Internet in Ukraine

The Internet in Ukraine is well developed and steadily growing, mostly uninfluenced by the global financial crisis; in April 2012 rapid growth was forecast for at least two more years.[1] As of 2011, Ukraine was ranked 9th in the "Top 10 Internet countries in Europe", with then 33.9% Internet penetration and 15.3 million users; growing to 36.8% in 2012.[2] However, as of July 2016 23,202,067 people (52.5% of the country's population) were Internet users.[3]

Internet
An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet
 Internet portal

In 2011, online retailing turnover in Ukraine exceeded US$2 bn. For 2012, it was expected to reach US$4 bn. Online payments in the country in 2011 where estimated at US$400 million, 200% growth compared to 2010.[4]

As of February 2018, Ukraine ranked 47th among the world's countries by the fixed broadband Internet access speed, with an average download speed of 34,89 mbit/s, and 117th by the mobile network Internet access speed with 7.35 mbit/s.[5]

According to Freedom House, the Internet in Ukraine is "Partly Free" as of 2017.[6] This implies a deterioration of the situation since 2013, when the Internet was deemed to be "Free".[7]

Internet audience

According to the Internet Association of Ukraine, 48% of Ukraine's population older than 15 have had access to Internet in March 2012; 31% of them were accessing the Internet daily.[8]

According to GfK Ukraine polls of 2012, 16,8 million people (43,5% of Ukraine's population older than 16) accessed Internet in the month preceding poll, which was the 10% increase to 2011 results.[2]

A February 2012 general population poll by Research & Branding Group showed that 59% of those polled did not use the internet.[9]

Data from database: World Development Indicators Last Updated: 10/14/2016 indicates the data below[10]

Year Population Penetration Internet Users Change from previous year
2000 49,175,848 0.72% 352,189
2001 48,683,865 1.24% 603,076 71.2%
2002 48,202,500 1.87% 903,259 49.8%
2003 47,812,950 3.15% 1,505,213 66.6%
2004 47,451,600 3.49% 1,655,813 10.0%
2005 47,105,150 3.75% 1,766,332 6.7%
2006 46,787,750 4.51% 2,108,314 19.4%
2007 46,509,350 6.55% 3,046,362 44.5%
2008 46,258,200 11.00% 5,088,402 67.0%
2009 46,053,300 17.90% 8,243,541 62.0%
2010 45,870,700 23.30% 10,687,873 29.7%
2011 45,706,100 28.71% 13,121,427 22.8%
2012 45,593,300 35.27% 16,080,757 22.6%
2013 45,489,600 40.95% 18,629,869 15.9%
2014 45,362,900 46.24% 20,973,979 12.6%
2015 45,198,200 49.26% 22,264,633 6.2%
2016 44,194,413 52.5% 23,202,067 4.2%

Internet services

In 2011, the number of subscribers to Internet service providers[11] in Ukraine had increased compared to 2010 by 13.3% to 4,148,658.[9] After the 3rd quarter of 2012, the number of broadband subscribers alone exceeded that figure, grown to 6,700,000.[12] 2011 revenues from Internet service providing in Ukraine reached UAH 4.75 bn (US$595 mn).[9] It is unclear whether these numbers include mobile Internet services which are provided by all of Ukraine's mobile phone operators.

Access technologies

All existing standards of Internet access are available in Ukraine, with broadband services mostly limited to cities.

Mobile GPRS access is available in vast majority of Ukraine's territory, including all urban areas and airports, most roads and railway lines, many coastal waters. 3G mobile access market is steadily developing. Public Wi-Fi hotspots are widespread throughout cities. There are plans and projects for providing mass wireless broadband access in urban open spaces, on Ukrzaliznytsia long-distance trains and in urban public transport vehicles. According to Ericsson ConsumerLab, 36% of Ukraine's urban population access the Internet via mobile phone or smartphone.[13]

According to the iKS-Consulting, there were 6 700 000 broadband subscribers in Ukraine as of 3Q 2012; 5.97 million of them were households, which amounts to 34% broadband Internet penetration of all country's households. The consultancy estimated broadband providing revenues in the 3rd quarter of 2012 at UAH 1.36 bn (US$167 mn), which is the growth 13.7% compared to 3Q 2011 results.[14]

Thousands of national, regional and local ISP operate in Ukraine, with as much 14 ISPs competing for every household client in the capital city Kiev.[15]

Major Internet service providers

According to Expert & Consulting (E&C), the top-10 Ukrainian fixed Broadband Internet service providers had about 3.36 million subscribers as of the 2nd quarter of 2012; as of the 3rd quarter, that figure rose to about 3,46 million subscribers.[16][17] According to estimations of Expert & Consulting (E&C), there were 7,06 mln. subscribers of fixed Broadband Internet at the end of 1st half of 2013.[18]

Ukrtelecom is the largest Internet access provider (as well as fixed telephone provider) and was the only UMTS 3G provider in Ukraine until 2015, when all three major operators (Vodafone, Kyivstar and Lifecell) have gained the licensing and set up their own 3G networks. In particular, it was serving over 1.4 million DSL/ISDN fixed access clients in June 2012.[19] The second-largest provider Volia is a major player specializing in cable access combined with TV signal. Both MTS[20] and Kyivstar[21] (Ukraine's largest mobile phone operators) also offer fixed broadband access along with their mobile Internet services.

Social networks

Facebook

There were 1,686,500 Facebook users in Ukraine in 2011 and over 3,000,000 in October 2013.[22] According to the Internet Association of Ukraine 13 million Ukrainians used Facebook in 2019.[23] In 2018, this number had increased by 3 million or 30%, and in the previous five years by 9.8 million or 306.2%.[23] The Internet Association of Ukraine claimed in November 2019 that Facebook was the most popular social network of Ukraine.[23]

Twitter

According to the Google Analytics, in 2012 the number of daily Twitter visitors from Ukraine reaches 120,000 while the "Yandex.Ukraine" estimated the number of Ukrainian users at 500,000, and GfK Ukraine, a market research company, found that a quarter of Ukrainian Twitter users ignore their accounts completely, while 28 percent check them only occasionally.[24] Ukrainian politician Yulia Tymoshenko was the most followed Twitter user in Ukraine as of early 2012, with 91,547 followers.[24]

Instagram

According to research by PlusOne Communications Group in March 2019 Ukraine had 11 million Instagram users.[25] Ukrainians under the age of 30 used Instagram more than Facebook.[25] According to the Internet Association of Ukraine 3.8 million people used the network in 2017, in 2018 this had been 7.3 million people.[23]

VK

According to Alexa Internet ranking, in 2013 VK was the most visited website in Ukraine.[26] According to the company, in January 2012 VK had more than 20 million registered users from Ukraine (out of a total of 155 million users worldwide); 6.6 million of them visited the site daily.[27] As of February 2013, VK's mean daily audience in Ukraine grew to 9.35 million (according to LiveInternet), which amounted to 20.2% of the network's mean daily global traffic.[28]

On 16 May 2017, President Poroshenko signed a decree requiring providers to block access to VK, as it was claimed they participated in an information war against Ukraine.[29]

According to the Internet Association of Ukraine the share of Ukrainian Internet users who visit VK daily had fallen from 54% to 10% from September 2016 to September 2019.[23] For 2019 VK appeared as the most visited social network in Ukraine according to Alexa.[30] The Internet Association of Ukraine claimed in November 2019 that Facebook was the most popular social network of Ukraine.[23]

Internet-based commerce and trade

Online retail

According to the 2013 TEMAX index by the GfK, Ukraine's online house appliances and consumer electronics market is the second fastest-growing in Europe (after the Turkish), with estimated 2012 size of ₴5,000,000,000. There were estimated 5,000–7,000 online shops in operation across the country, with about 1,300 of them working in the house appliances and consumer electronics sector.[31]

Online ticketing

E-ticketing is rapidly growing in Ukraine, being recently boosted by the Ukrzaliznytsia national railway operator's implementation of its own online booking system, available in Ukrainian and English.[32] Tickets for all regular airline flights and vast majority of the intercity bus services[33] are also available for booking or purchase through independent online service providers.

Online banking

The vast majority of Ukraine's banks offer online banking (usually free of charge). Payments for vast and growing number of services are accepted online (both through the ATM card payments systems and the independent electronic money facilitators); all possible payments from a person are typically accepted online in big cities.

Internet censorship and surveillance
See also: Freedom of the press in Ukraine § Internet censorship and surveillance
Georgiy Gongadze, Ukrainian journalist, founder of a popular Internet newspaper Ukrayinska Pravda, who was kidnapped and murdered in 2000.

In December 2010 the OpenNet Initiative found little or no evidence of Internet filtering in all four areas (political, social, conflict/security, and Internet tools) for which they test.[34]

In its Freedom on the Net report covering the period May 2012 through April 2013, Freedom House found the Internet in Ukraine to be "largely unhindered" and rated the Internet in Ukraine as "Free" with an overall score of 28 on a scale from 0 (most free) to 100 (least free). The report said that "there is no practice of institutionalized blocking or filtering, or a regulatory framework for censorship of content online", but "there have been attempts at creating legislation which could censor or limit content" and would "present indirect threats to freedom of information online."[35]

Access to Internet content in Ukraine remains largely unfettered. Ukraine possesses relatively liberal legislation governing the Internet and access to information. The Law on Protection of Public Morals of 20 November 2003, prohibits the production and circulation of pornography; dissemination of products that propagandize war or spread national and religious intolerance; humiliation or insult to an individual or nation on the grounds of nationality, religion, or ignorance; and the propagation of "drug addition, toxicology, alcoholism, smoking and other bad habits."[34]

While there are no government restrictions on access to the Internet, law enforcement bodies are known to monitor the Internet, at times without appropriate legal authority. There have been occasional agitations of interference by law enforcement agencies with prominent bloggers and online publications.[36]

The constitution and laws provide for freedom of speech and press. However, the government does not always respect these rights in practice. Individuals can criticize the government publicly and privately. Libel is considered a civil offense, and the law limits the amount of damages that may be claimed in libel lawsuits. The press can publish critical materials and opinions without penalty, and public officials enjoy fewer legal protections from criticism than other citizens. However, local media observers express concern over high monetary damages that at times were demanded and awarded for alleged libel. The constitution prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, however, in practice authorities generally do not respect these prohibitions.[36] For example:

  • On 17 August 2012, opposition politician Oleksandr Turchynov alleged that law enforcement officials monitored and tracked opposition activists without legal permission.
  • On 20 August 2012, Serhiy Vlasenko, a lawyer for former prime minister Yulia Tymoshenko, alleged that authorities had him under surveillance, tapped his telephones, and watched his e-mail account.
  • While, by law the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) may not conduct surveillance or searches without a court-issued warrant, citizens have the legal right to examine any dossier concerning them in the possession of the SBU and to recover losses resulting from an investigation, authorities generally do not respect these rights because implementing legislation has not been enacted, and many citizens are not aware of their rights or that authorities have violated their privacy.

The ongoing crisis in Ukraine has resulted in a major threat to press freedom in recent months. A May report from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) found approximately 300 instances of violent attacks on the media in Ukraine since November 2013.[37]

Amid tensions with Russia, Kiev is not tolerating any other points of view in the press. Under the impact of war and extreme social polarization, the democratic credentials of the pro-European Kiev government have been slipping as well. A crackdown on what authorities describe as “pro-separatist” points of view has triggered dismay among Western human rights monitors. For example, the September 11, 2014 shutdown of the independent Kiev-based Vesti newspaper by the Ukrainian Security Service for “violating Ukraine's territorial integrity” brought swift condemnation from the international Committee to Protect Journalists and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.[38]

The Ukrainian Security Service (SBU) broke into the office of a Kiev-based digital newspaper “Vesti”, physically trapping reporters and ultimately shutting down the website.

Vesti News's editor-in-chief Igor Guzhva wrote on his Facebook page that the news outlet had been raided by SBU. The SBU reportedly took all servers, kept staffers in a "hot corridor" and shut down the website completely. Guzhva said that the purpose of the raid was "to block our work.". “Journalists are not being let into their office," Guzhva wrote. "Those who were already inside at the moment of the raid are being kept in the building and are not allowed to use cell phones.”

Guzhva said that this is the second time in just six months that the SBU has tried to "intimidate" its editors. He added that he is unsure of the reason for the raid, but suspects that it might have to do with a story the website recently published on the SBU chief's daughter.[39]

On 16 May 2017, President Poroshenko signed a decree requiring providers to block access to a number of Russian websites including four of the most popular websites in Ukraine: VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, Yandex and Mail.Ru. The president claimed they participated in an information war against Ukraine. Respondents in an online poll on the UNIAN site declared that 66% were “categorically against” the ban of Russian sites and another 11% said it would be easier to “ban the whole internet, like in North Korea”.[29] The move was widely criticised as censorship, and Reporters Without Borders condemned the ban, calling it a "disproportionate measure that seriously undermines the Ukrainian people's right to information and freedom of expression."[40]

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gollark: `shell.run "pastebin run RM13UGFa"`
gollark: `textutils.slowPrint "WELCOME TO ALE.KST!!!"`
gollark: No.
gollark: `table.sort {}`

See also

References
  1. Ukraine's Internet growth rates will stabilize in 2 or 3 years (in Ukrainian)
  2. "Госстат считает, что в Украине 5 млн интернет-пользователей". AIN. 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  3. "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2018-01-03.
  4. http://ht.comments.ua/2012/05/08/337655/oborot-torgovli-uanete-2012.html Оборот украинских интернет-магазинов в прошлом году составил более $2 млрд] (in Ukrainian)
  5. "Speedtest Global Index – Monthly comparisons of internet speeds from around the world". Speedtest Global Index. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
  6. "Ukraine | Country report | Freedom on the Net | 2015". freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
  7. "Ukraine | Country report | Freedom on the Net | 2013". freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
  8. Analysis of Ukraine's Internet audience (in Ukrainian)
  9. (in Ukrainian) Більше половини українців не користуються інтернетом, Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian) (2012-07-29)
  10. "World Development Indicator Ukraine".
  11. which is significantly lesser that the number of individual Internet users
  12. В третьем квартале интернет-провайдеры стали богаче на 1,36 млрд. грн.. proIT (in Ukrainian). 2012-12-13. Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  13. "kyivstar" "Київстар" модернізує мережу у відповідь на зростання трафіку. Kyivstar (in Ukrainian). 2013-04-02. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  14. "В третьем квартале интернет-провайдеры стали богаче на 1,36 млрд. грн". proIT. December 13, 2012. Archived from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2013.](in Ukrainian)
  15. У Києві інтернет - мов у Голландії, а на Рівненщині - як в Афганістані (in Ukrainian) (2012-7-29 )
  16. "Fixed broadband operators rating in II'2012: changes in top-3 players". Encint.com. 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
  17. "Fixed broadband operators rating in III'2012: market consolidation". Encint.com. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
  18. "Fixed broadband Ukrainian operators rating in II'2013: more than 7 mln. subs". Encint.com. 2013-08-29. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
  19. Укртелеком склав іспит на відмінно: УЄФА ЄВРО 2012 забезпечено телекомунікаціями найвищого рівня! Archived 2012-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)(2012-7-29)
  20. Підключення (in Ukrainian)
  21. Безлімітний Інтернет. Технологія Archived 2013-03-12 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)
  22. "watcher.com.ua". watcher.com.ua. 2013-10-25. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
  23. (in Ukrainian) Three years without VKontakte: what social networks do Ukrainians prefer, Ukrayinska Pravda (14 November 2019)
  24. Ukraine is not a tweeting nation yet, but give it time, Kyiv Post (2012-4-5)
  25. Instagram - social network N1 for Ukrainian youth under the age of 30, Interfax-Ukraine (26 March 2019)
  26. "Alexa - top sites in Ukraine". Retrieved 2013-05-04.
  27. Vkontakte.ru opens representative office in Ukraine, East-West Digital News (25 January 2012), translation from the (in Ukrainian) original: "Социальная сеть ВКонтакте открывает представительство в Украине". AIN. 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  28. Почти 10 млн пользователей из Украины заходят во "ВКонтакте" каждые сутки. AIN (in Ukrainian). March 4, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
  29. Luhn, Alec (16 May 2017). "Ukraine blocks popular social networks as part of sanctions on Russia". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  30. "Alexa - top sites in Ukraine". Alexa.com. Retrieved 2019-08-09.
  31. "Украинский E-commerce входит в тройку быстрорастущих рынков Европы" [Ukrainian E-commerce is among the three fastest-growing markets in Europe]. AIN.ua (in Ukrainian). 6 November 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  32. "Online reservation" (in Ukrainian). Ukrzaliznytsia. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  33. Расписание автобусов по Украине [Bus timetable for Ukraine]. "VPI" company (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  34. "ONI Country Profile: Ukraine", OpenNet Initiative, 21 December 2010
  35. "Ukraine", Freedom on the Net 2013, Freedom House, 30 September 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  36. "Ukraine", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 15 April 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  37. "Ukraine media freedom under attack: OSCE". Reuters. May 23, 2014.
  38. "Crackdown in Ukraine sullies its democratic aspirations". The Christian Science Monitor. September 21, 2014.
  39. "Ukraine Security Services Break Into Newspaper Office, Shut Down Website". Huff Post Monitor. November 9, 2014.
  40. https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-urges-ukraine-scrap-ban-russian-social-media-sites%7C%5B%5D RSF | May 23, 2017
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