Istriot language
Istriot is a Romance language spoken by about 400 people in the southwestern part of the Istrian peninsula in Croatia, particularly in Rovinj and Vodnjan. It should not be confused with the Istrian dialect of the Venetian language.
Istriot | |
---|---|
bumbaro, vallese, rovignese, sissanese, fasanese, gallesanese | |
Native to | Croatia |
Region | Istria |
Native speakers | 400 (2007)[1] L2 speakers: 900 (2007)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | ist |
Glottolog | istr1244 [2] |
Linguasphere | 51-AAA-na |
Classification
Istriot is a Romance language related to the Ladin populations of the Alps, currently only found in Istria. According to the Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli, the Ladin area used to extend – until the year 1000 AD – from southern Istria to Friuli and eastern Switzerland.[3]
Its classification remained mostly unclear, but in 2017 it was classified by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History with the Dalmatian language in the Dalmatian Romance subgroup,[4] yet due to the specificities of the language, which has always had a very limited number of speakers. Istriot was also viewed:
- as an independent Northern Italian language, belonging neither to the Venetian language nor to the Gallo-Italic group (opinion shared by linguists Tullio De Mauro and Maurizio Dardano);
- as a variety of the Rhaeto-Romance languages by the Istriot Antonio Ive[5]
- as an independent language of the Italo-Dalmatian group[6]
- as an autochthonous Romance language heavily influenced by Venetian, Friulian and Slavic superstrates by Mirko Deanović[5]
When Istria was a region of the Kingdom of Italy, Istriot was considered by the authorities as a subdialect of Venetian.[7]
Historically, its speakers never referred to it as "Istriot"; it had six names after the six towns where it was spoken. In Vodnjan it was named "Bumbaro", in Bale "Vallese", in Rovinj "Rovignese", in Šišan "Sissanese", in Fažana "Fasanese" and in Galižana "Gallesanese". The term Istriot was coined by the 19th-century Italian linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli.
This language is still spoken by some people in the Istriot communities in Fertilia and Maristella, in Sardinia.
There are about 400 speakers left, making it an endangered language.
Vocabulary
Below is a comparison of Istriot with several closely related Romance languages and Latin:
Latin | Italian | Istriot | Venetian | Bisiacco Venetian | English |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
clave(m) | chiave | ciave | ciave | ciave | key |
nocte(m) | notte | nuoto | note/not | note | night |
cantare | cantare | cantà | cantar | cantar | to sing |
capra(m) | capra | càvara | càvara | cavra | goat |
lingua(m) | lingua | lengua | lengua | lengua | language |
platea(m) | piazza | piassa | piassa | piassa | square |
ponte(m) | ponte | ponto | ponte/pont | pont | bridge |
ecclesia(m) | chiesa | ceza | cexa | cesa | church |
hospitale(m) | ospedale | uspadal | ospedal | ospedal | hospital |
caseu(m) lat.vulg.formaticu(m) |
formaggio/cacio | furmajo | formajo | formai | cheese |
Phonology
The phonology of the Istriot language[8]:
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | |||
voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡ʃ | |||||
voiced | d͡ʒ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ||||
voiced | v | z | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | (ŋ) | |||
Trill | r | ||||||
Approximant | central | j | w | ||||
lateral | l | (ʎ) |
- Sounds /w, j/ can also be noted as [i̯ u̯] among different dialects.
- [ŋ] occurs as a result of a nasal consonant preceding a velar stop.
- [ʎ] can occur as a result of Italian loanwords.
Example
This is a poem called "Grièbani" by Ligio Zanini[9] in the dialect of Rovinj-Rovigno.
Istriot | Italian |
---|---|
La nostra zì oûna longa cal da griebani: |
La nostra è una lunga strada irta di sassi: |
Notes
- Istriot at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Istriot". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Bartoli, Matteo. Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia. Tipografia italo-orientale. Grottaferrata 1919.
- "Glottolog 3.1 - Istriot". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
- Stammerjohann, Harro (2009). Lexicon Grammaticorum. Tübingen.
- Ethnologue entry for Istriot
- Tagliavini, Carlo. Le origini delle lingue neolatine. Patron Ed. Bologna 1982.
- Cernecca, Domenico (1967). Analisi fonematica del dialetto di Valle d'Istria. Studia Romanica et Anglica Zagrabiensia.
- There is an article on the poet in Italian Wikipedia.
External links
Istriot language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
For a list of words relating to Istriot language, see the Istriot language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |