East Carroll Parish, Louisiana

East Carroll Parish (French: Paroisse de Carroll Est) is a parish located in the Mississippi Delta in northeastern Louisiana, part of what was called the Natchez District of cotton parishes. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,759.[1] The parish seat is Lake Providence.[2] An area of cotton plantations in the antebellum era, the parish in the early 21st century has about 74% of its land devoted to agriculture.

East Carroll Parish
Parish
Parish of East Carroll
East Carroll Parish Courthouse in Lake Providence
Location within the U.S. state of Louisiana
Louisiana's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 32°44′N 91°14′W
Country United States
State Louisiana
FoundedMarch 26, 1877
Named forCharles Carroll of Carrollton
SeatLake Providence
Largest townLake Providence
Area
 • Total442 sq mi (1,140 km2)
 • Land421 sq mi (1,090 km2)
 • Water22 sq mi (60 km2)  4.9%
Population
 (2010)
 • Total7,759
 • Estimate 
(2018)
7,037
 • Density18/sq mi (6.8/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district5th

History

This area is part of the delta along the western edge of the Mississippi River, long subject to the seasonal flooding that gave the area fertile soils. It was occupied by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. European explorers encountered the historic tribes of the Caddo and Choctaw in this area, as well as the Natchez on the east side of the Mississippi River.

In the 1830s, the United States forced out most of the people of the Five Civilized Tribes from the Southeast to west of the Mississippi River in Indian Territory to make way for development by European Americans. Areas along the river were cleared and developed for cultivation of cotton, the major commodity crop in the Deep South before the Civil War. The cotton was cultivated and processed on plantations by large groups of enslaved African-American laborers.

Prior to 1814, all of the territory covered by the current East Carroll Parish was part of the now defunct Warren Parish. The original Carroll Parish, before it was divided into "East" and "West" segments after Reconstruction, was named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton,[3] Maryland, the only Roman Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence. This and other nearby parishes along the Mississippi River were called the Natchez District, referring to the major port on the Mississippi side of the river. Both areas were developed for cotton plantations.

Given the dependence of plantation agriculture on enslaved workers, the population of this area was majority African American well before the American Civil War. Carroll Parish had 11,000 slaves in 1860, more than three times the white population of the total parish.[4] Most were located on the plantations in the floodplain along the Mississippi River. During the war, many slaves joined Union lines and served in the United States Colored Troops; Louisiana had more former slaves enlisted in the USCT than six other southern states combined.[5]

Carroll Parish covered a large area and the parish was split by the state legislature in 1877, following the Reconstruction era.[6] West Carroll Parish, with territory west of the Bayou Macon, was majority-white and voted Democratic.

After the war, this area continued to be dominated by agriculture and was largely rural. Numerous black Union veterans settled in East Carroll Parish and some owned their own land, especially in an area called Soldiers' Rest, site of a former Union camp. They developed an independent community. With blacks outnumbering whites in Carroll Parish by a seven-to-one margin, and with combat experience, they resisted efforts in the 1870s to suppress their population. Voters in the larger Carroll Parrish elected blacks to the positions of sheriff, state representative, clerk of the court, and several justices of the peace, and hired black constables, giving blacks a voice at the local level.[7]

But, white conservative Democrats formed groups noted as Bulldozers, conducting violence against black voters, teachers and supporters to suppress their activities.[8] White conservatives succeeded in regaining control of the state legislature by the end of Reconstruction. By creating West Carroll Parish in 1877, they had an additional jurisdiction dominated by white Democrats.

Two decades later, at the end of the 19th century, the state legislature passed a new constitution in 1898 that raised barriers to voter registration, with rules applied against African Americans. They were effectively disenfranchised well into the 1960s. The legislature passed segregation and Jim Crow laws of increasing severity into the early 20th century.[9]

In 1907 U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt came to East Carroll Parish near Lake Providence for a black bear hunt. When a particular bear managed to elude the hunters, the president's camp was moved to Bear Lake in Madison Parish near Tallulah. The 21-year-old Arthur Spencer of Richland Parish took a photograph of Roosevelt with the heavily armed hunting party. Among the hunters was John M. Parker, future governor of Louisiana and the vice-presidential choice of the Bull Moose Party ticket in the 1912 presidential election.[10]

Law and government

Since the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, African Americans gradually gained the ability to register to vote and continue to vote at high levels. They have tended to support Democratic Party candidates, as the national party had supported the civil rights movement. President Lyndon B. Johnson helped secure passage of major legislation on civil rights. As East Carroll Parish is majority black, its voters still favor Democratic Party candidates. Most conservative whites have shifted since the late 20th century to the Republican Party, which candidates dominate elections in majority-white areas of the state.

In 1988, Governor Michael S. Dukakis of Massachusetts carried East Carroll Parish over then Vice President George Herbert Walker Bush, 1,809 votes (52.3 percent) to 1,536 (44.4 percent).[11] In the 2004 presidential race, East Carroll gave the Democrat John Kerry - John Edwards slate 1,980 ballots (58 percent) to 1,357 votes (40 percent) for the George W. Bush - Richard B. Cheney slate.[12]

In 2012, U.S. President Barack H. Obama swept the parish with 2,478 votes (61.8 percent) to Republican Mitt Romney's 1,508 (37.6 percent).[13] In 2008, Obama had handily defeated John McCain in East Carroll Parish, 2,267 (63.7 percent) to 1,254 (35.2 percent).[14]

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 442 square miles (1,140 km2), of which 421 square miles (1,090 km2) is land and 22 square miles (57 km2) (4.9%) is water.[15]

Major highways

Adjacent counties and parishes

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
188012,134—
189012,3621.9%
190011,373−8.0%
191011,6372.3%
192011,231−3.5%
193015,81540.8%
194019,02320.3%
195016,302−14.3%
196014,433−11.5%
197012,884−10.7%
198011,772−8.6%
19909,709−17.5%
20009,421−3.0%
20107,759−17.6%
Est. 20187,037[16]−9.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[17]
1790-1960[18] 1900-1990[19]
1990-2000[20] 2010-2013[1]

2010

The 2010 U.S. Census reported the following breakdown of parish population: Black: 69.0%; White: 28.9%, Native American: 0.2%; Asian: 0.6%; Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander: 0.0%; Two or more races: 0.7%; and Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 1.6%.

2000

As of the census[21] of 2000, there were 9,421 people, 2,969 households, and 2,140 families residing in the parish. The population density was 22 people per square mile (9/km2). There were 3,303 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile (3/km2). The racial makeup of the parish was 67.29% Black or African American, 31.60% White, 0.18% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 0.35% from two or more races. 1.19% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 2,969 households, out of which 36.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.00% were married couples living together, 27.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.90% were non-families. 25.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.40.

In the parish the population was spread out, with 30.30% under the age of 18, 11.50% from 18 to 24, 27.20% from 25 to 44, 18.50% from 45 to 64, and 12.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 104.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.90 males.

The median income for a household in the parish was $20,723, and the median income for a family was $24,554. Males had a median income of $22,099 versus $18,672 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $9,629. About 32.60% of families and 40.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 56.80% of those under age 18 and 32.70% of those age 65 or over. The county's per-capita income makes it one of the poorest counties in the United States.

Economy and poverty data

East Carroll Parish is still largely agricultural, with 74% of its land devoted to crops. As farm labor needs have been reduced by mechanization and farms have been consolidated into larger units, jobs in the area have been reduced. Agriculture may take the form of aquaculture, and row crops.

Of 3,197 counties ranked by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2011 for "estimated percent of people of all ages in poverty", East Carroll Parish was fifth. It was estimated that 44 percent of the rural county's residents lived in poverty.[22]

Education

Public schools in East Carroll Parish are operated by the East Carroll Parish School Board. In an infographic released by Graphiq, East Carroll Parish is ranked as the least educated parish in Louisiana with 32.29% of 25 year-olds without a high school diploma and 9.4% of 25 year-olds with a bachelor's degree or higher.[23]

Communities
Map of East Carroll Parish, Louisiana With Municipal Labels

Towns

Unincorporated communities

Notable people
  • Buddy Caldwell, District Attorney of the Sixth Judicial District in East Carroll, elected in 2007 as the attorney general of Louisiana, serving into 2016
  • Vail M. Delony, state representative, 1950–1967; Speaker of the Louisiana House, 1964–1967
  • John Martin Hamley, state representative, 1912-1924; clerk of the state House, 1924-1931; elected parish tax assessor, 1933`
  • Mose Jefferson, convicted felon, older brother of Congressman William J. Jefferson (see below), was born in Lake Providence.
  • William J. Jefferson, former U.S. representative from Louisiana's 2nd congressional district, was born in Lake Providence. He was convicted of corruption in 2012; in 2017, seven of 10 charges against him were dropped and he was released from prison.
  • James E. Paxton, district attorney for Louisiana 6th Judicial District (East Carroll, Madison, and Tensas parishes) since 2008[24]
  • Francis Xavier Ransdell, state 6th Judicial District judge from 1900 to 1936
  • Joseph Ransdell, a Democrat who served in Congress from 1913 to 1931. Ransdell was born in Alexandria but resided for many years in Lake Providence.
  • John Henry Scott, born and lived in this parish, worked on civil rights for voting rights of African Americans in the state[25]
  • David Voelker, entrepreneur and philanthropist in New Orleans; born in Lake Providence
  • Frank Voelker, Jr., attorney in Lake Providence and New Orleans; former chairman of the Louisiana Sovereignty Commission; candidate for governor of Louisiana in 1963
  • Frank Voelker, Sr., judge of the 6th Judicial District, 1937-1963; son-in-law of Judge Francis Ransdell
  • Charles L. Vining, Jr., state representative from East and West Carroll parishes, 1968–1972
  • Norris C. Williamson, state senator from 1916 to 1932; advocate of cotton planter interest and worked to gain state funding to eradicate the cattle tick
  • John D. Winters, historian at Louisiana Tech University, author of The Civil War in Louisiana (1963), was reared in Lake Providence.
  • Aaron "Rudy" Threats, the longest serving Chief of Police in the history of Lake Providence, the parish seat of East Carroll Parish.
  • Beginning corn crop (2013) surrounds both sides of the Louisiana State Cotton Museum in Lake Providence
  • The city of Lake Providence is named for the oxbow lake
  • A dock on Lake Providence
  • The East Carroll Parish Police Jury office complex in Lake Providence
  • Delta Bank in downtown Lake Providence

Politics
Presidential elections results
Presidential elections results[26]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2016 36.0% 1,059 62.5% 1,838 1.4% 42
2012 37.6% 1,508 61.8% 2,478 0.6% 22
2008 35.2% 1,254 63.7% 2,267 1.1% 38
2004 40.0% 1,357 58.3% 1,980 1.7% 58
2000 39.5% 1,280 57.8% 1,876 2.7% 89
1996 29.6% 1,008 63.0% 2,149 7.4% 254
1992 33.8% 1,142 54.4% 1,835 11.8% 398
1988 44.4% 1,536 52.3% 1,809 3.3% 115
1984 47.8% 1,974 50.6% 2,089 1.7% 69
1980 44.1% 1,867 54.0% 2,283 1.9% 81
1976 40.4% 1,681 56.9% 2,367 2.7% 110
1972 48.4% 1,736 46.3% 1,661 5.3% 190
1968 13.9% 586 45.7% 1,926 40.5% 1,706
1964 85.0% 1,486 15.0% 263
1960 29.4% 448 23.9% 364 46.7% 712
1956 30.8% 415 40.5% 545 28.7% 387
1952 45.2% 757 54.8% 918
1948 10.5% 116 29.3% 323 60.2% 665
1944 27.9% 357 72.2% 925
1940 20.9% 270 79.2% 1,025
1936 10.5% 95 89.5% 811
1932 3.1% 24 96.9% 751
1928 23.0% 130 77.0% 436
1924 20.4% 71 79.6% 277
1920 3.1% 8 96.9% 247
1916 1.4% 3 98.7% 219
1912 2.1% 4 86.1% 161 11.8% 22
gollark: I do not like your code.
gollark: I've managed to kind of emulate twitch launcher with mcdex and MultiMC.
gollark: Thing is that bedrock will probably never support stuff like that mod which allows inverted gravity.EDIT: Without just special-casing in an API for it.
gollark: It's probably more that Java Edition is less poorly optimized.
gollark: Yes, and it will always be less powerful than the Java edition, in which you can just poke at any bit of the game.

See also

References
  1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  3. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 112.
  4. Scott (2003), p. 17
  5. Scott (2003), p. 18
  6. "East Carroll Parish". Center for Cultural and Eco-tourism. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  7. Scott (2003), p. 19
  8. Scott (2003), p. 20
  9. Adam Fairclough, Race & Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915-1972, University of Georgia Press, 1999
  10. "East Carroll Parish Genealogy". eastcarrollparishlouisianagenealogy.blogspot.com. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  11. "East Carroll Parish presidential election returns, November 8, 1988". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  12. "East Carroll Parish presidential election returns, November 2, 2004". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  13. "Louisiana general election returns, November 6, 2012". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
  14. "East Carroll Parish presidential election returns, November 4, 2008". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  15. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  16. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  17. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  18. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  19. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  20. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  21. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  22. "Table 1: 2011 Poverty and Median Income Estimates - Counties". Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-10-10.
  23. "The least educated place in every state". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
  24. "James E. Paxton". sixthda.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  25. John Henry Scott, Cleo Scott Brown. Witness to the Truth: My Struggle for Human Rights in Louisiana, Univ of South Carolina Press, 2003
  26. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 2018-03-07.

Further reading

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