Timeline of Afghan history

This is a timeline of Afghan history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Afghanistan and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Afghanistan. See also the list of leaders of Afghanistan and the list of years in Afghanistan.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

18th century
YearDateEvent
170921 AprilMirwais Hotak, an influential Afghan tribal chief, gained independence at Kandahar after a successful revolution against the Persian Safavid dynasty.[1]
1709–1713The Persian government sent two large armies to regain Kandahar Province but suffered defeat by the Afghans.[1]
1715NovemberMirwais died of a natural cause and his brother Abdul Aziz inherited the throne until he was killed by Mahmud Hotaki, son of Mirwais.[1]
1722Battle of Gulnabad: Led by Mahmud, the Afghan army captured the Safavid capital of Isfahan and Mahmad was declared Shah of Persia.[2]
172522 AprilMahmud was murdered by his cousin Ashraf, son of Abdul Aziz, and succeeded him as Shah of Persia.[3]
172929 SeptemberBattle of Damghan: Afsharid forces led by Nader Shah defeated Ashraf and his forces.
1738Nader invaded and destroyed Kandahar, and restored the Abdali ethnic Pashtus to political prominence.
174719 JuneAhmad Shah Durrani of the Abdali Pashtun confederacy declared the establishment of an independent Afghanistan, with its capital at Kandahar.[4]

19th century
YearDateEvent
1809Durrani signed a treaty of alliance with the United Kingdom.
1819Battle of Shopian: Sikh Khalsa Army of Ranjit Singh defeated the Durrani force lead by governor Jabbar Khan, annexing Kashmir into the Sikh Empire.
1823Dost Mohammad Khan took the throne in Kabul, where he proclaimed himself emir.
1823Battle of Nowshera: Sikh Khalsa Army of Ranjit Singh defeated a Durrani force lead by Azim Khan, capturing the Peshawar Valley.
1837NovemberSiege of Herat: A Persian force attempts to capture Herat but are defeated and leave in 1838.
1839MarchFirst Anglo-Afghan War: A British expeditionary force captured Quetta.
1841NovemberFirst Anglo-Afghan War: A mob killed the British envoy to Afghanistan.
1842JanuaryMassacre of Elphinstone's army: A retreating British With mostly Indian regiment force of sixteen thousand was massacred by the Afghans.
1857Afghanistan declared war on Persia.
Afghan forces re-captured Herat.
1878JanuarySecond Anglo-Afghan War: Afghanistan refused a British diplomatic mission, provoking a second Anglo-Afghan war.
1879MaySecond Anglo-Afghan War: To prevent British occupation of a large part of the country, the Afghan government ceded much power to the United Kingdom in the Treaty of Gandamak.
188022 JulyAbdur Rahman Khan was officially recognized as emir of Afghanistan.
189312 NovemberAbdur Rahman and British Raj representative Mortimer Durand signed an agreement establishing the Durand Line.

20th century
YearDateEvent
19011 OctoberHabibullah Khan, son of Abdur Rahman, became emir of Afghanistan.
20 February 1919Habibullah was assassinated. His son Amanullah Khan declared himself King of Afghanistan.
1919MayThird Anglo-Afghan War: Amanullah led a surprise attack against the British.
19 AugustAfghan Foreign Minister Mahmud Tarzi negotiated the Treaty of Rawalpindi with the British at Rawalpindi.
1922Solar Hijri calendar officially adopted in Afghanistan.[5]
1929Amanullah was forced to abdicate in favor of Habibullah Kalakani in the face of a popular uprising.
Former General Mohammed Nadir Shah took control of Afghanistan.
19338 NovemberNadir was assassinated. His son, Mohammed Zahir Shah, was proclaimed King.
1964A new constitution was ratified which instituted a democratic legislature.
19651 JanuaryThe Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) held its first congress.
197317 JulyMohammed Daoud Khan declares himself President in a coup against the king, Mohammed Zahir Shah.
197827 AprilSaur Revolution: Military units loyal to the PDPA assaulted the Afghan Presidential Palace, killing President Mohammed Daoud Khan and his family.
1 MaySaur Revolution: The PDPA installed its leader, Nur Muhammad Taraki, as President of Afghanistan.
JulyA rebellion against the new Afghan government began with an uprising in Nuristan Province.
5 DecemberA treaty was signed which permitted deployment of the Soviet military at the Afghan government's request.
197914 SeptemberTaraki was murdered by supporters of Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin.
24 DecemberSoviet–Afghan War: Fearing the collapse of the Amin regime, the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan.
27 DecemberOperation Storm-333: Soviet troops occupied major governmental, military and media buildings in Kabul, including the Tajbeg Palace, and executed Prime Minister Amin.
198814 AprilSoviet–Afghan War: The Soviet government signed the Geneva Accords, which included a timetable for withdrawing their armed forces.
198915 FebruarySoviet–Afghan War: The last Soviet troops left the country.
199224 AprilCivil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992): Afghan political parties signed the Peshawar Accord which created the Islamic State of Afghanistan and proclaimed Sibghatullah Mojaddedi its interim President.
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezbi Islami, with the support of neighboring Pakistan, began a massive bombardment against the Islamic State in the capital Kabul.
28 JuneAs agreed upon in the Peshawar Accord, Jamiat-e Islami leader Burhanuddin Rabbani took over as President.
1994AugustThe Taliban government began to form in a small village between Lashkar Gah and Kandahar.
1995JanuaryThe Taliban, with Pakistani support, initiated a military campaign against the Islamic State of Afghanistan and its capital Kabul.
199513 MarchTaliban, tortured and killed Abdul Ali Mazari leader of the Hazara people.
199626 SeptemberCivil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001): The forces of the Islamic State retreated to northern Afghanistan.
27 SeptemberCivil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001): The Taliban conquered Kabul and declared the establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Former President Mohammad Najibullah, who had been living under United Nations protection in Kabul, was tortured, castrated and executed by Taliban forces.
1998AugustCivil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001): The Taliban captured Mazar-e Sharif, forcing Abdul Rashid Dostum into exile.
20 AugustOperation Infinite Reach: Cruise missiles were fired by the United States Navy into four militant training camps in the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

21st century
YearDateEvent
20019 SeptemberResistance leader Ahmad Shah Massoud was killed in a suicide bomb attack by two Arabs who were disguised as French news reporters.
20 SeptemberAfter the September 11 attacks in the United States, U.S. President George W. Bush demanded the Taliban government to hand over al-Qaeda head Osama bin Laden and close all terrorist training camps in the country.
21 SeptemberThe Taliban refused Bush's ultimatum for lack of evidence connecting bin Laden to 9/11 attacks.[6]
7 OctoberOperation Enduring Freedom: The United States and the United Kingdom began an aerial bombing campaign against al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
5 DecemberThe United Nations Security Council authorized the creation of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to help maintain security in Afghanistan and assist the Karzai administration.[7]
20 DecemberInternational Conference on Afghanistan in Germany: Hamid Karzai chosen as head of the Afghan Interim Administration.
2002July2002 loya jirga: Hamid Karzai appointed as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration in Kabul, Afghanistan.
200314 December2003 loya jirga: A 502-delegate loya jirga was held to consider a new Afghan constitution.
20049 OctoberHamid Karzai was elected President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan after winning the Afghan presidential election.
2005Taliban insurgency: An insurgency began after a Pakistani decision to station around 80,000 soldiers next to the porous Durand Line border with Afghanistan.
20061 MarchBush and wife visited Afghanistan to inaugurate the renovated Embassy of the United States in Kabul.
200713 MayAfghanistan–Pakistan Skirmishes: Skirmishes began with Pakistan.
2010U.S. President Barack Obama sent additional 33,000 U.S. soldiers to Afghanistan, with the total international troops reaching 150,000.
2011After the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, many high-profile Afghan officials were assassinated, including among them were Mohammed Daud Daud, Ahmed Wali Karzai, Jan Mohammad Khan, Ghulam Haider Hamidi, and Burhanuddin Rabbani.
2011Afghanistan National Front was created by Tajik leader Ahmad Zia Massoud, Hazara leader Mohammad Mohaqiq and Uzbek leader Abdul Rashid Dostum
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See also

Cities in Afghanistan:

References
  1. "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 29. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  2. "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 30. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  3. "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 31. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  4. "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  5. "Calendars". Encyclopædia Iranica. 1990.
  6. "Why Did the United States Invade Afghanistan?". fff.org. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  7. "United Nations Security Council" (PDF). UN. Naval Postgraduate School. December 5, 2001. Retrieved October 6, 2010.

Further reading
  • "Afghanistan". Political Chronology of Central, South and East Asia. Europa Publications. 2003. ISBN 978-1-135-35680-4.
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