Faryab Province

Faryab (Persian/Pashto: فاریاب) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, which is located in the north of the country bordering neighboring Turkmenistan. It has a population of about 948,000,[2] which is multi-ethnic and mostly a tribal society.[3] The province encompasses 15 districts and over 1,000 villages. The capital of Faryab province is Maymana. It also borders Jowzjan Province, Sar-e Pol Province, Ghor Province and Badghis Province.

Faryab

فاریاب
Province
Mountains and River in Faryab province
Map of Afghanistan with Faryab highlighted
Coordinates (Capital): 36°15′N 64°50′E
Country Afghanistan
CapitalMaymana
Government
 • GovernorNaqibullah Faiq
Area
 • Total20,797.6 km2 (8,030.0 sq mi)
Population
 (2012)[2]
 • Total948,000
 • Density46/km2 (120/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Time)
ISO 3166 codeAF-FYB
Main languagesUzbek
Turkmen
Dari
Pashto

History
Further information: History of Afghanistan
A village in Faryab province

Faryab is a Persian toponym meaning "lands irrigated by diversion of river water".[4] The name Faryab takes its name from a town founded in the area by the Sassanids. It is the home town of the famed Islamic philosopher, al-Farabi (per the biographer Ibn al-Nadim). The area is part of the trans-border region of Greater Khorasan; during the colonial era, British geographers referred to the area as Afghan Turkestan.

The history of settlement in Faryab is ancient and comprises layer upon layer of occupation. At times, it was a melting pot within which a host of cultures have merged into a non-conflictual whole or at least peaceable coexistence.

Maymana and Andkhoy (Andkhui) entered written history 2,500 years ago when Jews arrived and settled in 586 BC, fleeing the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. The territory was under Persian control at the time, which later gave way to Greek rule following the conquest by Alexander the Great in 326 BC.

Persian dominance was restored from the 3rd to the 7th century AD.[5]

The pre-Islamic period ended with the conquest of northern Afghanistan by Arab Muslims (651-661 AD). The area "turned into a vast battlefield as the two great Arab and Persian cultures battled for not only political and geographical supremacy but ideological supremacy."[6] As a result, centuries of Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity and indigenous pagan cults were swept away. Various Islamic dynasties rose to power and influenced the locals. They included the Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Seljuks, and Ghurids.

The history of Faryab was greatly altered yet again in the 11th century, this time with the invasion of the Mongols, under Genghis Khan and his descendants. As they moved into the area from the north, cities and towns including Maymana were razed, populations massacred, grain, fields and livestock stolen or burnt and ancient irrigation systems obliterated. Faryab was itself destroyed by the Mongols in 1220.[4] Control by the Mongols stemmed from the alternating capitals of Bukhara or Samarkand north of the Amu Darya River. They ruled in a decentralized manner, however, allowing local tribal chiefs in Maymana and elsewhere considerable autonomy (a legacy which was to last until the end of the 19th century).

In 1500, Uzbek princes, in the form of the Khanate of Bukhara (a Turco-Mongol state), swept across the Amu Darya, reaching Faryab and related areas around 1505. They joined a substantial and largely pastoral Arab population and ruled the area until the mid-18th century.

View near the Zarmast Pass (Sauzak Pass) in 1939, which connects Faryab's Maymana to the city of Herat

It was conquered by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1748 and became part of the Durrani Empire. The area was untouched by the British during the three Anglo-Afghan wars that were fought in the 19th and 20th centuries. Faryab become a province in 1964. From the administrative reforms of the 1930s until then it was known as Maymana and was a sub-province of Balkh Province, which had its headquarters in Mazar-i-Sharif.[7]

During the 1990s Afghan Civil War (early 90s and late 90s), the front line between Taliban and opposition forces often fell between Badghis and Faryab provinces in the mid-1990s. Ismail Khan also fled to Faryab to reconstitute his forces following the Taliban takeover of Herat Province, but was betrayed by Abdul Malik Pahlawan.[8]

A market street in Maymana

In May 1997, Abdul Malik Pahlawan raised the Taliban flag over the capital of Maymana, switching sides and initiating a renewed Taliban offensive from the west.[9] Following a series of changing allegiances and falling out with Malik, the Taliban withdrew from the area, but in 1998 a contingent of 8,000 Taliban fighters pressed through Faryab, seizing Abdul Rashid Dostum's headquarters in Sheberghan, in neighboring Jowzjan province.[10]

Faryab province has been one of the more peaceful areas in Afghanistan since the fall of the Taliban government in late 2001. Recent development projects in the province have focused on expanding the agricultural potential of the province, in particular the re-forestation of areas of the province that were denuded in the recent past.

Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) members of the Norwegian Army on a patrol in Faryab Province (December 2009)

It was reported in 2006 that Abdul Malik Pahlawan's Freedom Party of Afghanistan still maintained an armed militant wing, which was contributing to instability in province.[11] The Afghan National Security Forces (ANFS) began expanding and slowly took over control. The Afghanistan-Turkmenistan border is maintained by the Afghan Border Police (ABP) while law and order for the rest of the province is provided by the NATO-trained Afghan National Police (ANP).

A street in the province

Between 2006 and late 2014, the province had a Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT), which was led by Norway. The Norwegian PRT had its base at Maymana and had also been given the responsibility for the Ghormach District.

Afghanistan signed a deal with China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) for the development of oil blocks in the Amu Darya basin, a project expected to earn billions of dollars over two decades; the deal covers drilling and a refinery in the northern provinces of Sar-e Pol and Faryab, and is the first international oil production agreement entered into by the Afghan government for several decades.[12] CNPC began Afghan oil production in October 2012,[13] and in the same month a huge gas reserves were discovered in the Andkhoy District of Faryab province.[14]

In July 2016, Human Rights Watch accused Abdul Rashid Dostum's National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan of killing, abusing and looting civilians in Faryab.[15]

Politics and governance

The current governor of the province is Naqibullah Faiq, a position he held since 2018.

The town of Maymana is the capital of Faryab province. All law enforcement activities throughout the province are controlled by the Afghan National Police (ANP). The police chief represents the Ministry of the Interior in Kabul. The ANP is backed by other Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF).

Transportation

As of May 2014 Maymana Airport was served by regular passenger service to Herat.[16]

The province's road infrastructure was described in 2006 as "completely in shambles" without even a single "paved road".[17]

There exists a short international railway connection between Aqina and Imamnazar in Turkmenistan, connecting to the Turkmen rail network at Atamyrat.[18]

Economy

Agriculture and animal husbandry are the primary economic activities in the province however Faryab is renowned for its carpets, knitted as well as woven Kilims, which are traditionally a female-dominated handicraft.[17] The province has a disputed amount of natural gas reserves but levels of exploitation are low.[17]

There is a salt mine in Dowlat Abad district and some marble resources (said to owned by Abdul Rashid Dostum) and there are also pistachio forests which produce Pistacia vera which are renowned for their color and intense flavor.[19]

Healthcare

The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 23% in 2005 to 24% in 2011.[20] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 2% in 2005 to 16% in 2011.[20]

Education

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) was 18% in 2011.[20] The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 53% in 2005 to 55% in 2011.[20]

Demographics
Ethnolinguistic groups in Afghanistan
Districts of Faryab

The population of Faryab is about 948,000, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a tribal society.[2] The main ethnic groups living in the province are Uzbek, followed by Tajik, Pashtun, Hazara and others.[21] There have been occasional ethnic clashes reported between Uzbeks and Pashtuns.[3][22]

Dari, Uzbeki and Pashto are the main languages spoken in and around the province. All the inhabitants follow Islam, with Sunnis making up the majority while Shiites (Shias) make up the minority. The Shias are mainly the ethnic Hazaras.

Districts
Districts of Faryab Province
District Capital Population[23] Area[24] Number of villages and ethnic groups
Almar120,0001,525 km286 villages. 65% Uzbek and 35% Turkmen.[25]
AndkhoyAndkhoy41,656381 km281 villages. Pashtun, Tajik, and Uzbek.[26]
Bilchiragh41,7061,189 km244 villages. Pashtun, Tajik, and Uzbek.[27]
Dawlat Abad57,8762,598 km256 villages. Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara and Uzbek.[28]
GhormachGhormach52,5662,083 km2Pashtun.
Gurziwan72,4971,875 km254 villages. Pashtun, Tajik, and Uzbek.[29]
Khani Char Bagh70,0001,056 km216 villages. 65% Uzbek and 35% Turkmen.[30]
Khwaja Sabz Posh55,000800 km285 villages. 80% Uzbek, 10% Pashtun and 10% Tajik.[31]
Kohistan53,6162,254 km2133 villages.[32]
MaymanaMaymana75,900Uzbek, Tajik, Pashtun.
Pashtun Kot300,0004,000 km2331 villages. 60% Pashtun, 20% Uzbek, 10% Turkmen, and 10% Tajik

and Arab.[33]

Qaramqol98,2292,192 km219 villages / 73 Semi-villages. 70% Turkmen and 30% Uzbek.[34]
Qaysar2370002,502 km2190 villages.[35]
Qurghan27,116797 km213 villages.[36]
Shirin Tagab141,6423,500 km2116 villages. Uzbek, Tajik and Arab.[37]
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See also

References
  1. "Area and Administrative and Population". Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
  2. "Settled Population of Faryab province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13" (PDF). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Central Statistics Organization. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  3. "Ethnic Clashes Hit Faryab". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. October 2, 2009. Retrieved 2014-01-18. Minor incident blows up into full-scale rioting between Uzbeks and Pashtuns in northern province.
  4. Balland, Daniel (December 15, 1999). "FĀRYĀB". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
  5. Dr. Liz Alden Wily, LAND RELATIONS IN FARYAB PROVINCE: Findings from a field study in 11 villages, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, June 2004
  6. Lee 1996, op cit., 10
  7. "Pain, A. Livelihoods under stress in Faryab Province, Northern Afghanistan. Opportunities for Support. A Report to Save the Children (USA), Pakistan/Afghanistan Field Office. October 2001
  8. Kamal Matinuddin (30 April 1999). The Taliban phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994-1997. Oxford University Press US. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-0-19-579274-4. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  9. Roy Gutman (2008). How we missed the story: Osama bin Laden, the Taliban, and the hijacking of Afghanistan. US Institute of Peace Press. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-1-60127-024-5. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  10. Larry P. Goodson (2001). Afghanistan's endless war: state failure, regional politics, and the rise of the Taliban. University of Washington Press. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-0-295-98050-8. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  11. Amin Tarzi. Afghanistan: Government Turns Its Sights On Northern Warlords. Radio Free Europe - Radio Liberty. August 21, 2006.
  12. Harooni, Mirwais (2011-12-28). "REFILE-Afghanistan signs major oil deal with China's CNPC". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  13. China's CNPC begins oil production in Afghanistan, by Hamid Shalizi. October 21, 2012.
  14. "Major gas reserves found in Faryab". Pajhwok Afghan News. October 21, 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  15. July 31, 2016 12:00AM EDT, Afghanistan: Forces Linked to Vice President Terrorize Villagers, Prosecute Militia Members for Killings,https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/07/31/afghanistan-forces-linked-vice-president-terrorize-villagers
  16. 2014 East Horizon Airlines Timetable, http://flyeasthorizon.com/flight-schedule/ Archived 2018-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
  17. CMI,Afghanistan:An Assessment of Conflict and Actors in Faryab Province to Establish a Basis for increased Norwegian Civilian Involvement, 2007, http://www.cmi.no/pdf/?file=/afghanistan/doc/Faryab%20Risk%20Assessment%20CMI%20report%2002.07.pdf
  18. Salehai, Zarghona (28 November 2016). "Afghan-Turkmenistan railroad inaugurated". Pajhwok Afghan News. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  19. UC Davis, Pistachio Woodlands of Afghanistan, http://afghanag.ucdavis.edu/natural-resource-management/forest-watershed-man/foretry-conference/PPT_Forestry_14_Pistachio_Woodlands.pdf
  20. Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Faryab.aspx Archived 2014-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
  21. http://www.elections.pajhwok.com/en/content/background-profile-faryab-province
  22. http://www.hewad.com/news2.htm
  23. "Faryab Province". Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development. Archived from the original on 2013-04-14. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  24. Afghanistan Geographic & Thematic Layers
  25. Almar District (Re-elected) Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  26. Ankhoy District
  27. Balcheragh District
  28. Dawlat Abad District (Re-elected)
  29. Gorzaiwan District
  30. Khan Charbagh District (Re-elected)
  31. Khaja Sahib Posh District (Re-elected)
  32. Kohistan District
  33. Pashton Kot Sahib Posh District (Re-elected)
  34. Quramqul District (Re-elected)
  35. Qaisar District (Re-elected)
  36. Qurghan District(Re-elected)
  37. Dawlat Abad District (Re-elected)
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