Extravagant number

In number theory, an extravagant number (also known as a wasteful number) is a natural number in a given number base that has fewer digits than the number of digits in its prime factorization in the given number base (including exponents).[1] For example, in base 10, 4 = 2², 6 = 2×3, 8 = 2³, and 9 = 3² are extravagant numbers (sequence A046760 in the OEIS).

There are infinitely many extravagant numbers, no matter what base is used.[1]

Mathematical definition

Let ${\displaystyle b>1}$ be a number base, and let ${\displaystyle K_{b}(n)=\lfloor \log _{b}{n}\rfloor +1}$ be the number of digits in a natural number ${\displaystyle n}$ for base ${\displaystyle b}$. A natural number ${\displaystyle n}$ has the integer factorisation

${\displaystyle n=\prod _{\stackrel {p\mid n}{p{\text{ prime}}}}p^{v_{p}(n)}}$

and is an extravagant number in base ${\displaystyle b}$ if

${\displaystyle K_{b}(n)<\sum _{\stackrel {p\mid n}{p{\text{ prime}}}}K_{b}(p)+\sum _{\stackrel {p^{2}\mid n}{p{\text{ prime}}}}K_{b}(v_{p}(n))}$

where ${\displaystyle v_{p}(n)}$ is the p-adic valuation of ${\displaystyle n}$.

See also

• Equidigital number
• Frugal number

Notes

1. Darling, David J. (2004). The universal book of mathematics: from Abracadabra to Zeno's paradoxes. John Wiley & Sons. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-471-27047-8.

References

• R.G.E. Pinch (1998), Economical Numbers.
• Chris Caldwell, The Prime Glossary: extravagant number at The Prime Pages.