kornaros, Nikos Kazantzakis and Eleftherios Venizelos can be found around the city.

Many fountains of the Venetian era are preserved, such as the Bembo fountain, the Priuli fountain, Palmeti fountain, Sagredo fountain and Morosini fountain (in Lions Square).

Around the historic city center of Heraklion there are also a series of defensive walls, bastions and other fortifications which were built earlier in the Middle Ages, but were completely rebuilt by the Republic of Venice. The fortifications managed to withstand the longest siege in history for 21 years, before the city fell to the Ottomans in 1669.

Municipality
The Saint Peter of Dominicans, one of the oldest monuments of architecture of the Cistercian monks in the 12th century.

The municipality Heraklion was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[18]

The municipality has an area of 244.613 km2, the municipal unit 109.026 km2.[19]

Neighborhoods
Agios Minas Cathedral in honour of Saint Menas, patron saint of the city.
Historical Museum of Crete
• Agia Ekaterini • Dimokratias • Marathitis
• Agia Erini Chrisovalantou • Estavromenos • Mastabas
• Agia Marina • Filothei • Mesabelies
• Agia Triada • Fortetsa • Mpentevi
• Agios Dimitrios • Ilioupoli • Nea Alatsata
• Agios Ioannis Chostos • Kamaraki • Pananio
• Agios Minas • Kaminia • Papatitou Metochi
• Agios Titos • Katsampas • Pateles
• Akadimia • Kenouria Porta • Poros
• Ampelokipoi • Kipoupoli • Therissos
• Analipsi • Komeno Mpenteni • Tris Vagies
• Atsalenio • Korakovouni • Xiropotamos
• Chanioporta • Koroni Magara
• Chrisopigi • Knossos
• Dilina • Lido

Suburbs
A panoramic view of Amnissos
• Agia Erini • Finikia • Ksirokabos
• Agia Marina • Gazi urban area • Malades
• Agioi Theodoroi • Giofyrakia • Nea Alikarnassos urban area
• Agios Syllas • Gournes Temenous • Sillamos
• Ammoudara • Kallithea • Skafidaras
• Amnisos • Karteros • Skalani
• Ano Kalesia • Kato Kalesia • Vasilies
• Athanati • Kavrochori • Voutes
• Dafnes • Kollyvas

Transportation

Port

Heraklion is an important shipping port and ferry dock. Travellers can take ferries and boats from Heraklion to destinations including Santorini, Ios Island, Paros, Mykonos, and Rhodes. There are direct ferries to Naxos, Karpathos, Kasos, Sitia, Anafi, Chalki and Diafani.[20] There are also several daily ferries to Piraeus, the port of Athens in mainland Greece. The port of Heraklion was built by Sir Robert McAlpine and completed in 1928.[21]

Panoramic view of the old harbour

Airport

Heraklion International Airport, or Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is located about 5 kilometres (3 miles) east of the city. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a writer and a philosopher. It is the second busiest airport of Greece after Athens International Airport, first in charter flights and the 65th busiest in Europe, because of Crete being a major holiday destination with 7.974.887 travellers in 2018 (List of the busiest airports in Europe).

In April 2018, the inner space of the airport has been modernized and expanded by almost 3.000 s.m., with 11 new gates and new stores. The expansion was a donation by Hellenic Duty Free Shops.

The airfield is shared with the 126th Combat Group of the Hellenic Air Force. A project for the new airport of Heraklion in Kasteli area is starting at the end of 2017.

Highway network

European route E75 runs through the city and connects Heraklion with the three other major cities of Crete: Agios Nikolaos, Chania, and Rethymno.

Public transit
Urban bus in Heraklion

Urban buses serving the city, with 39 different routes.[22] Intercity buses connects Heraklion to many major destinations in Crete.[23]

Railway

From 1922 to 1937, there was a working industrial railway, which connected the Koules in Heraklion to Xiropotamos for the construction of the harbor.

A study from the year 2000 investigated the feasibility of two tram lines in Heraklion. The first line would link the Stadium to the airport, and the second the center of Heraklion and Knossos. No approval has yet been given for this proposal.

In the summer of 2007, at the Congress of Cretan emigrants, held in Heraklion, two qualified engineers, George Nathenas (from Gonies, Malevizi Province) and Vassilis Economopoulos, recommended the development of a railway line in Crete, linking Chania, Rethymno and Heraklion, with a total journey time of 50 minutes (30 minutes between Heraklion and Rethymno, 20 minutes from Chania to Rethymno) and with provision for extensions to Kissamos, Kastelli Pediados (for the planned new airport), and Agios Nikolaos. No plans exist for implementing this idea.

Climate

Heraklion has a hot-summer-Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). Summers are warm to hot and dry with clear skies. Dry hot days are often relieved by seasonal breezes. Winters are very mild with moderate rain. Because Heraklion is further south than Athens, it has a warmer climate during winter but cooler during summer because of the Aegean sea. The maximum temperature during the summer period is usually not more than 28 - 30 °C (Athens normal maximum temperature is about 6 °C higher). The minimum temperature record is -0.2 °C
A new temperature record for February was set at 27.8 °C, reached on 15 February 2016.[24]

Climate data for Heraklion 1981-2010 (HNMS)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.9
(85.8)		 29.2
(84.6)		 34.0
(93.2)		 37.5
(99.5)		 38.0
(100.4)		 41.3
(106.3)		 43.6
(110.5)		 44.5
(112.1)		 39.5
(103.1)		 37.0
(98.6)		 32.5
(90.5)		 28.5
(83.3)		 44.5
(112.1)
Average high °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5)		 15.5
(59.9)		 16.7
(62.1)		 20.0
(68.0)		 23.5
(74.3)		 27.3
(81.1)		 28.7
(83.7)		 28.5
(83.3)		 26.4
(79.5)		 23.4
(74.1)		 20.0
(68.0)		 17.0
(62.6)		 21.9
(71.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8)		 12.2
(54.0)		 13.5
(56.3)		 16.5
(61.7)		 20.3
(68.5)		 24.4
(75.9)		 26.1
(79.0)		 26.0
(78.8)		 23.5
(74.3)		 20.0
(68.0)		 16.6
(61.9)		 13.7
(56.7)		 18.7
(65.7)
Average low °C (°F) 9.0
(48.2)		 8.9
(48.0)		 9.7
(49.5)		 11.8
(53.2)		 15.0
(59.0)		 19.1
(66.4)		 21.6
(70.9)		 21.8
(71.2)		 19.3
(66.7)		 16.5
(61.7)		 13.4
(56.1)		 10.8
(51.4)		 14.7
(58.5)
Record low °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 0.3
(32.5)		 4.2
(39.6)		 6.0
(42.8)		 12.2
(54.0)		 14.5
(58.1)		 16.6
(61.9)		 12.0
(53.6)		 8.7
(47.7)		 4.2
(39.6)		 2.4
(36.3)		 −0.8
(30.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 90.1
(3.55)		 67.6
(2.66)		 58.2
(2.29)		 28.5
(1.12)		 14.2
(0.56)		 3.5
(0.14)		 1.0
(0.04)		 0.6
(0.02)		 17.7
(0.70)		 64.9
(2.56)		 59.0
(2.32)		 77.9
(3.07)		 483.2
(19.03)
Average rainy days 16.0 13.6 12.0 7.7 4.4 1.3 0.3 0.4 2.4 7.8 10.6 15.1 91.6
Average relative humidity (%) 68.0 66.1 66.0 61.7 60.8 56.3 56.6 58.3 61.2 65.5 67.7 67.7 63.0
Source 1: HNMS [25]
Source 2: meteo-climat (extremes)[26]
Climate data for Heraklion
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4)		 15.5
(59.9)		 16.8
(62.2)		 20.2
(68.4)		 23.5
(74.3)		 27.3
(81.1)		 28.6
(83.5)		 28.4
(83.1)		 26.4
(79.5)		 23.1
(73.6)		 20.1
(68.2)		 17.0
(62.6)		 21.8
(71.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7)		 12.8
(55.0)		 13.8
(56.8)		 16.6
(61.9)		 20.2
(68.4)		 23.7
(74.7)		 25.7
(78.3)		 25.6
(78.1)		 23.4
(74.1)		 20.3
(68.5)		 17.4
(63.3)		 14.5
(58.1)		 18.9
(66.0)
Average low °C (°F) 10.0
(50.0)		 10.0
(50.0)		 10.8
(51.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 15.9
(60.6)		 20.0
(68.0)		 22.7
(72.9)		 22.7
(72.9)		 20.3
(68.5)		 17.5
(63.5)		 14.7
(58.5)		 12.0
(53.6)		 15.8
(60.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 91.5
(3.60)		 77.4
(3.05)		 57.4
(2.26)		 30.0
(1.18)		 15.2
(0.60)		 3.2
(0.13)		 1.0
(0.04)		 0.7
(0.03)		 19.5
(0.77)		 68.8
(2.71)		 58.8
(2.31)		 77.1
(3.04)		 500.6
(19.72)
Average precipitation days 10.1 9.1 6.9 3.4 1.9 0.5 0.1 0.1 1.3 4.9 6.0 8.9 53.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 117.8 124.7 176.7 228.0 300.7 351.0 372.0 347.2 282.0 198.4 150.0 120.9 2,769.4
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.8 4.5 5.7 7.6 9.7 11.7 12.0 11.2 9.4 6.4 5.0 3.9 7.6
Percent possible sunshine 38 41 48 58 69 78 86 86 78 58 50 39 61
Source: Weather Atlas [27]
Climate data for Heraklion
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8)		 16.4
(61.5)		 16.5
(61.7)		 17.1
(62.8)		 19.5
(67.1)		 23.0
(73.4)		 25.4
(77.7)		 26.1
(79.0)		 25.4
(77.7)		 23.3
(73.9)		 20.6
(69.1)		 18.4
(65.1)		 20.7
(69.3)
Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 12.1
Average Ultraviolet index 3 4 5 7 9 10 11 10 8 5 3 2 6.4
Source: Weather Atlas [27]

Colleges, universities, libraries, and research centers

Culture
Natural History Museum of Crete
Cultural and Conference Center
Pankritio Stadium
Heraklion Indoor Sports Arena

Museums

Arts

The Cultural and Conference Center of Heraklion is a centre for the performing arts.

Sports

The city is home to several sports clubs. Most notably, Heraklion hosts OFI and Ergotelis, two football clubs with earlier presence in the Greek Superleague, the top tier of the Greek football league system. Furthermore, the city is the headquarters of the Heraklion Football Clubs Association, which administers football in the entire region. Other notable sport clubs include Iraklio B.C. (basketball), Atsalenios (football) and Irodotos (football) in the suburbs of Atsalenio and Nea Alikarnassos respectively.

Notable Sport clubs based in Heraklion
Club Founded Sports Current Season
OFI1925Football, BasketballSuperleague, Greek C Basket League
Ergotelis1929Football, BasketballFootball League, Cretan Basket League
Iraklio1928BasketballCretan Basket League
Irodotos1932Football, BasketballFootball League, Cretan Basket League
Atsalenios1951FootballGamma Ethniki

Famous natives
Nicholas Kalliakis was a significant Renaissance humanist, scholar and philosopher from Heraklion.[28]
El Greco (Dominikos Theotokopoulos)
Cyril Lucaris
Epitaph on Nikos Kazantzakis' grave. I hope for nothing, I fear nothing, I'm free.

Heraklion has been the home town of some of Greece's most significant people, including the novelist Nikos Kazantzakis (best known for Zorba the Greek), the poet and Nobel Prize winner Odysseas Elytis and the world-famous painter Domenicos Theotokopoulos (El Greco).

Literature

Scientists and scholars

Painting and sculpture

Film industry

Music
Francesco Barozzi

Sports

Business
  • Constantine Corniaktos (1517–1603) wine merchant and wealthiest man in the Eastern European city of Lviv[32]
  • Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki (1955-) business woman, lawyer and politician

Politics

Law
  • Romilos Kedikoglou (1940-) President of the Court of Cassation of Greece

Clergy
  • Maximos Margunios (1549–1602), bishop of Cyrigo (Kythira)
  • Kyrillos Loukaris (1572–1637) theologian, Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria as Cyril III and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as Cyril I
  • Meletius Pegas, Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria
  • Theodore II (1954-) Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa
  • Peter Phillarges (ca. 1339–1410) (also Pietro Di Candia, later Pope Alexander V)
  • Makarios Griniezakis (1973-) Greek Orthodox Archbishop of the Holy Archdiocese of Australia
Marcus Musurus

Fashion

Local TV stations

Local transport services

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece
Prefecture of Crete

Consulates

Twin towns and sister cities

Heraklion is twinned with:

Location
    Fira    
 Chania – Rethymno  Agios Nikolaos    
 Tympaki – Moires  Archanes   Ierapetra 
  • View of the port from the fortress
  • View of the port
  • The harbour
  • Α part of the Venetian harbour (used as shipyards)
  • The Phaistos Disk (2nd millennium BC) in Heraklion Archaeological Museum
  • Depiction of Candia, 1487
  • Idomeneas fountain
  • Jesus Gate, part of the Fortifications of Heraklion
  • Chanioporta and Pantokratoras Gate
  • Bembo fountain
  • Saint Catherine Church
  • Depiction of the Siege of Candia
  • St. Matthew of the Sinaites Byzantine church
  • Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium, home ground of OFI FC
  • Interior of the Fortress
  • A monk shows the Saracens where to build Chandax
  • Map of Heraklion and its fortifications in 1651
  • Minoan fresco depicting a bull leaping scene, found in Knossos, 1600-1400 BC, Heraklion Archaeological Museum
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See also

References
  1. "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
  2. https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en
  3. Pronunciation for Ηράκλειο
  4. https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en
  5. "2011 Population-Housing Census". www.statistics.gr. Retrieved 2019-02-24.
  6. "Top 100 City Destination Ranking 2017". Market Research Blog. 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  7. "Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: WTM London 2017 Edition". Market Research Blog. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  8. Geerts, Wouter (2018). "Top 100 City Destinations 2018" (PDF). Euromonitor International.
  9. Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.v. Iķrīṭish
  10. it was in use by the local people by 1867, see Samuel Gridley Howe, The Cretan refugees and their American helpers, 1867
  11. Whitelaw, Todd; Morgan, Catherine (November 2009). "Crete". Archaeological Reports. 55: 79. doi:10.1017/s0570608400001307. ISSN 0570-6084.
  12. Wilson, David; Day, Peter. ""The Earlier Prepalatial Settlement of Poros-Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of Knossos", N. Dimopoulou, D.E. Wilson and P.M. Day, in P.M. Day and R. Doonan (eds.), Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology, 7, 2007), pp. 84-97". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. Nature 18/8/2018
  14. "History of Heraklion in Crete island - Greeka.com". Greeka. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  15. The War for Candia
  16. Tahir Sezen, Osmanlı Yer Adları, Ankara 2017, T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü Yayın No: 26 s.v., p. 410
  17. "Heraklion". visit-ancient-greece.com. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  18. Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (in Greek)
  19. "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
  20. https://www.directferries.co.uk/heraklion_ferry.htm
  21. "Sir Robert McAlpine". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  22. Iraklio urban buses
  24. http://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=16754&lang=en&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2016&mes=02&day=16&hora=11
  25. "Climatic Data for selected stations in Greece: Heraklion (Crete)". Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  26. . meteo-climat http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-530-Heraklion.php. Retrieved December 2, 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  27. "Heraklion, Greece - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  28. Lathrop C. Harper (1886). Catalogue / Harper (Lathrop C.) inc., New York, Issue 232. Lathrop C. Harper, Inc. p. 36. OCLC 11558801. Calliachius (1645–1707) was born on Crete and went to Italy at an early age, where he soon became one of the outstanding teachers of Greek and Latin.
  29. Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John; Wright, Thomas (1857). A new general biographical dictionary, Volume 5. T. Fellowes. p. 425. OCLC 309809847. CALLIACHI, (Nicholas,) a native of Candia, where he was born in 1645. He studied at Rome for ten years, at the end of which time he was made doctor of philosophy and theology. In 1666 he was invited to Venice, to take the chair of professor of the Greek and Latin languages, and of the Aristotelic philosophy; and in 1677 he was appointed professor of belles-lettres at Padua, where he died in 1707. His works on antiquities are valuable, and have been published by the marquis Poloni in the third volume of his Supplement to the Thesaurus Antiquitatum.
  30. Convegno internazionale nuove idee e nuova arte nell '700 italiano, Roma, 19–23 maggio 1975. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 1977. p. 429. OCLC 4666566. Nicolò Duodo riuniva alcuni pensatori ai quali Andrea Musalo, oriundo greco, professore di matematica e dilettante di architettura chiariva le nuove idée nella storia dell’arte.
  31. Carlo Capra; Franco Della Peruta; Fernando Mazzocca (2002). Napoleone e la repubblica italiana: 1802–1805. Skira. p. 200. ISBN 978-88-8491-415-6. Simone Stratico, nato a Zara nel 1733 da famiglia originaria di Creta (abbandonata a seguito della conquista turca del 1669)
  32. I︠A︡roslav Dmytrovych Isai︠e︡vych (2006). Voluntary brotherhood: confraternities of laymen in early modern Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. p. 47. ISBN 1-894865-03-0. …the Greek merchants Constantine Korniakt and Manolis Arphanes Marinetos are added. This second redaction appeared no earlier than 1589, as wealthy Greeks began to join the confraternity at a later date, once it had expanded its activities. Korniakt was actually the wealthiest man in Lviv: he traded in Eastern, Western, and local goods, collected customs duty on behalf of the king, and owned a number of villages.
  33. "Limassol Twinned Cities". Limassol (Lemesos) Municipality. Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
  34. "Twinnings" (PDF). Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
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