Emmanuelle Charpentier

Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier (born 11 December 1968) is a French professor and researcher in microbiology, genetics and biochemistry.[1] Since 2015, she has been a Director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin, Germany. In 2018, she founded an independent research institute, the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens.[3]

Emmanuelle Charpentier
Emmanuelle Charpentier, August 2015
Born (1968-12-11) 11 December 1968
Juvisy-sur-Orge, France
NationalityFrench
Alma materPierre and Marie Curie University (today the Faculty of Science of Sorbonne University)
Pasteur Institute
Known forCRISPR[1]
AwardsLouis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine (2015)[2]
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsUniversity of Vienna
Umeå University
Max Planck Society
Websitewww.emmanuelle-charpentier-lab.org

Education

Born in 1968 in Juvisy-sur-Orge in France, Charpentier studied biochemistry, microbiology and genetics at the Pierre and Marie Curie University (today the Faculty of Science of Sorbonne University) in Paris.[4] She was a graduate student at the Institut Pasteur from 1992 to 1995, and was awarded a research doctorate. Charpentier's PhD project investigated molecular mechanisms involved in antibiotic resistance.[5]

Career and research
The Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin, Germany

Charpentier worked as a university teaching assistant at Curie from 1993 to 1995 and as a postdoctoral fellow at the Institut Pasteur from 1995 to 1996. She moved to the US and worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Rockefeller University in New York from 1996 to 1997. During this time, Charpentier worked in the lab of microbiologist Elaine Tuomanen.[6] Tuomanen's lab investigated how the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae utilizes mobile genetic elements to alter its genome. Charpentier also helped demonstrate how S. pneumoniae develop vancomycin resistance.[7]

She worked as an assistant research scientist at the New York University Medical Center from 1997 to 1999. There she worked in the lab of Pamela Cowin, a skin-cell biologist interested in mammalian gene manipulation. Charpentier published a paper exploring the regulation of hair growth in mice.[8] She held the position of Research Associate at the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine[9] in New York from 1999 to 2002.[4]

After five years in the United States, she returned to Europe and became lab head and a guest professor at the Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Vienna from 2002 to 2004. In 2004, Charpentier published her discovery of an RNA molecule involved in the regulation of virulence-factor synthesis in Streptococcus pyrogenes.[10] From 2004 to 2006 she was lab head and an assistant professor at the Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology. In 2006 she became private docent (Microbiology) and received her habilitation at the Centre of Molecular Biology. From 2006 to 2009 she worked as lab head and Associate Professor at the Max F. Perutz Laboratories.[4]

Charpentier moved to Sweden and became lab head and associate professor at the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), at Umeå University. She held these positions from 2009 till 2014, and was promoted to lab head as Visiting Professor in 2014. She moved to Germany to act as department head and W3 Professor at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research[11] in Braunschweig and the Hannover Medical School from 2013 until 2015. In 2014 she became an Alexander von Humboldt Professor.[4]

In 2015 Charpentier accepted an offer from the German Max Planck Society to become a scientific member of the society and a director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin.[4] Since 2016, Emmanuelle is a Honorary Professor at Humboldt University in Berlin,[4] and since 2018, she is the Founding and Acting Director of the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens.[12][13] Charpentier retained her position as Visiting Professor at Umeå University until the end of 2017, where a new donation from the Kempe Foundations and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation has given her the opportunity to offer more young researchers positions within research groups of the MIMS Laboratory.[14]

CRISPR/Cas9

Charpentier is best known for her role in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of the bacterial CRISPR/Cas9 immune system and repurposing it into a tool for genome editing. In particular, she uncovered a novel mechanism for the maturation of a non-coding RNA which is pivotal in the function of CRISPR/Cas9.[15] Specifically, Charpentier demonstrated that a small RNA called tracrRNA is essential for the maturation of crRNA.[15]

In 2011 Charpentier met Jennifer Doudna at a research conference and they began a collaboration.[6] Working with Jennifer Doudna's laboratory, Charpentier's laboratory showed that Cas9 could be used to make cuts in any DNA sequence desired.[16][17] The method they developed involved the combination of Cas9 with easily created synthetic "guide RNA" molecules. Synthetic guide RNA is a chimera of crRNA and tracrRNA; therefore, this discovery demonstrated that the CRISPR-Cas9 technology could be used to edit the genome with relative ease.[17] Researchers worldwide have employed this method successfully to edit the DNA sequences of plants, animals, and laboratory cell lines.

In 2013 Charpentier co-founded CRISPR Therapeutics along with Shaun Foy and Rodger Novak.[18]

Awards

Charpentier has been awarded numerous international prizes, awards and acknowledgements, including the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, the Gruber Foundation International Prize in Genetics, the Leibniz Prize, Germany's most prestigious research prize, the Japan Prize, and the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience. She has won the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award jointly with Jennifer Doudna and Francisco Mojica, whose pioneering work has ignited "the revolution in biology permitted by CRISPR/Cas 9 techniques." These tools facilitate genome modification with an unprecedented degree of precision, and far more cheaply and straightforwardly than any previous method. Not unlike today's simple, intuitive word processing programs, CRISPR/Cas 9 is able to “edit” the genome by "cutting and pasting" DNA sequences: a technology so efficient and powerful that it has spread like wildfire round the laboratories of the world, explains the jury, “as a tool to understand gene function and treat disease.” Also, in the spring of 2015, Time Magazine designated Charpentier one of the 100 most influential people in the world (together with Jennifer Doudna).[19]

Honorary doctorate degrees

Memberships
gollark: Why would you want immovable robots?
gollark: Technically not entirely identical, since the GTech™ tower had a lot of industrial machinery inside and a big clock on the front but the Tmpim one was mostly empty.
gollark: Those earlier servers were highly cool. GTech™ had a giant ominous rainbow tower. Someone placed an identical giant ominous rainbow tower beside it.
gollark: Also, Terrariola stole some of my items via a player probe.
gollark: Rogue turtles tunnelled into a GTech™ base of some form.

References
  1. Abbott, Alison (2016). "The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier's life". Nature. 532 (7600): 432–434. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..432A. doi:10.1038/532432a. PMID 27121823.
  2. "Emmanuelle CHARPENTIER, Winner of the 2015 Louis-Jeantet Prize for medicine". 1 October 2017.
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  7. Novak, R.; Henriques, B.; Charpentier, E.; Normark, S.; Tuomanen, E. (1999). "Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae". Nature. 399 (6736): 590–593. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..590N. doi:10.1038/21202. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 10376600. S2CID 424755.
  8. Charpentier, Emmanuelle; Lavker, Robert M.; Acquista, Elizabeth; Cowin, Pamela (17 April 2000). "Plakoglobin Suppresses Epithelial Proliferation and Hair Growth in Vivo". Journal of Cell Biology. 149 (2): 503–520. doi:10.1083/jcb.149.2.503. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2175163. PMID 10769039.
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