Maritsa

The Maritsa, Meriç or Evros (Bulgarian: Марица, Maritsa; Ancient Greek: Ἕβρος, Hébros; Greek: Έβρος, Évros; Latin: Hebrus; Romanized Thracian: Evgos or Ebros; Turkish: Meriç) is a river that runs through the Balkans in Southeast Europe. With a length of 480 km (300 mi) (of which 309 km or 192 mi is in Bulgaria)[3], it is the longest river that runs solely in the interior of the Balkans, and one of the largest in Europe by discharge. Its drainage area is about 53,000 km2 (20,000 sq mi), of which 66.2% is in Bulgaria, 27.5% in Turkey and 6.3% in Greece.[1] It is the main river of the historical region of Thrace, most of which lies in its drainage basin.

For other uses, see Maritsa (disambiguation).
Maritsa
Évros, Meriç
The source valley of the Maritsa river in the Rila Mountains
Native nameBulgarian: Марица
Greek: Έβρος
Turkish: Meriç
Location
CountryBulgaria, Greece, Turkey
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationRila Mountains, Bulgaria
 • elevation2,378 m (7,802 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
Aegean Sea, 14.5 km (9.0 mi) east of Alexandroupoli
 • coordinates
40°43′50″N 26°2′6″E
Length480 km (300 mi)
Basin size53,000 km2 (20,000 sq mi)[1]
Discharge 
 • averagefor mouth 234 m3/s (8,300 cu ft/s)[2]
Map of the river

It has its origin in the Rila Mountains in Western Bulgaria, flowing southeast between the Balkan and Rhodope Mountains, past Plovdiv and Parvomay (where the Mechka and the Kayaliyka join it) to Edirne, Turkey. East of Svilengrad, Bulgaria, the river flows eastwards, forming the border between Bulgaria (on the north bank) and Greece (on the south bank), and then between Turkey and Greece. At Edirne, the river flows through Turkish territory on both banks, then turns towards the south and forms the border between Greece on the west bank and Turkey on the east bank to the Aegean Sea. Turkey was given a small sector on the west bank opposite the city of Edirne. The river enters the Aegean near Enez, where it forms a river delta. The Tundzha is its chief tributary; the Arda is another one. The lower course of the Maritsa/Evros forms part of the Bulgarian–Greek border and most of the Greek–Turkish border. The upper Maritsa valley is a principal east–west route in Bulgaria. The unnavigable river is used for power production and irrigation.

The places that the river flows through include Pazardzhik, Plovdiv, (next to) Parvomay, Dimitrovgrad and Svilengrad in Bulgaria, Edirne in Turkey and Kastanies, Pythio, Didymoteicho and Lavara in Greece. There are a number of bridges over the river, including the one at Svilengrad, the one west of Edirne in Turkey and GR-2 with the D110/E90 further south and as its border crossings.

Etymology

The earliest known name of the river is Euros (Εύρος, Alcman, 7th–6th century BC).[4] Indo-European *ewru and Ancient Greek εύρύs meant "wide".[4] The Indo-European "wr" sound shifted in Thracian to "br", creating the Thracian name Ebros.[4] Thereafter, the river began to be known as Hebros in Greek and Latin.[5] Rather than an origin as "wide river", an alternative hypothesis is that Hebros meant "goat" in Thracian.[6]

The Ebro river in Spain is the one having the more important flow, name seems corresponding to an old root meaning 'drink', as in Spanish term for 'drunk': 'ebrio'; in an identical way, some Spanish rivers today have the name: Rio Flumen, Latin for 'River, water flow', a trace of rivers having similar names to Ibar, Ivrea, Ibor, can be found in the way from Transcaucasian Iberia to Iberian peninsula. The Latin for drinking (wine) 'bibendum' may just mean 'ending seeing double' (alcohol diplopia)

Since, when first attested, Europe referred only to Thrace proper,[7] the name of the continent is possibly derived from this river.

While the name Έβρος (Hebros) was used in Ancient Greek, the name Μαρίτσα (Maritsa) had become standard before the ancient form Έβρος (now: Évros) was artificially restituted in Modern Greek.[8] The name Maritsa may derive from a mountain near the mouth of the river known in antiquity as Μηρισός or Μήριζος, Latinized as Merit(h)us.[4]

History

In 1371, the river was the site of the Battle of Maritsa, also known as the battle of Chernomen, an Ottoman victory over the Serbs. Vukašin Mrnjavčević and Jovan Uglješa died in the battle.

Illegal transborder migration
See also: European migrant crisis

The Maritsa/Evros river as a natural barrier on the border between Turkey and Greece has become a major route for migrants from a variety of countries attempting to enter the EU illegally.[9] At the height of the 2010s migrant crisis, in 2012, a border barrier was erected on the Greek side in order to prevent illegal crossings into Greece and thus into the EU.

Following the heavy losses Turkish armed forces incurred at the hands of the Russian-backed Syrian government in northern Syria at the end of February 2020, a drastic change in Turkey's policy towards irregular migrants on its territory led to escalation of the situation at the Evros border crossings as well as exacerbation of tension between Turkey on one hand and Greece and the EU as a whole on the other hand.[10][11]

In May 2020, news emerged that Turkish forces occupied a 16 acres (6.5 ha) of Greek territory, Melissokomeio, as shown on maps of 1923, following a change in the flow of the Maritsa/Evros river.[12]

Tributaries
The Meriç River at Edirne

Starting from the river's source, significant tributaries of Maritsa include:

Floods
March-2005 Maritsa river floods, Greek side, close to Lavara village.
Satellite image of floods along the river in 2006.

The lower course of the river Maritsa/Evros, where it forms the border of Greece and Turkey, is very vulnerable to flooding. For about 4 months every year, the low lands around the river are flooded. This causes significant economic damage (loss of agricultural production and damage to infrastructure), which is estimated at several hundreds million Euro.[13]

Recent large floods took place in 2006 and 2007. Several causes have been proposed: more rainfall due to climate change, deforestation in the Bulgarian part of the catchment area, increased land use in the flood plains and difficult communication between the three countries.[13]

Honours

Maritsa Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Maritsa River.

La Maritza is also a 1968 song written by Jean Renard and Pierre Delanoë and interpreted by Sylvie Vartan.

Hebrus Valles on Mars is named after this river.

The Bulgarian Maritsa motorway, which roughly follows the course of the river from Chirpan (where it branches out of the Trakia motorway) to the Turkish border at Kapitan Andreevo, is also named in honour of the river.

  • Spring freshet of Maritsa River at Harmanli
  • View from the river, Edirne.
  • The river viewed from Turkey. Greek land visible on the right.

Notes
  1. Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment, Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, p. 90
  2. inweb.gr
  3. Statistical Yearbook 2017, National Statistical Institute (Bulgaria), p. 17
  4. Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev. Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages (1981, p. 351).
  5. Florov, Nicholas; Florov, Irina. Three-thousand-year-old Hat. Michigan University.
  6. "The Plovdiv Project".
  7. Greek goddess Europa adorns new five-euro note, BBC, 10 January 2013
  8. Schramm, Gottfried (1981): Eroberer und Eingesessene. Geographische Lehnnamen als Zeugen der Geschichte Südosteuropas im ersten Jahrtausend n. Chr. Stuttgart: Hiersemann., pp.290f. Referenced in Carsten Peust, How Old Are the River Names of Europe?, Linguistik Online, 2015
  9. Evros: The immigrants' gateway. PBS.org, May 16, 2011.
  10. Turkish police bolster Greek border to stop migrants' return. 6 March 2020.
  11. Greece Defends Borders as Erdogan Opens the Gates: Live Updates. 1 March 2020.
  12. "Athens lodges demarche with Ankara over Evros dispute". ekathimerini.com. 22 May 2020.
  13. Environmental management of big riverine floods: the case of Evros River in Greece, Z. Nivolianitou, B. Synodinou
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gollark: Which reminds me, time to `sudo pacman -Syu`.
gollark: I mean, I don't like forced updates, but it's better than *no* updates.
gollark: Doesn't having *no* updates even if you want them make it unsuitable for basically everything but a liveCD?
gollark: Can you though? Might a lot of Windows internals not expect CRLFs?

References
  • "МАРИЦА (антично име: Хеброс, Хебър)". Българска енциклопедия А-Я (in Bulgarian). БАН, Труд, Сирма. 2002. ISBN 954-8104-08-3. OCLC 163361648.
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