Garda Emergency Response Unit

The Emergency Response Unit (ERU) (Irish: Aonad Práinnfhreagartha) is the elite police tactical unit of the Garda Síochána, Ireland's national police and security service. The unit was a section of the forces' Special Detective Unit (SDU), under the Crime and Security Branch (CSB)[3] until 2017, when the Special Tactics and Operational Command was created to take over its operational duties alongside Armed Support Units.[4]

Emergency Response Unit
Irish: Aonad Práinnfhreagartha
Official ERU emblem
AbbreviationERU
Agency overview
Formed15 December, 1977[1]
Employeesc. 100[2]
Jurisdictional structure
National agencyIreland
Operations jurisdictionIreland
General nature
Specialist jurisdiction
  • Counter terrorism, special weapons operations. Protection of internationally protected persons, other very important persons, and-or of state property of significance.
Operational structure
Overviewed byGarda Síochána
Parent agencySpecial Tactics and Operational Command
Notables
Significant operation
Website
official website

The Garda ERU provides the highest tier of firearms response to Irish law enforcement, specialising in weapons tactics, counter-terrorism, execution of high-risk missions, crisis negotiation, hostage rescue and close protection, among other roles. The unit was formed in 1977 as the "Special Task Force" to assist ordinary members of the force in extraordinary situations. The ERU regularly trains with the Irish Army Ranger Wing (ARW), the country's military special operations forces, sharing facilities and equipment.[5]

Roles

The Emergency Response Unit is responsible for handling the following operations in service of the Garda Síochána;[6][1]

In addition to these roles, the Garda ERU has airborne capabilities (helicopters) provided by the Garda Air Support Unit (GASU) and Irish Air Corps when required,[7] seaborne capabilities provided by the Garda Water Support Unit when needed,[8] dog handlers (working with the Garda Dog Support Unit),[9] sniper teams,[2] paramedics,[10] hostage negotiators (Garda Hostage Negotiation Section/HNS) and psychologists.[11]

History

The Special Task Force (STF) was formed on 15 December 1977 following an agreement on international terrorism at the European Council meeting in Brussels, Belgium in July 1976 on responding to terrorism.[1][6][12] Garda officers had earlier conducted a study tour of the special units of the German Federal Police GSG 9 and Belgian Gendarmerie Speciaal Interventie Eskadron (SIE).[1] The Special Task Force was based out of Harcourt Street, Dublin (where it is still headquartered today), under the umbrella of the Garda Special Branch (now Special Detective Unit). Many of the unit's first challenges were in combating the increasing threat of the Provisional IRA paramilitary group during The Troubles.[13] In 1984, STF members underwent training with the Army Ranger Wing (ARW) forming the Anti-Terrorist Unit.[1] The Anti-Terrorist Unit was renamed to the Emergency Response Unit (ERU) in 1987 to better reflect its role.[1]

In the aftermath of the 2001 September 11 attacks in the United States, the ERU became a member of the ATLAS Network, a European Union (EU) organisation consisting of 32 special police units across Europe. More recently, the ERU has been deployed to trouble spots in Dublin City and Limerick City in a combined Garda effort to tackle gun violence, resulting in a 92% decline of firearms offences related to organised crime.[14][15][16] Regular uniformed Gardaí (police officers) in Ireland are unarmed.

In 2017, operational command of the ERU was placed under the STOC to better reflect the Garda's mandate to provide firearms support and training under one command.[4]

Modus operandi
Garda Síochána Emergency Response Unit (ERU) tactical team disembarking from a helicopter

Membership of the Emergency Response Unit consists exclusively of serving officers in the Garda Síochána. It is understood to have more than 100 full-time officers on active duty.[2] The head of the ERU is of Detective Chief Superintendent rank. By extension, ERU members are part of the Special Detective Unit, most are generally detectives but have little investigative duties. The identity of the unit's officers is highly sensitive, and when giving evidence in court, they are not named, appear behind a curtain and may have their voice altered. The ERU operates from a number of secret bases nationally.[17]

The ERU includes a number of trained specialists, such as advanced drivers, marksmen, spotters, intelligence officers, communications technicians, close protection officers, weapons instructors, bomb disposal (explosives) experts, chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear experts, sky marshals, dog handlers and medics.[18] All ERU operators are trained in handling semi-automatic pistols, shotguns, submachine guns, personal defense weapons, assault rifles, sniper rifles and less lethal weapons. Shifts are up to 12 hours, with a minimum of 8 hours break between shifts, and many officers work 6 days a week. Pay, apart from overtime and expenses incurred, is no different from uniformed Gardaí of the same rank.

A number of tactical teams are on duty at any one time, with usually at least one in training or carrying out exercises. ERU operators are distinguished by their black tactical uniforms with "GARDA" and "POLICE" emblazoned in yellow across their chest and back. However, approximately 80% of ERU operations are carried out in plainclothes.[1]

Selection and training

Training is carried out at the Garda Tactical Training Unit, established in 1983 under the authority of the Garda Síochána College in Templemore, County Tipperary. The Army Ranger Wing "Tactical Town" or "Tac Town" in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare is also routinely used by the ERU, and operators receive further specialised training at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) National Academy in Quantico, Virginia in the United States.[19] An officer's journey into the ranks of the ERU begins with a notorious two-week initiation dubbed "hell week", where candidates are both physically and mentally assessed. Examinations include tasks to be completed within a set amount of time both on land and in water. Failure during the recruitment process is extremely high (95%), but those that complete the tests successfully are then put through a number of more specific, rigorous exercises, where their suitability for the unit is determined.[20] Aspiring ERU officers must have at least 4 years experience as a uniformed Garda with an unblemished disciplinary record before attempting to join the unit.[7] The unit is admittedly male dominated, but there are understood to be a number of woman who have worked and work in the ERU.[21]

ERU officers are required to qualify three times per year in all firearms being used by the unit, complete regular fitness tests and psychological examinations. ERU officers are also subject to stringent background checks by the Garda Central Vetting Unit (GCVU). Failure to pass these assessments may mean expulsion from operational duties. As part of their training, each member of the squad is made to sample the impact of their own non-lethal weapons, including being subdued by a Taser and must perform tasks after being hit with pepper spray in the eyes. All ERU operators are trained in advanced police driving, hand-to-hand combat (unarmed), close quarters combat (CQC) with and without the use of weaponry, climbing, abseiling and first aid.

Members of the ERU train regularly alongside Regional Support Units (RSU), the Army Ranger Wing and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams in Ireland, and abroad with; the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) Special Operations Branch (SOB) and Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) Specialist Firearms Command (SCO19) in the United Kingdom, and FBI Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) in the US, as well as similar organisations in France (RAID & GIGN), Germany (GSG 9), Netherlands and Finland.[22] The unit also conducts large scale scenario-based exercises each year with multiple other Garda units. Following the 2011 Norway attacks, officers from the Norwegian Police Service tactical intervention team - also known as the Emergency Response Unit - came to Ireland to receive training from the Garda ERU, showing how highly the unit are regarded internationally.[23]

Weapons and equipment
Garda Emergency Response Unit members conducting anti-terror maritime operations on the River Liffey, Dublin

The Garda ERU is a member of the ATLAS Network, who share best practice and establish protocol concerning tactics, weapons and equipment.[24] While the ERU armoury includes dozens of firearms, the standard issue pistol is the self-loading 9mm SIG Sauer P226, which officers carry on and off duty. Tactical teams carry rifles, depending on the operation, the most common being the Heckler & Koch HK416 assault rifle and Heckler & Koch MP7 personal defense weapon. Tasers are also carried as standard by tactical teams. In addition to firearms, ERU operators carry routine police equipment such as a knife, ASP baton, pepper spray, flashlight and handcuffs. First aid kits, firefighting equipment and respirators are commonly carried. Protective clothing for tactical teams includes ballistic armour for the head, neck, torso and limbs (including bulletproof vest, combat helmet and ballistic eyewear), fire-retardant fabric and combat boots.

Other equipment used includes a ballistic shield, breaching apparatus (including explosives for dynamic entry), audiovisual equipment (including night vision equipment) and secure communications (TETRA encrypted devices). The ERU has a large pool of unmarked police vehicles, most of which are modified high-performance vehicles, including armoured vehicles, command and control vehicles and tactical assault vehicles.[25][26][27] The ERU trains with other Garda units and the Air Corps in the utilisation of helicopters (AgustaWestland AW139 and Eurocopter EC135) and rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RIB), and has quick access to these when required.

Deployment procedure

In order for the Emergency Response Unit to be deployed in the Dublin Metropolitan Region (DMR), a request must be made by the Divisional Officer to either the Detective Chief Superintendent of the Special Detective Unit, or the Assistant Commissioner in charge of the Crime & Security Branch. For operations in the other five Garda regions (Eastern, Northern, Southern, South-Eastern and Western), the Divisional Officer would make the request to the appropriate Assistant Commissioner of that region. Outside of Dublin, the relevant Regional Support Unit (RSU) is usually deployed first, and may then request support from the ERU.[6] The ERU aims to respond to any incident within the mainland of the Republic of Ireland within 60 minutes of being dispatched, and within 2 hours outside of this (islands, watercraft, oil platforms, at sea, etc.), this may be achieved through the use of vehicles, watercraft or aircraft.[7] The ERU may assume responsibility from the Irish Prison Service in the event they are not able to bring under control prison riots[28] and may also be deployed to assist with escorting dangerous prisoners.

In the year of 2012, the ERU was called out to more than 200 firearms-related incidents, and carried out over 100 successful close protection operations.[20]

Legislation passed in Ireland in the aftermath of the November 2015 Paris attacks allows the Garda Emergency Response Unit respond to a terrorism crisis in another country in the European Union, and for Gardaí to request assistance from foreign specialist forces.[29]

ERU patch worn by operators

Notable incidents
Garda ERU operator in Dublin following a shooting incident (shown holding IMI Uzi, no longer in service)

Operations involving the Garda Emergency Response Unit have resulted in the deaths of ten people since 1990, including one (a Garda detective) accidentally. There have also been a number of incidents where lethal force was used but loss of life did not occur.[30]

  • In January 1990, one of five armed criminals was killed by a team from the Garda Emergency Response Unit, during a hostage-taking at a bank in Athy, County Kildare. Five raiders, each armed, from a prominent Dublin based criminal gang attempted to steal cash from the bank, but had been followed by an undercover unit from the ERU, following a spate of violent robberies in the Greater Dublin Area. When the armed gang attempted to raid the bank, they were surrounded by ERU operatives, and resorted to taking staff, customers and passers-by hostage. An ERU marksman shot one gang member in the head from long range. Austin Higgins (26), who was on bail from robbery charges at the time, was fatally wounded. Eight people were injured during the incident, but all of the hostages were freed and survived. The remaining gang of four who were armed, but did not fire their weapons, were apprehended (two of whom were shot but survived) by Gardaí and later received 12-year prison sentences.[31]
  • In July 1990, two armed bank robbers were shot dead by officers from the Emergency Response Unit, after they held staff and customers at gunpoint at a bank branch in Leixlip, County Kildare. William Doyle (35) from Dublin and Thomas Wilson (39) from Northern Ireland made off with thousands of pounds in notes from the bank, and after the alarm was raised they were pursued in a high-speed chase by officers from the ERU. Gardaí forcibly ended the pursuit in Fairview, Dublin, and a shootout ensued, with the heavily armed ERU team fatally shooting both suspects without injury to any other party.[32]
  • In June 1997, a member of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) terrorist organisation was shot by armed detectives from the Emergency Response Unit following a failed attempt to raid a newsagents in Inchicore, Dublin at gunpoint to raise funds for terrorist activities. John Morris (26) refused to drop the pistol he was carrying (later found to be unloaded), and was shot in the head and back, and died in hospital the next day. His two accomplices were also apprehended without injury to anyone else.[33]
  • In May 1998, armed Gardaí attached to the Emergency Response Unit shot dead a member of the Provisional IRA terrorist group, during an attempted robbery of a cash-in-transit van carrying £300,000 Irish pounds (€380,000 in Euro) in Ashford, County Wicklow.[34] The gang of six had been under surveillance by a number of Garda units, including the National Surveillance Unit (NSU) and Special Detective Unit at the time. The armed raiders posed as county council workmen before blocking the road to stop the bank van. The gang was armed with an assault rifle, pump-action shotgun, revolver, imitation rocket launcher and an angle grinder. When the ERU moved in and foiled the robbery, 28-year-old Ronan McLoughlin was fatally shot by heavily armed ERU officers as he attempted to flee in a vehicle. 10 shots were fired by Gardaí, who had 25 firearms on scene. Nobody else was shot. Five gang members were arrested and later found guilty of terrorism offences.[35]
  • In April 2000 (See: Death of John Carthy), the ERU was brought into the public spotlight after killing a 27-year-old man with a known mental disorder in controversial circumstances, following a 25-hour barricaded siege in Abbeylara, County Longford. John Carthy fired up to 7 shots from a legally held double-barreled shotgun, both at unarmed and armed Gardaí after a dispute with his family (he held no hostages). An ERU tactical team arrived from Dublin and took charge of the incident and attempted to negotiate with Carthy, but he repelled their attempts. After 25 hours, he exited his house through the front door with a loaded shotgun in his hands. He was repeatedly ordered at gunpoint to drop his weapon, but refused, and advanced towards the perimeter. Upon exiting his premises and walking towards the local town, he was shot four times by two ERU snipers (who fired two shots each) and died. No one else sustained injuries, although a police car was damaged by Carthy. The resulting Barr Tribunal was critical of the Gardaí, suggesting Carthy's life could have been preserved, however it found that the ERU team had acted within the law. The incident brought a number of changes in procedures when dealing with barricade incidents.[36]
  • In December 2001, Detective Sergeant John Eiffe - aged 40 from Ratoath, County Meath - of the National Surveillance Unit lost his life in tragic circumstances after he was hit from a bullet ricochet fired by a colleague from the Emergency Response Unit during an operation to arrest four armed bank robbers in Abbeyleix, County Laois. The four men had been under surveillance by NSU detectives, and when they attempted to rob a bank, the NSU and ERU intervened. One of the men attempted to flee using his vehicle, and the sound of a tyre bursting led officers at the scene to believe they were being fired on by the armed robbers, causing them to open fire.[37] It later transpired that although the criminals had been carrying firearms, they had not discharge them. Gardaí discharged all 3 shots. Another officer was also injured in the incident, but recovered.[38]
  • In May 2005, ERU officers fatally shot two criminal raiders in Lusk, County Dublin during a pre-planned operation to foil an armed robbery of a post office. Colm Griffin (33) and Eric Hopkins (24) were both shot dead by a team of undercover detectives from the ERU, acting on intelligence that a four-man gang were going to raid the post office at gunpoint. Griffin was carrying a loaded pistol, which was not fired, and Hopkins a sledgehammer. Plainclothes officers, armed with concealed 9mm semi-automatic pistols, were lying in wait for the gang. When two gang members entered the post office and threatened staff and customers with weapons, the ERU officers pointed their guns at the pair and ordered them to drop their weapons. They did not, and both were fatally shot in the head at close range. Three shots were fired in total, all by Gardaí. Two other gang members were apprehended without incident. No one else sustained injuries.[39] The operation was widely praised by the public and politicians, and saw a marked decrease in violent crime for a number of months in the aftermath. There was suspicion the raid was ordered as a fundraising attempt for dissident republicans.[40]
  • In May 2009, officers from the Emergency Response Unit were present when National Surveillance Unit detectives shot and killed an armed raider in Lucan, Dublin after he attempted to hold-up a cash-in-transit van. 27-year-old Gareth Molloy, who had previous criminal convictions, and his gang were under surveillance by the NSU for a number of weeks prior to the incident. Gardaí received intelligence that the gang were going to carry out a heist, and the NSU were backed-up by the National Bureau of Criminal Investigation (NBCI), Organised Crime Unit (OCU) and ERU.[41] When Molloy and a gang associate attempted to hold-up a cash delivery van at gunpoint and fired a shot in the air, NSU detectives intervened and ordered the armed raiders to drop their weapons. Gareth Molloy pointed a sawn-off shotgun in the direction of armed Gardaí and was immediately fired upon by NSU officers and was fatally wounded.[42] His associate refused to drop his weapon, and was also shot, but survived with serious injuries. 5 shots were fired by Gardaí in total. No one else was hurt. Four other gang members were arrested, charged and jailed following a pursuit in the aftermath of the incident.[43]

Killed in the line of duty
Main article: List of Gardaí killed in the line of duty
Rank Name Year of death Circumstances
Detective ("Special Task Force") Thomas J.A. Lawn 1983 Fatally injured in a traffic collision while on patrol duty as an observer, Dublin[44]

List of equipment

Firearms
Name Origin Type Caliber Photo Notes
Pistols
SIG Sauer P226  Germany
  Switzerland		 Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Parabellum [45]
Walther P99  Germany Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Parabellum P99c (Compact) concealable version also in use[5]
Submachine guns
Heckler & Koch MP7  Germany Personal defense weapon HK 4.6×30mm [46]
Heckler & Koch MP5  Germany Submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum [46]
Shotguns
Remington Model 870  United States Pump action 12 gauge [46]
Benelli M4 Super 90  Italy Semi-automatic shotgun 12 gauge [47]
Benelli M3 (Super 90)  Italy Semi-automatic shotgun 12 gauge [47]
Assault rifles
Heckler & Koch HK416  Germany Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO [46]
Heckler & Koch HK33  Germany Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO [48]
Sniper rifles
Steyr SSG 69  Austria Bolt action sniper rifle 7.62×51mm NATO [46]
Steyr SSG 04  Austria Bolt action sniper rifle 7.62×51mm NATO [5]

Less Lethal

Vehicles
Further information: List of vehicles used by the Garda Síochána
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gollark: Allow access to *all unicode* everywhere on DC!

See also

References
  1. "Rank and Structure in the Garda Síochána and the Role of the Emergency Response Unit". Barr Tribunal Report (Ireland) 2006. Damien Mulley. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  2. "Emergency Response Unit show terrorists what they're facing in June". Daily Star. 17 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  3. "The Crime & Security Branch". Garda Síochána. 2009. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  4. https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/revamp-of-top-garda-units-457999.html
  5. Leroy Thompson (1 March 2013). "Ireland's Army Rangers, Page 2". Tactical Life. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  6. "Emergency Response Unit (E.R.U.)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
  7. "On patrol with the Garda's elite unit". The Evening Herald. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  8. O'Carroll, Sinead. "Gardaí participate in counter-terrorism exercise". 16 April 2013. TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  9. "Special armed gardai were ready to storm house in siege". Irish Daily Star. 30 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  10. Lally, Conor (5 December 2013). "Man in armed stand-off with gardaí dies of gunshot wound". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  11. Bryne, Cormac (9 September 2010). "Training Day: A knife, hostages and a crack ERU team on the case". The Herald (Ireland). Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  12. Minister for Justice Mr. G. Collins (9 November 1978). "Written Answers. - Garda Siochána". Houses of the Oireachtas Service. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  13. Cherfi, Saurya (8 December 2014). "Garda involved in Don Tidey shoot-out in 1983 awarded €170,000". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  14. Hurley, David (16 April 2013). "Firearms offences in Limerick fall by 92%". Limerick Leader. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  15. Woulfe, Jimmy (28 March 2008). "Gang crime forces ERU back into Limerick". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  16. "Emergency Response Unit – 4 Limerick arrests". 26 May 2010. Irish Digest. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  17. "ERU's secret security base is burgled". The Irish Star Newspaper. 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  18. O'Brien, Stephen (8 February 2004). "Brennan to reject US air marshal bid". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  19. "Irish Army Ranger Wing". 15 December 2013. Special Ops Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  20. Brady, Tom (17 April 2013). "ERU on alert for G8 terrorist threat". Irish Independent. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  21. "Community in shock following sad death of young mum and detective Jayne Cahill". The Argus. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  22. Williams, Paul; Brady, Tom (24 November 2015). "Units to counter terrorism step up training". Irish Independent. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  23. "'Garda ERU will help us stop the next Anders Breivik'". Irish Daily Star. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  24. Ferry, Declan (17 April 2013). "Garda crack squad that will protect Obama". IrishMirror.ie. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  25. Cusack, Jim (21 June 2015). "Superfast saloons to help gardai beat rural raiders". Irish Independent. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  26. "Garda Síochána Inspectorate (Report No. 2)" (PDF). 2007. Department of Justice and Equality. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  27. "Motors Feature: The Garda Regional Support Unit". 8 November 2010. College Tribune. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  28. Phelan, Shane (14 July 2008). "Prison officers blame riot at Mountjoy on overcrowding". Irish Independent. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  29. McEnroe, Juno (19 November 2015). "Dáil to pass Criminal Justice Amendment Bill allowing states to join forces to fight terror". The Irish Examiner. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  30. McDonald, Brian (11 October 2006). "Garda search at siege site uncovers over 250 rounds". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  31. "Hostages: High Noon, Athy". 2012. RTÉ Television. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  32. Phelan, Shane (2 December 2012). "Gardai's last shooting death was during botched robbery". Irish Independent. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  33. Sheey, Clodagh (24 November 2012). "Eight fatally shot by gardai in past 15 years". Irish Independent. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  34. Rae, Stephen (24 November 2012). "Terrorist killed in Blue Flu shootout". Irish Independent. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  35. "28-year-old man shot dead during PIRA heist in Ashford". The Wicklow People. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  36. "A review of practices and procedures for barricade incidents | Garda Síochána Inspectorate" (PDF). 2006. Garda Síochána Inspectorate. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  37. Guerin, Jimmy (24 November 2012). "The tragic day a young Garda died". Independent.ie. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  38. Felle, Tom (8 May 2007). "Inquest into garda death at bank raid delayed due to appeals". Irish Independent. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  39. O’Halloran, Georgina (4 October 2007). "Lusk inquest: Garda who shot unarmed raider acted in self-defence". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  40. Corcoran, Jody (24 November 2012). "SF/IRA had hired slain Lusk gunman". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  41. "Trial hears garda evidence of surveillance of cars". breakingnews.ie. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  42. Phelan, Shane (27 November 2012). "Armed raider opened fire on gardai". Irish Independent. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  43. "Undercover gardai had followed raid gang for two weeks". The Herald. 16 May 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  44. "An Garda Síochána Roll of Honour List" (PDF). 2014. Garda Síochána. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  45. "The Aftermath – Post-Mortem, Forensic and Ballistic Examination". Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  46. "Unofficial ERU Weapons Page". 2007. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
  47. Leroy Thompson (1 March 2013). "Ireland's Army Rangers, Page 1". Tactical Life. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  48. "The exit of John Carthy from the house". Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  49. "ERU authorised to use TASER type devices". Department of Justice and Equality. 3 April 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  50. "Garda Use of Less Lethal Weapons". Department of Justice and Equality. 20 July 2006. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  51. "Less-Lethal Weapons". Department of Justice and Equality. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
  52. Lavery, Michael (2 February 2010). "Bullet-proof vehicles for SWAT unit". Herald.ie. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  53. "Gardaí using armour-plated cars seized from criminals". Breaking News. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2013.


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