Genetic studies on Arabs

The Centre for Arab Genomic Studies (CAGS) oversees genetic analyses on the populations of the Arab world. Based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, it indicates that Arab countries have among the highest rates of genetic disorders in the world. Some 906 pathologies are endemic to the Arab states, including thalassaemia, Tourette's syndrome, Wilson's disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, mitochondrial encephalomyopathies and Niemann-Pick disease.[1][2]

Genetic diseases Databases in Arabic countries and studies

Several organizations maintain genetic databases for each Arabic country. The Centre for Arab Genomic Studies (CAGS) is the main organization based in the United Arab Emirates. It initiated a pilot project to construct the Catalogue for Transmission Genetics in Arabs (CTGA) database for genetic disorders in Arab populations. At present, the CTGA database is centrally maintained in Dubai, and hosts entries for nearly 1540 Mendelian disorders and related genes. This number is increasing as researchers are joining the largest Arab scientific effort to define genetic disorders described in the region. The Center promotes research studies on these emergent disorders.[3] Some of the genetic disorders endemic to the Arab world are: hemoglobinopathy, sickle cell anemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and fragile X syndrome (FXS), which is an inherited genetic condition with critical consequences. The Centre provide information about specific countries,[4] and maintain a list of Genomic diseases.[5][6][7]

Specific rare autosomal recessive diseases are high in Arabic countries like Bardet Biedl syndrome, Meckel syndrome, congenital chloride diarrhea, severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy (SMARMD) Lysosomal storage diseases and PKU are high in the Gulf states. Dr Teebi's book provides detailed information and by country.[8] Even the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia last year, it has infected 77 people, mostly in the Middle East and Europe. Forty of them - more than half - have died. But MERS is not yet a pandemic, could become pervasive in genetic disease patient. [9]

Dr Thurman' guidebook about Rare genetic diseases [10] another book Arabic genetic disorders layman guide[11] Saudi Journal article about genetic diseases in Arabic countries[12] The highest proportion of genetic disorders manifestations are: congenital malformations followed by endocrine metabolic disorders and then by Neuron disorders (such as Neuromotor disease)and then by blood immune disorders and then neoplasms. The Mode of Inheritance is mainly autosomal recessive followed by autosomal dominant. Some of the diseases are beta-thalassemia mutations, sickle-cell disease, congenital heart-disease, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, alpha-thalassemia, molecular characterization, recessive osteoperosis, gluthanione-reducatsafe DEf. A study about sickle cell anemia in Arabs[13] article about Birth defects [14] 6Glucose Phisphate isomere deficiency responsible for unexpected hemolytic episodes.[15] one of late Dr Teebi's syndromes.[16] flash cards guide. [17][18][19][20] NY Times article[21] In Palestinian Arabs study[22] study about potential on pharmacology [23] another study on Arab Palestinians[24] Database of Genetic disorders in Arabs study[25] In Palestinians[26] new general study about databases[27] Database for B thalassemia in Arabs[28] Israeli National genetic bank contains genetic mutations of Arabs[29] Teebi database 2002[30] 2010 genes responsible for genetic diseases among Palestinian Arabs[31][32] The next Pan-Arab conference Nov 2013 [33]

Diagnosis of genetic disorders

Diagnosis of genetic disorders after birth is done by clinicians, lab tests, and sometimes genetic testing. Genetic testing profiling screening of pregnant women's fetuses for List of disorders included in newborn screening programs using Microchip Genetic Microarrary might help detect genetic mutations incompatible with life and determining abortion. Some genetic tests of born children might help finding the right treatment.[34][35] Mothers could test for genetic disorders in the fetus by method of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis.

Genealogy and geographic of Arabic genetic diseases

Bare lymphocyte syndrome high in western Arabic block Morocco, type II limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2C in Libya, Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Saudia, Ankylosing spondylitis in Egypt &East block, Alpha-thalassemia in all countries minus Egypt Syria Iraq, cystic fibrosis in Iraq Saudi Yemen Libya Morocco, familial Mediterranean fever fmf in east block and Libya Morocco, beta Thalassemia in all countries, g6dh deficiency all countries.[18][36]

Most of the genetic markers of Arabs genetic diseases are phenotypic i.e. specific mutations of Arab peoples, especially in countries. Even though genetic mutations of Gulf states are mostly the same, but some genetic phenotypes are Kuwaiti etc.

The diseases have geographical distribution among Arab countries such as greater Syria, Gulf states, Yemen, Western block (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), because of the restricted marriages to each block or even to one country. Moreover, cousin marriages (conseigenity)and endogamy (marriages restricted to minority sects) excaberate the problem. Distancing of marriages from distant gene pools might help resolve the problem in Arabic countries. Many of the pronounced genetic deficiencies in Arabs are located on HLA segment on chromosome 6 . This same segment mutations are markers of Arabs in Genealogical and forensic profiling tests and studies. Such studies as:[14][37][38][39][40] Arab population data on the PCR-based loci:HLA [41] HLA polymorphism in Saudi.[42]

Since over 70% of Arab genetic disorders are Autosomal-recessive, meaning the defective gene has to be found in both father and mother, and since the gene pool are similar in population (males and females alike since autosomal chromosomes are admixture from father and mother, in closed societies (marriages from same sect endogamy, or same tribe or even from same country, or even from same block of countries since gene pool is similar in Geographical blocks as shown in the online brochures referenced above.[43]

Genetic studies on Arabs that lead to discoveries of new syndromes

Teebi type of Hypertelorism (1987) •• Teebi Shaltout syndrome (1989) •• Al Gazali syndrome (1994) •• Megarbane syndrome (2001)

There are even new Arabic names for emerging genetic disorders& syndromes like:

Spectrum of Genetic Disorders in Arabs •• Lebanese type of mannose 6--phosphate receptor recognition defect (1984) •• Algerian type of spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (1988) •• Kuwaiti type of cardioskeletalsyndrome (1990) •• Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome (1990) •• Nablus mask-like facial syndrome (2000) •• Jerash type of the distal hereditary motor neuropathy (2000) •• Karak syndrome (2003) •• Omani type of spondyloepiphy

Uniparental markers

Main articles: Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East and Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa

Y-chromosome

Below is the general distribution of Y-DNA haplogroups among populations native to the Arab world:

Population	Language Family[44]	n[45]	R1b[46]	n	R1a	n	I	n	E1b1b	n	E1b1a	n	J	n	G	n	N	n	T	n	L
Arabs (Algeria)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	35	13.0[47]	35	0.0[47]			32	50[48]			35	35[47]
Arabs (Algeria - Oran)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	102	10.8[49]	102	1[49]			102	50.9[49]	102	12.8[49]	102	27.4[49]
Arabs (Bedouin)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	32	0.0[50]	32	9.4[50]	32	6.3[50]	32	18.7[50]			32	65.6[50]							32	0.0[50]
Arabs (Iraq)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)		10.8[51]		6.5[52]			218	8.3[48]	218	0.9[48]	156	50.6[48]
Arabs (Israel)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	143	8.4[50]	143	1.4[50]	143	6.3[50]	143	20.3[50]			143	55.2[50]							143	0.0[50]
Arabs (Morocco)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	44	3.8[53]	44	0.0[53]	44	0.0[53]	49	85.5[48]			49	2.4[48]
Arabs (Oman)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	121	1.7[54]	121	9.1[54]	121	0.0[54]	121	15.7[54]	121	7.4[54]	121	47.9[54]	121	1.7[54]			121	8.3[54]	121	0.8[54]
Arabs (Qatar)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	72	1.4[55]	72	6.9[55]	72	0.0[55]	72	5.6[55]	72	2.8[55]	72	66.7[55]	72	2.8[55]	72	0.0[55]	72	0.0[55]	72	2.8[55]
Arabs (Saudi Arabia)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	157	1.9[56]	157	5.1[56]	157	0.0[56]	157	7.6[56]	157	7.6[56]	157	58.0[56]	157	3.2[56]	157	0.0[56]	157	5.1[56]	157	1.9[56]
Arabs (UAE)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	164	4.3[55]	164	7.3[55]			164	11.6[55]	164	5.5[55]	164	45.1[55]	164	4.3[55]	164	0.0[55]	164	4.9[55]	164	3.0[55]
Arabs (Yemen)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	62	0.0[55]	62	0.0[55]	62	0.0[55]	62	12.9[55]	62	3.2[55]	62	82.3[55]	62	1.6[55]	62	0.0[55]	62	0.0[55]	62	0.0[55]
Arabs (Syria)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	20	15.0[57]	20	10.0[57]	20	5.0[57]	20	10.0[57]			20	53.0[57]	20	0.0[57]	20	0.0[57]	20	0.0[57]	20	0.0[57]
Arabs (Lebanon)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	31	6.4[57]	31	9.7[57]	31	3.2[57]	31	25.8[57]			31	45.2[57]	31	3.2[57]	31	0.0[57]	31	0.0[57]	31	3.2[57]
Arabs (Sudan)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	102	15.7[58]			102	3.9[58]	102	16.7[58]			102	47.1[58]
Arabs (Tunisia)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	148	6.8[47]	148	0.0[47]	148	0.0[47]	148	49.3[47]	148	1.4[47]	148	35.8[47]			148	0.0[47]	148	0.7[47]	148	0.0[47]
Arabs (Libya)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	63	3[59]	63	1.5[59]	63	1.5[59]	63	52.0[59]	63	0.0[59]	63	24.0[59]	63	8.0[59]			63	5.0[59]	63	1.5[59]
Saharawi (SADR)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)							29	79.3[48]	29	3.4[48]	29	17.2[48]
Egyptians	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	92-147	5.4[60]-4.1	92-147	0.0[60]-2.7[54]	92-147	1.1[60]-0.7[54]	92-147	43.5[60]-36.7[54]	92-147	3.3[60]-2.8[54]	92-147	22.8[60]-32.0[54]	92-147	2.2[60]-8.8[54]	92-147	0.0[60]-0.0[54]	92-147	7.6[60]-8.2[54]	92	0.0[60]
Egyptians (North)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	43	9.3[61]	43	2.3[61]	43	0.0[61]	43	53.5[61]			44	18.2[47]	43	7.0[61]			43	2.3[61]	43	0.0[61]
Egyptians (South)	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	47	13.8[62]					47	78.7[62]
Lebanese	Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)	914	8.1[63]	914	2.5[61]	914	4.8[61]	914	16.2[61]	914	0.7[61]	914	46.1[61]	914	6.6[61]	914	0.1[61]	914	4.7[61]	914	5.2[61]

mtDNA analysis

The Maternal ancestral lineages of Arabic countries are very diverse. The original Historical Maternal ancestral Haplogroups of the Near East were Mt (Maternal) L3 Haplogroup and Mt HV1 haplogroup that are still high in Yemen, while in Greater Syria there is a European Maternal gene flow.[14][64][65]

HLA antigens

Many of the genetic disorders specific to Arabs are located on HLA segment on chromosome 6. These same segment mutations are also markers of Arabs in genealogical and forensic profiling tests and studies.[66][67][14][64][65][68][69]

Autosomal DNA

There are four principal West Eurasian autosomal DNA components that characterize the populations in the Arab world: the Arabian, Levantine, Coptic and Maghrebi components. The Arabian component is the main autosomal element in the Gulf region. It is most closely associated with local Arabic-speaking populations.[70] The Arabian component is also found at significant frequencies in parts of the Levant and Northeast Africa.[70][71] The geographical distribution pattern of this component correlates with the pattern of the Islamic expansion, but its presence in Lebanese Christians, Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event.[70]

The Levantine component is the main autosomal element in the Near East and Caucasus. It peaks among Druze populations in the Levant. The Levantine component diverged from the Arabian component about 15,500-23,700 ypb.[70]

The Coptic component is the main autosomal element in Northeast Africa. It peaks among Egyptian Copts in Sudan, and is also found at high frequencies among other Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Nile Valley and Horn of Africa.[72] The Coptic component is roughly equivalent with the Eurasian ancestry found in the Ethio-Somali component.[73]

The Maghrebi component is the main autosomal element in the Maghreb. It peaks among the non-Arabized Berber populations in the region.[71] The Maghrebi component diverged from the Coptic/Ethio-Somali, Arabian and Levantine components prior to the Holocene.[71][73]

A recent genetic study published in the "European Journal of Human Genetics" in Nature (2019) showed that West Asians (Arabs) are closely related to Europeans and Northern Africans as well as to Southwest Asians.[74]

Online practical guides for genetic diseases

Genetic disorders in Arabs [18] [19]

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External links

• Centre For Arab Genomic Studies