Franklin Gimson

Sir Franklin Charles Gimson KCMG KStJ (Chinese: 詹遜, 10 September 1890 – 13 February 1975) was a British colonial administrator, who served in Ceylon from 1914 to 1941, and later as Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong and Governor of Singapore.

Sir Franklin Gimson KCMG KStJ
1st Governor of Singapore
In office 1 April 1946 – 15 November 1952
Monarch	George VI Elizabeth II
Preceded by	Lord Mountbatten of Burma (military government)
Succeeded by	Wilfred Lawson Blythe (acting) Sir John Fearns Nicoll
Governor of Hong Kong Acting
In office 28 August 1945 – 30 August 1945
Monarch	George VI
Preceded by	Hisakazu Tanaka
Succeeded by	Sir Cecil Harcourt
Personal details
Born	(1890-09-10)10 September 1890 Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, England
Died	13 February 1975(1975-02-13) (aged 84) Pickering, North Yorkshire, England
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	詹遜
Simplified Chinese	詹逊
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhān Xùn Yue: Cantonese Jyutping zim1 seon3

Gimson assumed the post of the Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong in December 1941. However, his appointment was interrupted by the Battle of Hong Kong. He became a prisoner of war when then Governor Sir Mark Young surrendered to the Imperial Japanese Army on Christmas Day 1941. After spending more than three years in Stanley Internment Camp as an internee, Gimson was freed in August 1945, upon the Liberation of Hong Kong. He formed a short-lived provisional government and briefly declared himself "acting governor", but this administration was soon replaced when Rear Admiral Cecil Harcourt established the military government following in September.

Gimson was the first Governor of Singapore from 1946 to 1952 and reinstalled the civil administration in Singapore. During his governorship, he witnessed the establishment of the legislative council and the executive council in 1947. His governorship was also marked by the increasingly unstable political situation which was provoked by the Malayan Emergency, and the controversial legislation of the Internal Security Act.

Biography

Early life

Gimson was born on 10 September 1890 in Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, England, to the Rev. Charles Keightley Gimson. He attended Balliol College, Oxford, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree.

Early colonial service

Gimson entered the British Ceylon Civil Service as a cadet in November 1914. In the beginning he was attached to the Office of the Naval Intelligence Officer in addition to his own duties. Later on he became an additional police magistrate in Colombo. In 1918 he was sent on military service during World War I and returned to the colonial administration as an additional assistant colonial secretary in July 1919. Two months later he was transferred to North Central Province as assistant government agent.

Gimson was appointed additional assistant colonial secretary for the second time in March 1920 and was promoted to the post of 4th assistant colonial secretary in September 1920. Subsequently, he was sent to Mannar as acting assistant government agent in February 1922. In February 1924, he was promoted to the Customs Department as landing surveyor and acted as acting deputy controller from March to May in 1928. Gimson left the Customs in March 1929 and was appointed as an additional assistant to the Director of Education. Later in July 1931 he became secretary to the Minister of Education.

In February 1932, Gimson was appointed assistant government agent of Trincomalee and in December 1933, appointed assistant government agent of Kegalle. In August 1935, he involved in a special duty to help organise the forthcoming general election of members of the state council. Afterwards, he was appointed the chairman of the Municipal Council of Kandy in June 1936 but was eventually given the post of Controller of Labour in 1937. Gimson held this office until 1941 and he gained the rank of class one officer in 1938.

Life as colonial secretary and internment in Hong Kong

Gimson was promoted to the post of Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong in 1941 and arrived at the colony on 7 December, just the day before the Japanese Army initiated its unexpected and sudden large-scale invasion to Hong Kong. The defence forces of Hong Kong soon lost in the Battle of Hong Kong and the then governor, Sir Mark Young, was forced to surrender on 25 December, which is now known as the Black Christmas. After the Japanese victory, all British officials were arrested and were under Japanese rule. Since the Governor was interned elsewhere, Gimson became the representative of the former government who was responsible for dealing with the Japanese over the issue of transfer of power. For some time he even set up a provisional liaison office in Prince's Building, Central.

In March 1942, Gimson was finally sent to Stanley Internment Camp, where most British colonial officials and expatriates were interned. During the internment, the British civilian internees established the "British Communal Council", which tried in a limited way to maintain the life and order in the camp. As the highest-ranking British official in the camp, Gimson became the chairman of the council and was also responsible to negotiate with the Japanese on matters relating to the camp.

After three years and eight months of Japanese occupation, the Emperor of Japan finally announced an unconditional surrender to the Allies on 15 August 1945. Immediately after the unconditional surrender was made, the Japanese authority had to continue to maintain the order of Hong Kong as the Allies were still on the way to take over. However, all the prohibitions and regulations set by the Japanese were entirely lifted and abolished instantly. On the other hand, on the eve of the surrender of Japan, the British Ambassador to China, Sir Horace Seymour, had already tried to make contact with Gimson from Chongqing, urging him to exercise the sovereignty on behalf of the British government. Although Seymour's order arrived late on 23 August, Gimson had declared himself "acting governor" and had started to prepare for a "provisional government" on 16 August after knowing Japanese had surrendered. Receiving Seymour's order on 23 August, Gimson and other internees left the camp and took over the authority from Japan. Gimson was sworn as acting governor by Chief Justice Atholl MacGregor. He and other former colonial officials set up the headquarters of the provisional government in the Former French Mission Building. On 27 August, Gimson made a further announcement through radio, stating the provisional government had been established. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the provisional rule, the government had to rely on the Japanese troops to maintain the order of Hong Kong since the power of the administration was limited.

On 30 August 1945, Rear Admiral Cecil Harcourt and his warships entered Victoria Harbour. Since Harcourt was asked to form a military government by London, Gimson transferred the power to him and the military government was officially formed on 1 September. Harcourt himself became the head of the military government and Gimson was appointed lieutenant governor by him. Yet, the creation of the office of lieutenant governor was deemed unsuitable by the Colonial Office and therefore Gimson was soon replaced by a chief civil affairs officer and his team sent from London on 7 September. Gimson himself was in fact in poor health as a result of more than three years of internment. For health reasons, he left for the United Kingdom on 16 September. On the day before his departure, he commented in a radio programme that Hong Kong should undergo political reform in the future.

Governor of Singapore

After spending some time recovering in the United Kingdom, Gimson became governor and commander-in-chief of Singapore on 1 April 1946. He abolished the military government which had been set up by Lord Louis Mountbatten (as he then was) in 1945, and reinstalled the colonial civil administration. In the first two years of his governorship, the recovery of the economy in Singapore was slow and a large riot broke out in 1947. In June 1947, Singapore became a separate Crown colony and both legislative and executive councils of Singapore were established. In March 1948, Gimson allowed six of the twenty-five seats in the legislative council to be elected.

In June 1948, an armed insurgency by communist groups in Malaya broke out, and the British imposed harsh measures to control left-wing groups in both Singapore and Malaya; the controversial Internal Security Act, which allowed indefinite detention without trial for persons suspected of being "threats to security", was introduced at this time. Since the left-wing groups were the strongest critics of the colonial system, progress on self-government stalled for several years. The colonial government also tried to prevent contact between Singaporean Chinese and the People's Republic of China, which had just fallen under the rule of the Communist Party of China. Tan Kah Kee, a local businessman and philanthropist, was denied re-entry into Singapore after he made a trip to China in 1949.

In April 1950, Gimson was the target of an unsuccessful assassination attempt: as he left a boxing event at which he had been presenting prizes in Singapore, a grenade was thrown at him which bounced off his leg and exploded harmlessly some distance away.[1]

A second legislative council election was held in 1951 with the number of elected seats increased to nine but the colonial administration was still obviously dominant. Gimson retired from the colonial service the following year, leaving Singapore on the P&O Liner Corfu on 20 March 1952.[2] He was succeeded in the post of governor by John Nicoll, another former Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong.

Later years

Gimson spent his time back in the United Kingdom in retirement. He died in his house, "Applegarth", in Thornton-le-Dale, near Pickering, North Yorkshire, on 13 February 1975, aged 84.[3]

Family

Gimson married Margaret Dorothy Ward in 1922. She was appointed MBE in the 1936 New Year Honours for services during a malaria epidemic in Ceylon.[4] The couple had two daughters.

Honours

• CMG (1945)[5]
• KCMG (1946)[6]
• KStJ (1950)[7]

Others

• Honorary Doctor of Law (presented by the University of Malaya in 1952)
• Member of the Royal Commonwealth Society
• Freeman of the City of Singapore

See also

• Battle of Hong Kong
• History of Singapore

Footnotes

1. MIDNIGHT BOMB ATTACK ON GIMSON, The Straits Times, 29 April 1950, Page 1.
2. "Sir F. Gimson leaves Singapore – Farewell Ceremony". The Times. London. 21 March 1952. p. 5.
3. "No. 46517". The London Gazette. 17 March 1975. p. 3604.
4. "No. 34238". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1935. p. 14.
5. "No. 37257". The London Gazette. 7 September 1945. p. 4489.
6. "No. 37598". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1946. p. 2760.
7. "No. 38804". The London Gazette. 3 January 1950. p. 60.

References

• GIMSON, Sir Franklin Charles, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2016 (online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014)
• Endacott, G. B.; Hinton, Arthur (1962). Fragrant Harbour. A Short History of Hong Kong. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780837194561. OCLC 490909282.
• http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Singapore.html, Singapore, World Statesmen.
• http://countrystudies.us/singapore/9.htm, Singapore – Aftermath of War, Library of Congress, 18 June 2006.

Government offices
Preceded by Norman Lockhart Smith	Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong 1941	Vacant Japanese occupation of Hong Kong Title next held by David MacDougall
Preceded by Hisaichi Tanaka as Governor-General of Hong Kong Japanese occupation of Hong Kong	Governor of Hong Kong Provisional Government 28–30 August 1945	Succeeded by Sir Cecil Harcourt as Administrator of Hong Kong
Preceded by Sir Shenton Thomas as Governor of Straits Settlements	Governor of Singapore 1946–1952	Succeeded by Wilfred Lawson Blythe (acting) Sir John Fearns Nicoll