Italy–Poland relations

Italy–Poland relations are cultural and political relations between Italy and Poland. Due to strong connections between both, such as the Roman Catholic religion and historical similarities, many referred the relationship as Polish–Italian brotherhood.

Italian-Polish relations

Italy
Poland

Comparison
Italy Poland
Coat of Arms
Population 60,317,116 38,383,000
Area 301,340  km2 (116,350 sq mi) 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi)
Population Density 201/km2 (521/sq mi) 123/km2 (318/sq mi)
Capital Rome Warsaw
Largest City Rome – 2,870,021 (4,342,212 Metro) Warsaw – 1,790,658 (3,100,844 Metro)
Government Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic
Official language Italian (de facto and de jure) Polish (de facto and de jure)
Current Leader President Sergio Mattarella
Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte		 President Andrzej Duda
Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki
Main religions 83.3% Christianity, 12.4% non-religious, 3.7% Islam,
0.2% Buddhism, 0.1 [[Hinduism], 0.3% other		 92.9% Christianity, 3.1% non-religious, 2.7% unstated, 1.3% other
Ethnic groups 91.5% Italians, 8.5% other or unstated 98% Polish, 2% other or unstated [1][2]
GDP (PPP) $2.443 trillion, $40,470 per capita $1.353 trillion, $35,651 per capita
GDP (nominal) $1.989 trillion, $32,947 per capita $607 billion, $15,988 per capita
Expatriate populations 10,000 Italian citizens live in Poland (2020) 97,986 Polish citizens live in Italy (2016)
Military expenditures $26.8 billion $13.7 billion

Historical and cultural relations
Sigismund's Chapel (on the right) at the Wawel Castle was designed by Bartolomeo Berrecci

Middle ages

Bona Sforza, member of the powerful Milanese House of Sforza, in 1518 became the second wife of Sigismund I the Old. Planning to give the Jagiello family financial independence, she succeeded in taking over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1536-1546. She is also commonly credited with the introduction of salads and vegetables in Polish cuisine (called sometimes until today włoszczyzna, i.e. Italian).

Renaissance in Poland started spreading in the 15th and 16th century. This was a result of Italian artists (Francesco Fiorentino, Bartholommeo Berecci, Santi Gucci, Mateo Gucci, Bernardo Morando, Giovanni Battista di Quadro, etc.), merchants (the Boner family, the Montelupi family)[3] and thinkers (Filip Callimachus) who had come to Poland since the late 15th. Most of them came to Kraków, the Polish capital until 1611. Polish scientists and poets studied in Italy: Nicolaus Copernicus in Bologna, Witelo, Jan Kochanowski and Klemens Janicki at the University of Padua. Bernardo Morando designed Zamość, Tomaszów Lubelski and a number of buildings.

18th century

Bernardo Bellotto, known in Poland and Germany as Canaletto (1697–1768) was a Venetian painter who painted 26 views of Warsaw, which were used in rebuilding the city after its near-complete destruction by German troops during World War II. Giacomo Casanova visited Poland in 1766,[4] later Alessandro Cagliostro arrived.

Antonio Corazzi (1792–1877) was an Italian architect who designed a number of buildings in Warsaw, including Staszic Palace (1820) and Teatr Wielki.

19th century
Plaque commemorating Italian volunteers who fought in January Uprising. Olkusz

In the Napoleonic period, many Polish soldiers, officers and volunteers therefore emigrated, especially to Italy and to France, forming the Polish Legions, considered a Polish army in exile, under French command. Their Polish commanders included Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, Karol Kniaziewicz, Józef Wybicki and Antoni Amilkar Kosiński. It was then that the future Polish national anthem, Mazurek Dąbrowskiego, was created by Józef Wybicki, with words promising 'the return of the Polish army from Italy to Poland'. In tribute, the Italian anthem, Il Canto degli Italiani, mentioned about the Polish sacrifice against Austrian and Russian oppressions on Poles, "il sangue Polacco".

Parts of today's Poland and Italy belonged for long time to Austria-Hungary, being subject to the Crown of Saint Stephan. The Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways allowed to travel between Kraków and Trieste.

The Mickiewicz's Legion was a military unit formed in 1848 in Rome by one of the most notable Polish poets, Adam Mickiewicz, to take part in the liberation of Italy after the failure of the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848. After unsuccessfully pleading Pope Pius IX for support, Mickiewicz was joined in Milan by a military detachment of Polish emigrants, led by Mikolaj Kaminski. Growing to 120 members by June, the legion, commanded by Kaminski, engaged in several battles. They fought alongside others in Lombardy and on barricades of Genoa against the royalists, in the defence of the Roman Republic.[5]

The Garibaldi Legion was a unit of Italian volunteers who fought for Polish independence in the January Uprising of 1863. The unit was named after the Italian revolutionary and nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi, organized in Italy by his son Menotti Garibaldi and led by the general Francesco Nullo. Nullo arrived in Kraków from Italy in April 1863. The unit's first battle in Poland was at Podłęże on May 3, 1863 where it defeated a Russian force. Subsequently, it took part in the Battle of Krzykawka, where along with the French organized Zouaves of Death it suffered heavy casualties; Nullo was killed and his adjutant mortally wounded and died several days later. Francesco Nullo is considered an independence hero in both Italy and Poland.

20th century

In 1918, Italy was the first country in Europe to recognise Poland’s sovereignty. The Italian anthem (Il Canto degli Italiani) and the Polish anthem (Poland Is Not Yet Lost) bear mutual historical references, a unicum in the history of National anthems in the world.

Polish II Corps participated in the Italian Campaign. 11,379 men died, many of them buried at the Monte Cassino Polish War Cemetery or at Casamassima. Meanwhile, despite little contact between Italians and Poles throughout the war, the Italian Army was believed to be among the nicest toward Poles, and had never treated Poles brutal like the German counterparts. A group of Italian soldiers had even disobeyed from continue fighting, leading to mass executions of Italian soldiers in Poland, and this action has become a living symbol of strong Italian–Polish friendship.[6]

The Battle of Monte Cassino, a Polish bugler plays the Hejnał mariacki, announcing the victory

Polish writer Gustaw Herling-Grudziński settled in Naples, where he married Lidia, a daughter of the philosopher Benedetto Croce. He also wrote for the Italian "Tempo presente" run by Nicola Chiaromonte and for various dailies and periodicals. His book A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II was published in Italy only in 1958. Polish journal Kultura was originally published in Rome. Polish writer Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz has written several texts about Italy, among others a book "Italian Novellas" and libretto of King Roger, an opera by Karol Szymanowski.

Polish-Italian 1946 movie Wielka droga was the only uncensored Polish movie until 1989. Polish comedy "Giuseppe in Warsaw" presents adventures of an Italian soldier in Nazi occupied Warsaw.

Polski Fiat was a Polish car brand. Fiat 508 was produced in Poland since 1932, Polski Fiat 125p since 1967, later also Fiat 126 and others. Lancia Ypsilon will be produced in Tychy.[7]

In June–December 1966, Italian and Polish diplomats bore a joint effort to reach a compromise solution to the Vietnam War, thanks to the Italian ambassador in Saigon, Giovanni D'Orlandi, and his Polish counterpart, Janusz Lewandowski (member of the International Control Commission), in the so-called Operation Marigold. The Marigold peace efforts were supported by the Italian foreign minister Amintore Fanfani. The final compromise reached between D'Orlandi and Lewandowski in September included: free elections under international control before 2 years; a South Vietnam government including representatives of the extreme parts (general Ky and the NLF), and keeping to a policy of neutrality; a final withdrawal of the American troops. The peace efforts were halted by the reprise of the American bombing over Hanoi on 2 and 4 December 1966.[8]

In 1978, the Pole Karol Wojtyla was elected as Catholic Pope, the first non-Italian pope since the 16th century.

Italian singers Farida, Drupi, Marco Antonelli, In-Grid have been popular in Poland, sometimes more than in Italy. Polish songwriter and singer Czesław Niemen performed in Italy in 1969 and 1970 participating in Cantagiro and producing several singles in Italian, e.g. "Arcobaleno" (Over the Rainbow).

The Day of the Siege: September Eleven 1683 is a Polish-Italian movie directed by Renzo Martinelli about the Battle of Vienna.

21st century

In 2003, both countries supported the Invasion of Iraq by a US-led coalition. Poland took part in the invasion operations, Italy only in the post-invasion occupation of Iraq.

In 2019, Italian Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini arrived in Warsaw to discuss a political alliance between the two nations ahead of the upcoming 2019 European Parliament election.[9][10][11] This idea was met with "satisfaction" from Jarosław Kaczyński, Poland's ruling party leader.[12]

Current foreign relations

[15]

  • Both of the countries' largest religion is Roman Catholicism.
Italian Embassy in Warsaw
Polish Embassy in Rome

List of Italian Ambassadors in Poland
  • Francesco Tommasini (1919–1923)
  • Giovanni Cesare Majoni (1923–1929)
  • Alberto Martin Franklin (1929–1931)
  • Luigi Vannutelli Rey (1931–1932)
  • Giuseppe Bastianini (1932–1936)
  • Pietro Arone di Valentino (1936–1939)
  • Eugenio Reale (1945–1947)
  • Ambrogio Donini (1947–1948)
  • Giovanni De Astis (1948–1952)
  • Giovanni Battista Guarnaschelli (1952–1955)
  • Luigi Cortese (1955–1958)
  • Pasquale Jannelli (1958–1962)
  • Enrico Aillaud (1962–1968)
  • Manilo Castronovo (1968–1971)
  • Alessandro Tassoni Estense di Castelvecchio (1971–1973)
  • Mario Mondello (1974–1976)
  • Mario Profili (1976–1978)
  • Marco Favale (1978–1983)
  • Guglielmo Folchi (1983–1986)
  • Paolo Galli (1986–1988)
  • Vincenzo Manno (1988–1993)
  • Giuseppe Balboni Acqua (1993–1997)
  • Luca Daniele Biolato (1997–2001)
  • Giancarlo Leo (2001–2006)
  • Anna Blefari Melazzi (2006–2008)
  • Aldo Mantovani (2008–2011)
  • Riccardo Guariglia (2011–2014)
  • Alessandro De Pedys (2014–2018)
  • Aldo Amati (2018–present)
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gollark: Have a crash handler which makes the screen go red or something.
gollark: Use a frequency doubler circuit.
gollark: I should check on them.
gollark: GTech™ has had thing-doing drones for ages.

See also

References
  1. Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 [National-ethnic, linguistic and religious structure of Poland. National Census of Population and Housing 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Central Statistical Office. 2015. ISBN 978-83-7027-597-6.
  2. Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 [Population. Number and demographical-social structure. National Census of Population and Housing 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Central Statistical Office. 2013. ISBN 978-83-7027-521-1.
  3. "Montelupi". encyklopedia.interia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2010-08-14.
  4. "Memoirs, ch. XXI, XXII". Archived from the original on 2010-11-02. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
  5. Pekacz, Jolanta T. "Poles in European revolutions 1848-1849", Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Retrieved on 2 May 2009.
  6. https://www.thelocal.it/20141204/bodies-of-italian-war-traitors-unearthed-in-poland
  7. New Lancia Ypsilon from Tychy
  8. Mario Sica, Marigold non fiorì; Florence, 1991
  9. Giuffrida, Angela (2019-01-09). "Matteo Salvini says Italy and Poland could build new Europe". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
  10. www.euronews.com https://www.euronews.com/2019/01/09/italy-s-salvini-goes-to-poland-for-discussions-on-eurosceptic-alliance. Retrieved 2019-01-17. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. "Italy and Poland in talks on anti-EU league". euobserver.com. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
  12. U/K, U/K (January 9, 2019). "Italy's Salvini seeks to build new European order with Poles". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-01-09.
  13. Italian embassy in Warsaw
  14. Poland embassy in Rome Archived 2009-02-10 at the Wayback Machine
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