John Cunningham (Royal Navy officer)

Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Henry Dacres Cunningham GCB, MVO, DL (13 April 1885 – 13 December 1962) was a Royal Navy officer. A qualified senior navigator, he became Director of Plans at the Admiralty in 1930. He saw action as Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet during the Second World War with responsibility for the allied landings at Anzio and in the south of France. He served as First Sea Lord in the late 1940s: his focus was on implementing the Government's policy of scrapping many serviceable ships.

Not to be confused with Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope.

Sir John Cunningham
Portrait of Sir John Cunningham by William Timym
Born(1885-04-13)13 April 1885
Demerara, British Guiana
Died13 December 1962(1962-12-13) (aged 77)
London, United Kingdom
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service/branchRoyal Navy
Years of service1900–1948
RankAdmiral of the fleet
Commands heldFirst Sea Lord
Mediterranean Fleet
Levant Fleet
1st Cruiser Squadron
HMS Resolution
HMS Adventure
Battles/warsFirst World War
Second World War
AwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Member of the Royal Victorian Order
Mentioned in Despatches
Legion of Merit (United States)
Order of St Olav (Norway)
Legion d'honneur (France)
Croix de Guerre (France)
Order of George I (Greece)
War Cross (Greece)

Early life

Born the son of Henry Hutt Cunningham QC and Elizabeth Mary Cunningham (née Park), Cunningham was educated at Stubbington House School.[1][2] He joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in the training ship HMS Britannia in January 1900 and was posted as a midshipman to the cruiser HMS Gibraltar on the Cape of Good Hope Station in June 1901.[3]

Cunningham was promoted to sub lieutenant on 30 July 1904;[4] he returned home to take the qualifying examinations for promotion, achieved a first-class top certificate in all five subjects and was therefore promoted to lieutenant on 30 October 1905.[5] He qualified as a navigator at the Royal Navy Navigation School and he was appointed as assistant navigator for the battleship HMS Illustrious in May 1906.[3] He graduated to the role of senior navigator of the gunboat HMS Hebe in September 1906, of the cruiser HMS Indefatigable in the West Indies Station in January 1908 and then of the minelayer HMS Iphigenia in the Home Fleet in April 1909.[3] He undertook an instructor's course and became an instructor at the Royal Navy Navigation School in 1910.[3] He became navigator on the cruiser HMS Berwick on the West Indies Station in May 1911 and was promoted to lieutenant commander on 30 October 1913.[3]

First World War

Cunningham served in the First World War initially in HMS Berwick before he was transferred to the battleship HMS Russell in the Mediterranean in July 1915.[3] Notably he survived her sinking by a mine, in Maltese waters in April 1916.[1] After a brief rest, Cunningham was appointed as senior navigator in the battlecruiser HMS Renown in the Grand Fleet.[3] While serving in the Mediterranean he was promoted to commander, on 30 June 1917.[3] He became navigator of HMS Lion in the Grand Fleet in July 1918.[3]

The Interwar years

After the war Cunningham served again as an instructor but was appointed as navigator in the newly commissioned battlecruiser HMS Hood in December 1919.[3] During his time on the Hood, he became the squadron navigator for the entire battle-cruiser squadron, commanded at the time by Sir Roger Keyes.[3]

He returned ashore in April 1921 to serve as commander of the navigation school and followed this in August 1923 by appointment as master of the fleet in HMS Queen Elizabeth, the flagship of Admiral Sir John de Robeck.[6] He was promoted captain on 30 June 1924[7] and, having been appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order on 26 July 1924,[8] he joined the staff of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in February 1925.[6] He again returned to sea in January 1928 as commanding officer of the minelayer HMS Adventure.[6] He then became deputy Director of Plans at the Admiralty in December 1929.[6]

Cunningham was posted to the Admiralty as Director of Plans in December 1930.[6] He took command of the battleship HMS Resolution as flag captain to Admiral Sir William Fisher, the commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet in September 1933.[6] After being appointed Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King on 1 September 1935,[9] he was promoted to rear admiral on 1 January 1936.[10] He became Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff in October 1936 and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1937 Coronation Honours.[11] His responsibilities increased significantly when the Fleet Air Arm transferred from the Air Ministry to the Admiralty and he was re-designated Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Air) in August 1937.[6] Duff Cooper, then First Lord of the Admiralty, removed him from his position as he felt he was not making a success of his running of the Fleet Air Arm, and, as he recorded after the war, “had not a very high opinion of his qualities”.[12] He was given command of the 1st Cruiser Squadron in the Mediterranean Fleet flying his flag in HMS Devonshire from 19 August 1938 and promoted to vice admiral on 30 June 1939.[6]

Second World War

Cunningham's cruiser squadron was asked to reinforce the Home Fleet under Admiral Sir Charles Forbes and assigned to the Norwegian campaign.[6] He took part in the evacuation of allied troops from Namsos in May 1940 and the following month embarked King Haakon VII and his government ministers aboard the Devonshire under orders to take them to the United Kingdom.[6] Shortly after their departure from Tromsø on this voyage, the aircraft carrier HMS Glorious and her two screening destroyers HMS Acasta and HMS Ardent were attacked and sunk on 8 June by the battlecruisers Scharnhorst and the Gneisenau. The 39 sailors who survived this debacle, and then two days on life rafts on the cold ocean, were rescued by Norwegian ships on their way to the Faeroe Islands.[13] An analysis of this battle, supported by eyewitness statements from the Devonshire, concluded that the Glorious transmitted a radio signal about the sighting of the German warships, but it was received only by the Devonshire. Cunningham took steps to suppress the news about the signal, and he and his fleet continued on their way.[14] According to a Norwegian report, there were 461 passengers on board the Devonshire, and Cunningham showed the message to King Haakon who asked what his orders were: Cunningham replied, "to bring you safely to England". The King later remarked, "I realised this was not to Admiral Cunningham's liking".[15] Cunningham was "mentioned in dispatches" on 11 July 1940.[16]

Cunningham (centre) with Rear Admiral Gerard Mansfield (left) and King George VI (right)

Cunningham was appointed joint commander of Operation Menace, an unsuccessful attempt in September 1940 to take Dakar in Senegal (formerly French West Africa) as a potential base for the Free French forces there.[6] Cunningham became the Fourth Sea Lord and Chief of Supplies and Transport early in 1941, and he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1941 Birthday Honours.[17] Cunningham went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Levant in June 1943, and after having been promoted to full Admiral on 4 August 1943,[18] he became the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet in December 1943.[6] He was in command for the Allied landing at Anzio, Italy, in 1944, and for the large landing of Operation Dragoon on the southern coast of France, in September 1944.[6]

Cunningham was appointed as a Chief Commander of the American Legion of Merit on 17 July 1945.[19] He was appointed a Grand Officier of the French Legion of Honneur and also awarded the French Croix de Guerre avec Palmes in 1945.[20] He was also appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Greek Order of George I on 22 May 1945 and then awarded the Greek War Cross 1st Class on 19 March 1946.[21] Additionally he was appointed Commander of the Norwegian Order of St. Olav on 13 October 1942 and appointed a Knight Grand Cross of that Order on 22 July 1947.[22]

First Sea Lord and last years

Cunningham was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1946 New Year Honours,[23] and he succeeded Andrew Cunningham as the First Sea Lord in May 1946.[6] As the First Sea Lord his focus was on implementing the Government's policy of scrapping numerous serviceable ships.[6] He was made a Freeman of the City of London in 1946, and he was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 21 January 1948[24] before retiring in September 1948.[25] After leaving the Royal Navy, Cunningham became the chairman of the Iraq Petroleum Company[25] and the Deputy Lieutenant of Bedfordshire.[26]

Admiral Cunningham attended the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in June 1953.[27] He retired from the Iraq Petroleum Company in 1958 and as the Deputy Lieutenant of Bedfordshire in 1959.[28] Cunningham died in the Middlesex Hospital on 13 December 1962.[25]

Family

On 8 March 1910 Cunningham married his first cousin, Dorothy May.[3] He had spent some of his early years in Ulverston with Dorothy, after his parents had both died at sea. They had two sons, John and Richard; John became a fire brigade chief and Richard a Royal Navy lieutenant in the Submarine Service. Richard was killed during World War II, in action on board HMS P33 in August 1941.[1]

gollark: Secondly, what dictionary site you got it off is entirely orthogonal to this.
gollark: Firstly, dictionaries and such merely capture common language use rather than prescribing it.
gollark: And?
gollark: The noncentral fallacy thing is where you fiddle with definitions and such to say that X is technically an A, and then get to bring along all the various connotations of A subtly.
gollark: I feel like a lot of the time someone brings up the "exact definition" of a word they mostly just mean to invoke the unlimited power of noncentral fallacy.

References
  1. "Cunningham, Sir John Henry Dacres". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  2. "CUNNINGHAM, Adm. of the Fleet Sir John Henry Dacres". Who Was Who. A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press. December 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2012.(subscription required)
  3. Heathcote, p. 62
  4. "No. 27847". The London Gazette. 24 October 1905. p. 7099.
  5. "No. 27913". The London Gazette. 15 May 1906. p. 3360.
  6. Heathcote, p. 63
  7. "No. 32952". The London Gazette. 1 July 1924. p. 5083.
  8. "No. 32965". The London Gazette. 15 August 1924. p. 6136.
  9. "No. 34199". The London Gazette. 17 September 1935. p. 5862.
  10. "No. 34240". The London Gazette. 7 January 1936. p. 133.
  11. "No. 34396". The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 May 1937. p. 3078.
  12. Cooper 2006, pp.283-4
  13. Winton p. 195
  14. The Tragedy of HMS Glorious, Channel-4 Television, London, 1997
  15. Haarr p. 347
  16. "No. 34893". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 July 1940. p. 4259.
  17. "No. 35204". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 June 1941. p. 3735.
  18. "No. 36133". The London Gazette. 13 August 1943. p. 3648.
  19. "No. 37180". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 July 1945. p. 3672.
  20. "Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Cunningham". Unit Histories. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  21. "No. 37505". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 March 1946. p. 1442.
  22. "No. 38022". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 July 1947. p. 3438.
  23. "No. 37407". The London Gazette. 28 December 1945. p. 4.
  24. "No. 38210". The London Gazette. 17 February 1948. p. 1128.
  25. Heathcote, p. 64
  26. "No. 38865". The London Gazette. 17 March 1950. p. 1357.
  27. "No. 40020". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 November 1953. p. 6229.
  28. "No. 41695". The London Gazette. 28 April 1959. p. 2783.

Sources
  • Cooper, Duff (2006). The Duff Cooper Diaries: 1915-1951. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-75382-105-3.
  • Haarr, Geirr H (2010). Battle for Norway: April-June 1940. Seaforth Publishing, UK. ISBN 978 1 84832 057 4.
  • Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
  • Winton, John (1999). Carrier "Glorious": The Life and Death of an Aircraft Carrier. Cassell Military, London. ISBN 0-304-35244-6.

Further reading
  • Murfett, Malcolm (1995). The First Sea Lords from Fisher to Mountbatten. Westport. ISBN 0-275-94231-7.
Military offices
Preceded by
Sir Geoffrey Arbuthnot		 Fourth Sea Lord
1941–1943		 Succeeded by
Frank Pegram
Preceded by
Sir Henry Harwood		 C-in-C, Levant
June – August 1943		 Succeeded by
Sir Algernon Willis
Preceded by
Sir Andrew Cunningham		 C-in-C, Mediterranean Fleet
1943–1946
Preceded by
The Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope		 First Sea Lord
1946–1948		 Succeeded by
The Lord Fraser of North Cape
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